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Nicolaes Witsen

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Nicolaes Witsen by Peter Schenck (1701)

Nicolaas or Nicolaes Witsen (8 May 1641 – 10 August 1717) was a Dutch diplomat, cartographer, maritime writer, and thirteen times mayor of Amsterdam between 1682-1706. Furthermore, he was a representative to the States-General, in 1693 administrator of the VOC and extraordinary-ambassador to the English court. A Fellow of the Royal Society, Witsen was an authority on shipbuilding (descending from a family of ship builders) and his books on the subject are important sources on Dutch shipbuilding in the 17th century. He was an expert on Russia and "Noord en Oost Tartarye" is the most important book ever written by a Dutchman about Russia (which will be published in an English translation).[1]

Early life

Nicolaes Witsen was the son of Cornelis Jan Witsen, burgomaster of Amsterdam, head bailiff and administrator of the Dutch West India Company. In 1656 Nicolaes went with his father to England, where he was introduced to Oliver Cromwell's children.[2] In March 1662 Nicolaes Witsen held a disputation at the Amsterdam Athenaeum Illustre, in which he argued against the influence of comets on the welfare of all earthly things, possibly influenced by his nephew Joannes Hudde. In 1664 and 1665 Nicolaes traveled through Russia with Jacob Boreel, the envoy. By boat they went to Riga, then Swedish, and over land to Novgorod and Moscow. The talks with czar Alexis of Russia about a monopoly on tar were no success. Witsen wrote in his diary that no-one there was occupied with art or science. Witsen visited the Patriarch Nikon and made notes on the worship of icons, interested in his name saint, saint Nicholas. He studied law at Leiden University, but became more interested in languages and maps. In the 1666-1667 Witsen traveled to Roma and met with Cosimo III de' Medici in Pisa. In Paris he met the scientist Melchisédech Thévenot.[3] In 1668 he travelled to Oxford. Nicolaes Witsen became friends with Gillis Valckenier. He married Catherina Hochepied, they had four daughters, not surviving childhood.

Shipbuilding

Witsen wrote "Aeloude and hedendaegsche Scheepsbouw en Bestier" in 1671, which quickly became seen as the standard work on the subject. Even an anatomist like Steno read the book. The technique Witsen describes is shell-first, and not frame-first. The book is not easy to read, because of misty wording and the chaotic structure, but has drawings by Romeyn de Hooghe. It can be compared with Doctrine for Naval Architecture by fellow-shipbuilder Anthony Dean, a mayor of Harwich and also a mentor of Peter the Great.[4] It led to a correspondence between him and Peter the Great on modernising the Imperial Russian Navy, then backward by Western European standards. This led led to an order for warships from Amsterdam shipyards in return for an ukase (negotiated by Witsen) on Dutch-Russian trade, guaranteeing to supply the Republic with grain, wood, talc, tar and skins. In 1697 Witsen organised a four-month training period for the tsar on at the Dutch East India Company shipyards during his Grand Embassy, with the Tsar staying in Jacob J. Hinlopen's house and being taken by Witsen to meet the botanist and anatomist Frederik Ruysch.[5]

Cartography

Map of Tartary (Land of the Tartars)

After 20 years' study, Witsen published the first map of Siberia in 1687. This map represented the world from Nova Zembla to as far away as China. Witsen had discussed with the tsar the trade routes to Persia via the Caspian Sea and to China via Siberia. In 1692 he published a treatise titled "Noord en Oost Tartarye", describing Siberia and the surrounding areas, though without literary references. He consulted classical authors and Arabic medieval writers as well as his learned contemporaries in Europe. The second enlarged edition, a bulky book, also written in 17th century Dutch, presents a rather complicated mixture of various texts with encyclopedic details. It appeared in 1705 and was reprinted in 1785. In this book, Witsen gave an account of all the information available to the Europeans at that time about the northern and eastern parts of Europe and Asia, and also about the Volga area, Crimea, Caucasus, Central Asia, Mongolia, Tibet, China, Korea and the neighboring parts of Japan. In the text, for instance, we find lists of 900 Georgian and 700 Kalmyk words and illustrations of the writing systems of Tibetan, Manchurian and Mongolian languages. Witsen provides word lists and other data on more than 25 languages.[6]

Mayor and Maecenas

In 1688, Witsen was visited and invited more than once to discuss William III's proposed crossing to England, but he had great doubts and did not know what to advise. William Bentinck called him the most sensitive man in the world.[7] Of the other three burgomasters - Jean Appelman (a merchant trading with France), Johannes Hudde and Cornelis Geelvinck - Geelvinck openly opposed the enterprise and Appelman was not trusted by the prince and thus was not informed. After the crossing went ahead, Witsen went to London in the next year to find a way of meeting the costs of 7,301,322 guilders the city of Amsterdam had incurred in supporting it. William offered to knight him as a baron, but the modest Witsen refused.[8]

In 1675 Witsen started to collect (Siberian) curiosities and artworks for his cabinet, gathering corals, lacquer, books, paintings, weapons, porcelain, insects, seashells, stuffed animals and precious stones into his house on Herengracht on the Golden Bend. As mayor, he was patron of the arts and sciences, and maintained contacts with German scholars, such as Leibniz. He corresponded with Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, discovering tiny creatures under his microscope. In 1698 Willem de Vlamingh offered him two seashells from New Holland (Australia) and Witsen offered the drawings to Martin Lister.[9] Witsen who had invested in the journey, was disappointed the men had been more interested in setting up trade than in exploring.[10]

