Far-right politics
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Far right, extreme right, hard right, ultra-right or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. The terms far right and far left are often used to imply that someone is an extremist. The terms are used by many political commentators to discuss political groups, movements, and political parties that are difficult to classify within conventional right-wing politics.[1]
Etymology
 | This article possibly contains original research. (September 2007) |
The political terms left and right arose during the French Revolution, the term far right originally referred to throne-and-altar monarchists such as Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald.[citation needed] The original French meaning of far right is specific to a Roman Catholic nation, and more specifically to a Gallican society in which church and state were closely tied to one another. In this context, the term can be expanded to include the kind of Caesaropapism that occasionally existed in some Eastern Orthodox kingdoms. This specific interpretation of the term far right lost favour in the decades following the Revolutions of 1848, as a return to the Ancien Régime became increasingly implausible. By the reign of Pope Pius XI, this interpretation of far right had essentially become anachronistic even in conservative Catholic circles.
Usage
The term far right has been used by different scholars in conflicting ways.[2] The term far right is mostly used to describe fascism, Nazism and other ultra-nationalist as well as reactionary ideologies and movements.[3][4][5][6] The BBC has called politician Pim Fortuyn's politics (Fortuynism) far right because of his policies on immigration and Muslims.[7] The term far right has been used by some, such as National Public Radio, to describe certain authoritarian governments that promote free market capitalism, such as that of Augusto Pinochet in Chile.[8][9] Left-wing publication New Left Review has called Ronald Reagan's policies "radical right".[10] The term radical right has also been used to refer to "a libertarian movement which places the individual squarely in the center" and has "even attacked such sacred taboos as taxation".[11]
Alleged far right organizations
Africa
- South Africa
- Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Slowly "re-activating")
Europe
- European Union
- Austria
- Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) – Freedom Party of Austria[15][16][17]
- Belgium
- Vlaams Blok
- Vlaams Belang[15][16]
- Front National Belge (FNB) – Belgian National Front[15][16]
- Bulgaria - National Union Attack[12]
- Croatia
- Denmark - Fremskridtspartiet - Progress Party (Denmark)[22]
- France – Front National (FN) – National Front[15][16]
- Germany
- Nazi Party
- Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) – National Democratic Party of Germany[15][16]
- Die Republikaner – The Republicans (Germany)[15][16]
- Freiheitliche Arbeiter Partei (FAP) - Free German Workers' Party[15][16]
- Deutsche Heidnische Front – German Heathen's Front[15][16]
- Deutsche Volksunion (DVU) - German People's Union[23][24]
- Deutsche Liga für Volk und Heimat (DLVH) - German League for People and Homeland[15][16]
- Greece
- Πατριωτική Συμμαχία (Patriotiki Symmakhia, in English: Patriotic Alliance)[25]
- Chrysi Avyi
- Hungary
- Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom (Jobbik) - Movement for a Better Hungary
- Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja (MIÉP) - Hungarian Justice and Life Party
- Italy - Movimento Sociale Italiano - Destra Nazionale (MSI) - Italian Social Movement-National Right.[15][16]
- Latvia — National Power Union[26]
- Luxembourg - Nationalbewegung[16]
- Malta - Imperium Europa
- Netherlands
- Centrumdemocraten – Centre Democrats (defunct)[15][16]
- Centrumpartij – Centre Party, later Centrumpartij’86, both defunct[16]
- Partij voor de Vrijheid - Party for Freedom [27]
- Norway
- Portugal - Partido Nacional Renovador - National Renewal Party[28]
- Romania - Greater Romania Party[13]
- Serbia
- Slovenia
- Slovenian National Party
- Lipa (The Lime Tree)
- Party of Slovenian Nation
- Spain
- Falange[16]
- Democracia Nacional (National Democracy)[16]
- España 2000
- Sweden
- Nationaldemokraterna - National Democrats[33]
- Nordiska rikspartiet - Nordic Reich Party[15][16]
- Sverigedemokraterna - Sweden Democrats[33]
- Switzerland - Schweizer Demokraten - Swiss Democrats (SD)[34]
- United Kingdom
North America
- United States
- Canada
South America
- Argentina
- Partido Unidad Federalista
- Union of the Democratic Centre (Argentina)[citation needed]
- Democratic Party (Mendoza)
Asia
- Turkey
- Felicity Party
- Great Union Party
- Nationalist Movement Party (Brown Wolves)
- Grey Wolves
- India
- Israel
- Lebanon
- Pakistan - Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal[52]
- Syria
- Japan
Australia
See also
- History of the French far right
- Left-Right politics
- Extremism
- Ideology
- Glossary of the French Revolution
- Political spectrum
Notes
- ^ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000
- ^ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000.
