1864 United States presidential election

United States presidential election, 1864

November 8, 1864

Nominee Abraham Lincoln George B. McClellan Party National Union Democratic Home state Illinois Pennsylvania Running mate Andrew Johnson George Hunt Pendleton Electoral vote 212 21 States carried 22 3 Popular vote 2,218,388 1,812,807 Percentage 55.0% 45.0%

Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Lincoln/Johnson, blue denotes those won by McClellan/Pendleton, and brown denotes Confederate States. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

President before election Abraham Lincoln Republican Elected President Abraham Lincoln National Union

In the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president. Lincoln ran under the Republican banner against his former top Civil War general, the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan, and the Radical Republican Party candidate, John C. Frémont. McClellan was the "peace candidate" but did not personally believe in his party's platform. Frémont abandoned his political campaign in September 1864, after he brokered a political deal in which Lincoln removed United States Postmaster General Montgomery Blair from office.

The election of 1864 was conducted during the Civil War, and as such, none of the states controlled by governments loyal to the Confederate States of America participated. This was the first time any nation held a national election in the midst of a civil war.

Republicans across the country were jittery during the summer of 1864. Confederate forces had triumphed at the Battle of Mansfield and the Battle of the Crater. In addition, the war was continuing to take a very high toll. The prospect of a long, never-ending war started to make the "negotiated peace" offered by the Democrats look more desirable. But then the Democrats had to confront the severe internal strains within their party at the Democratic National Convention. Finally, with William Tecumseh Sherman marching inexorably toward Atlanta and Ulysses S. Grant pushing Lee into the outer defenses of Richmond, it became increasingly obvious that a Union military victory was inevitable and close at hand.

The Lincoln/Johnson ticket ran with the slogan “Don't change horses in the middle of a stream.” Republicans loyal to Lincoln, in opposition to a group of Republican dissidents who nominated John C. Frémont, joined with a number of Democrats to form the National Union Party, to appeal to War Democrats; the new name vanished after the election. Johnson, however, never became a Republican.

The Republican/Union party made an all-out effort to depict the Democrats in the worst way possible. They ridiculed McClellan for his pacifist platform and denounced Democrats as traitorous Copperheads. On November 8, Lincoln won by over 400,000 popular votes and easily clinched an electoral majority. Several states allowed their citizens serving as soldiers in the field to cast ballots, a first in United States history. Soldiers in the Army gave Lincoln more than 70% of their vote.

Nominations

"National Union Party" nomination

Abraham Lincoln was nominated by the Republican Party, which was renamed the "National Union Party” for the 1864 election. Lincoln's nomination was not unanimous, however, as 22 disgruntled opponents of Lincoln voted for Ulysses S. Grant, who was not a candidate. Seeing an opportunity to work with the War Democrats under the Union banner, the convention nominated Military-Governor Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, a War Democrat, as Lincoln's running mate over incumbent Vice President Hannibal Hamlin and three other War Democrats - former New York Senator Daniel S. Dickinson, Buchanan cabinet member Joseph Holt and General Ben Butler.

Presidential Ballot
Ballot	1st Before Shifts	1st After Shifts
Abraham Lincoln	484	506
Ulysses S. Grant	22	0

Vice Presidential Ballot
Ballot	1st	2nd
Andrew Johnson	200	494
Hannibal Hamlin	150	9
Daniel Dickinson	108	17
Benjamin Butler	28	0
Lovell Rousseau	21	0
Schuyler Colfax	6	0
Ambrose Burnside	2	0
Joseph Holt	2	0
Preston King	1	0
David Tod	1	1

Democratic Party nomination

• George B. McClellan, Army major general from New Jersey
• Thomas H. Seymour, former U.S. representative from Connecticut
• Horatio Seymour, Governor of New York and candidate for the 1860 nomination
• Charles O'Conor, lawyer from New York

The Democratic Party was bitterly split between the War Democrats and the anti-war Copperheads. The compromise was to nominate pro-war General George B. McClellan along with an anti-war platform. McClellan defeated Horatio Seymour and others for the nomination; he and ticketmate George H. Pendleton were nominated on a peace platform — a platform McClellan personally rejected.