Witsen is held responsible for introducing coffee plants from Batavia via Amsterdam to countries in South America. Boerhaave estimated that Witsen had put together a collection of more than 1500 paintings of plants that came to be known as the Codex Witsenii. These passed into the custody of Caspar Commelin, Professor of Botany at the Athenaeum Illustre and working in the Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam).[11] Witsen had contact with the painter Jan de Bray over a plan to improve the city's water-supply, and helped the artist Cornelis de Bruijn, who needed contacts in Egypt and Russia - indeed, it was probably Witsen who encouraged De Bruijn to make drawings of Persepolis, to show to the Royal Society.[12]

46 persons dedicated books to Witsen, including several by Olfert Dapper, one by the brother of Johan Nieuhof (including descriptions of Chinese shipbuilding), one by Jan van der Heyden on his invention of the fire hose and by the pharmacist Hermanus Angelkot jr. and Pieter Langendijk.[13] He helped Maria Sybilla Merian to publish her prints with plants and insects from Surinam.

Witsen was also interested in religion, but in an ecumenical way: his interests stretched to "saint Confucius" as he called him, as well as to shamanism. The minister famous for attacking witch-hunts, Balthasar Bekker, was his friend. Peter the Great was present when Witsen died and said he lost a great friend. Witsen was buried in Egmond aan den Hoef, not far from his country house, called "Tijdverdrijf" (= pastime).

Works

  • N. Witsen, Moskovische Reyse 1664-1665. Journaal en Aentekeningen, published by Th.J.G. Locher and P. de Buch (‘s-Gravenhage, 1966).
  • Nikolaas Vitsen [Witsen], Puteshestvie v Moskoviiu 1664-1665 (St. Petersburg, 1996).
  • Architectura navalis et reginem nauticum (or Aeloude en hedendaegsche scheepsbouw en bestier), 1671, second edition 1690.
  • Noord en Oost Tartarye, Ofte Bondig Ontwerp Van eenig dier Landen en Volken Welke voormaels bekent zijn geweest. Beneffens verscheide tot noch toe onbekende, en meest nooit voorheen beschreve Tartersche en Nabuurige Gewesten, Landstreeken, Steden, Rivieren, en Plaetzen, in de Noorder en Oosterlykste Gedeelten Van Asia En Europa Verdeelt in twee Stukken, Met der zelviger Land-kaerten: mitsgaders, onderscheide Afbeeldingen van Steden, Drachten, enz. Zedert naeuwkeurig onderzoek van veele Jaren, door eigen ondervondinge ontworpen, beschreven, geteekent, en in 't licht gegeven, Door Nicolaes Witsen. 't Amsterdam By François Halma, Boekverkooper op de Nieuwendyk. MDCCV. First print: Amsterdam, 1692; Second print: Amsterdam, 1705. Reprint in 1785.

Notes

  • This article is based entirely or partially on its equivalent on Dutch Wikipedia.
  1. ^ The Witsen Project.
  2. ^ Gebhard Jr, J.F. (1881) Het leven van Mr Nicolaes Cornelisz. Witsen.
  3. ^ ПУТЕШЕСТВИЕ В МОСКОВИЮ НИКОЛААСА ВИТСЕНА
  4. ^ Hoving, A.J. (1994) Nicolaes Witsens Scheeps-Bouw-Konst Open Gestelt, p. 28.
  5. ^ Driessen, J. (1996) Tsaar Peter de Grote en zijn Amsterdamse vrienden. In cooperation with Amsterdams Historisch Museum, p. 40.
  6. ^ Graaf, T. de & B. Naarden (2005?) Description of the Border Areas of Russia with Japan and Their Inhabitants in Witsen’s North and East Tartary. In: Acta Slavica Iaponica, pp. 205-220. For the article see this link
  7. ^ When Witsen was invited for the first time to see the prince, Witsen started to cry and fell on his knees, according his personal archive, but could not refuse. In: Kok, J. (1744) Vaderlands Woordenboek, p. 251.
  8. ^ Kok, J. (1744) Vaderlands Woordenboek, p. 251-2.
  9. ^ Smit, P & A.P.M. Sanders & J.P.F. van der Veen (1986) Hendrik Engel's Alphabetical List of Dutch Zoological Canbinets and Menageries, p. 306.
  10. ^ Heeres, J.E. (1899) The part borne by the Dutch in the discovery of Australia 1606-1765, p. XVI, 83.
  11. ^ After Commelin's death they were passed to Johannes Burman, inspiring him to produce Rariorum africanarum plantarum in 1738-9. On Burman's death in 1779, his effects passed to his son, Nicolaas Laurens Burman. After his death in 1793, his effects, including the Codex, were sold by auction in 1800, disappearing from the records.
  12. ^ Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. (1998) Cornelis de Bruijn, Voyages from Rome to Jerusalem and from Moscow to Batavia, p. 45. Allard Pierson Museum, Amsterdam.
  13. ^ Marion Peters, Nepotisme, patronage en boekopdrachten bij Nicolaes Witsen (1641-1717), Burgemeester van Amsterdam.

See also

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