- ^ http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=YYdTvMmSYpEC&dq=%22far+right%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=5Kjou7UerL&sig=K9uamjo6ogLg5lBlPkF7YbrjcJ4&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result
- ^ http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=Ual1NR2WPasC&dq=%22far+right%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=K5bdSeB96U&sig=RC-_zQR3OGeCIj0c4vJv6EEHgAk&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPR7,M1
- ^ http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=sVZ8EUvJjJ4C&dq=%22far+right%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=SMPfNA8ixk&sig=c_rZ76IsxCm_Kb959LzCekTHYek&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result#PPR5,M1
- ^ http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=JcJ5nr2MZfUC&dq=%22far+right%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=Y5MrmJz8lV&sig=GdDOAIrzoMgANd0XM1dDeMfnKa0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result
- ^ Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick, BBC
- ^ "A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth". 2006-09-14. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ Who funds and runs the Politico? - Glenn Greenwald - Salon.com
- ^ Alan Wolfe: Sociology, Liberalism, and the Radical Right. New Left Review
- ^ The Radical Right, reprinted from The Gargoyle, February 1971
- ^ a b Mahony, Honor (2007-01-09). "Far-right group formed in European Parliament". EUobserver. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Traynor, Ian (2007-01-08). "Romania's first gift to the European Union - a caucus of neo-fascists and Holocaust deniers". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Rechtsaußenfraktion im EU-Parliament kommt". Der Standard. 2007-01-05. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)Template:De icon - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ignazi, Piero (1997), "The Extreme Right in Europe", in Merkl, Peter H.; Weinberg, Leonard (eds.), The Revival of Right-Wing Extremism in the Nineties, London: Peter Cass
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Mudde, Cas (2000). The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
- ^ Far-right party shows surprising strength in Austrian vote, CNN, October 3, 1999.
- ^ Cynthia M. Frank, The Impact of Electoral Engineering on Nationalist Parties in Post-War States, master's thesis (Georgia State University). Accessed 16 February 2007.
- ^ Jasenovac - Donja Gradina: Industry of Death 1941-45
- ^ Povijest i program
- ^ Ante Pavelic killer file
- ^ CNN article on Pia Kjærsgaard - includes statement about the Progress Party being far right.
- ^ German Far Right Exploiting Reform Anger | Current Affairs | Deutsche Welle | 10.09.2004
- ^ BBC NEWS | Europe | German far right unites for polls
- ^ ENF gathers in Athens from the European National Front website.
- ^ Return to (illiberal) diversity? - p. 9
- ^ Template:NlIncreasing islamofobia Monitor Racism and Extremism
- ^ Informaworld - Portugal: A New Look At The Extreme Right
- ^ The Virtual and Global Social Democratic Party - Political Exchange World-wide: List of Extreme Right-wing & Left-wing Parties
- ^ Southeast Europe Portal - Serbia: Local Elections 2004 Results
- ^ Guardian: Extreme nationalist elected speaker of Serbian parliament
- ^ Boston.com news article: Milosevic ally gains key Serbian post
- ^ a b Rydgren, Jens. "Radical Right-wing Populism in Sweden and Denmark". The Centre for the Study of European Politics and Society. Retrieved 2006-05-25.
- ^ Schweizer Demokraten vor der Auflösung, NZZ Online (2007), "facing dissolution".
- ^ British National Party: Nasty, brutish and short-lived?, The Economist, August 5, 2004.
- ^ Diamond, Sara. 1995. Roads to Dominion: Right–Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. New York: Guilford.
- ^ http://www.americanpatriotparty.cc
- ^ "Police deny Shiv Sena arrest rumours".
- ^ "Indian MPs elect far-right speaker".
- ^ "Riot fears in Bombay after arrest of extremist leader".
- ^ "Arrest of political leader sparks protests in Mumbai".
- ^ "Indian police arrest head of rightwing group".
- ^ "Currently Listed Entities". Public Safety Canada. 2006-11-06. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
- ^ "Far-right joins Israel coalition, BBC News". 30. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b Template:Cite article
- ^ a b Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195060229.
The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (zawba'a), points to the party's fascistic origins.
- ^ a b Rolland, John C. (2003). Lebanon. Nova Publishers. ISBN 1590338715.
[The SSNP's] red hurricane symbol was modeled after the Nazi swastika.
- ^ a b Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1860647154.
Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to Deutschland über alles, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christan past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation.
- ^ a b Becker, Jillian (1984). The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297785478.
[The SSNP] had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah.
- ^ a b Yamak, Labib Zuwiyya (1966). The Syrian Social Nationalist Party: An Ideological Analysis. Harvard University Press.
- ^ Simon, Reeva S. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0028960114.
The Syrian Social Nationalist party (SSNP) was the brainchild of Antun Sa'ada, a Greek Orthodox Lebanese who was inspired by Nazi and fascist ideologies.
- ^ "Top Judge's Ouster Shakes Pakistan, Washington Post". 27. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Australia First: reclaiming the agenda, The Age, December 14, 2005.
- ^ Fascist Australia, The Age, August 24, 2004.
- ^ Minority group in TV hijacking, The Australian, July 14, 2007.
References
- Arzheimer, Kai and Elisabeth Carter (2006). "Political Opportunity Structures and Right-Wing Extremist Party Success" European Journal of Political Research (45):419-443
- Betz, Hans-Georg and Stefan Immerfall, eds. 1998. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-wing Populism in Western Europe. New York: St. Martins Press.
- Durham, Martin (2000). The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
- Durham, Martin (2002). "From Imperium to Internet: the National Alliance and the American Extreme Right" Patterns of Prejudice 36(3), (July): 50-61.
- Hainsworth, Paul (2000). The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream. London: Pinter.
- Schoenbaum, David. Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany,. ISBN
- Formisano, Ronald P. (2005). "Interpreting Right-Wing or Reactionary Neo-Populism: A Critique". Journal of Policy History. 17 (2): 241–255. doi:10.1353/jph.2005.0010.
- Radical conservatism : the right's political religion / Robert Brent Toplin., 2006
- Radical conservatism and the future of politics / Göran Dahl., 1999
- Fascists and conservatives : the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe / Martin Blinkhorn., 1990
- The Routledge companion to fascism and the far right / Peter Davies., 2002
- The terrorist next door : the militia movement and the radical right / Daniel Levitas., 2002
- Right-wing populism in America : too close for comfort / Chip Berlet & Matthew N. Lyons, 2000
- The extreme right : freedom and security at risk / Aurel Braun., 1997
- The impact of radical right-wing parties in West European democracies / Michelle Hale Williams., 2006
- Right-wing extremism in the twenty-first century / Peter Merkl., 2003
- Extreme right parties in Western Europe / Piero Ignazi., 2003
- The United States and right-wing dictatorships, 1965-1989 / David Schmitz., 2006
- The emergence of a Euro-American radical right / Jeffrey Kaplan., 1998
- The politics of the extreme right : from the margins to the mainstream / Paul Hainsworth., 2000
- The revival of right-wing extremism in the nineties / Peter Merkl., 1997
- Shadows over Europe : the development and impact of the extreme right in Western Europe / Martin Schain., 2002
- Western democracies and the new extreme right challenge / Roger Eatwell., 2004
- The voice of modern hatred : encounters with Europe's new right / Nicholas Fraser., 2000
- Extreme right activists in Europe : through the magnifying glass / Bert Klandermans., 2006
- Preachers of hate : the rise of the far right / Angus Roxburgh., 2002
- Movements of exclusion : radical right-wing populism in the Western world / Jens Rydgren., 2005