Presidential Ballot
Ballot	1st Before Shifts	1st After Shifts
George B. McClellan	174	202.5
Thomas H. Seymour	38	23.5
Horatio Seymour	12	0
Abstaining	1.5	0
Charles O'Conor	0.5	0

Vice Presidential Ballot
Ballot	1st Before Shifts	1st After Shifts
George H. Pendleton	55.5	226
James Guthrie	65.5	0
Lazarus W. Powell	32.5	0
George W. Cass	26	0
John D. Caton	16	0
Daniel W. Voorhees	13	0
Augustus C. Dodge	9	0
John S. Phelps	8	0
Abstaining	0.5	0

General election

The 1864 election was the first time since 1812 that a presidential election took place during a war. For much of 1864, Lincoln himself believed he had little chance of being re-elected. Early on, McClellan was thought to be a heavy favorite to win the election. But McClellan's chances of victory faded after Union victories in Georgia and Virginia, followed by the negotiated withdrawal of John C. Frémont's Radical Republican Party candidacy.

A foretaste of the national election came in the state elections held in the months prior to the presidential election. In these six state elections (Oregon on 6/5, Vermont on 9/6, Maine on 9/11, Ohio and Pennsylvania on 10/10, and West Virginia on 10/26), the Union Republican Party won a sweeping victory. These six states elected 44 Union Republicans in U.S. House races, compared to just 10 Democrats, for a net gain of 18 seats for the Union Republicans. The stage had been set for Lincoln.

Results

Only 24 states participated, because 11 had seceded from the Union and claimed to have formed their own nation: the Confederate States of America (CSA). Three new states participated for the first time: Nevada, West Virginia, and Kansas. The reconstructed portions of Tennessee and Louisiana elected presidential Electors, although Congress did not count their votes.

Electoral results

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote(a)		Electoral vote(a), (b)	Running mate
			Count	Percentage		Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Electoral vote(a), (b)
Abraham Lincoln	National Union(c)	Illinois	2,218,388	55.0%	212	Andrew Johnson(c)	Tennessee	212
George Brinton McClellan	Democratic	New Jersey	1,812,807	45.0%	21	George Hunt Pendleton	Ohio	21
Other			692	0.0%	—	Other		—
Total			4,031,887	100%	233			233
Needed to win					117			117

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1864 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005. Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

^(a) The states in rebellion did not participate in the election of 1864.
^(b) One Elector from Nevada did not vote
^(c) Andrew Johnson had been a Democrat, and after 1869 was a Democrat. The Republican Party called itself the National Union Party to accommodate the War Democrats in this election.

Close states

Red font color denotes states won by Republican Abraham Lincoln; blue denotes those won by Democrat George B. McClellan.

States where the margin of victory was under 5% (68 electoral votes)

1. New York 0.92%
2. Connecticut 2.76%
3. Pennsylvania 3.51%
4. Delaware 3.62%

States where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (52 electoral votes)

1. New Hampshire 5.12%
2. New Jersey 5.67%
3. Indiana 7.19%
4. Michigan 7.20%
5. Oregon 7.80%
6. Illinois 8.84%

See also

• American election campaigns in the 19th century
• Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln
• History of the United States (1849–1865)
• Third Party System
• United States House elections, 1864

References

• Leip, Dave. "1864 Presidential Election - Home States". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved January 11 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
• Harold M. Dudley. "The Election of 1864," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Mar., 1932), pp. 500-518 full text in JSTOR
• David E. Long. Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln's Re-election and the End of Slavery (1994)
• Merrill, Louis Taylor. "General Benjamin F. Butler in the Presidential Campaign of 1864." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 33 (March 1947): 537-70 full text in JSTOR
• Nelson, Larry E. Bullets, Ballots, and Rhetoric: Confederate Policy for the United States Presidential Contest of 1864 University of Alabama Press, 1980.
• Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: The War for the Union vol 8 (1971)
• Randall, James G. and Richard N. Current. Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure. Vol. 4 of Lincoln the President. 1955.
• Vorenberg, Michael. "'The Deformed Child': Slavery and the Election of 1864" Civil War History 2001 47(3): 240-257. ISSN 0009-8078 full text in JSTOR
• Jack Waugh Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency (1998), a popular study
• White, Jonathan W. "Canvassing the Troops: the Federal Government and the Soldiers' Right to Vote" Civil War History 2004 50(3): 291-317. ISSN 0009-8078

External links

• 1864 popular vote by counties
• 1864 State-by-state popular results
• Transcript of the 1864 Democratic Party Platform
• Harper Weekly - Overview
• more from Harper Weekly
• How close was the 1864 election? - Michael Sheppard, Michigan State University
• Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress