John II of Portugal

João II
King of Portugal and the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa and Lord of Guinea
17th century painting of John II
Reign	28 August 1481— 25 October 1495
Predecessor	Afonso V
Successor	Manuel I
Burial	Monastery of Batalha, Batalha, District of Leiria, Portugal
Spouse	Leonor of Viseu
Issue among others...	Afonso, Prince of Portugal
House	House of Aviz
Father	Afonso V
Mother	Isabel of Coimbra

João II (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃ũ]; English: John II) ( 3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495), the Perfect Prince (Port. o Príncipe Perfeito), was the thirteenth king of Portugal and the Algarves. He is known for reestablishing the power of the Portuguese throne, reinvigorating its economy, and renewing its exploration of Africa and the Orient.

Early life

Born in Lisbon, the son of King Afonso V of Portugal by his wife, Isabel of Coimbra, princess of Portugal, John II succeeded his father in 1477 when the king retired to a monastery, but only became king in 1481.

As a prince, John II accompanied his father in the campaigns in northern Africa and was made a knight by him after the victory in Arzila in 1471. In 1473, he married Leonor of Viseu, Infanta of Portugal and his first cousin.

Even at a young age, he was not popular among the peers of the kingdom since he was immune to external influence and appeared to despise intrigue. The nobles (including particularly Fernando II, the Duke of Braganza) were afraid of his future policies as king.

Consolidation of Power

After the official accession to the throne in 1481, John II took a series of measures to curtail the overgrown power of his aristocracy and to concentrate power in himself. Immediately, the nobles started to conspire. Letters of complaint and pleas to intervene were exchanged between the Duke of Braganza and Queen Isabella I of Castile. In 1483, this correspondence was intercepted by royal spies. The House of Braganza was outlawed, their lands confiscated and the duke executed in Évora.

In the following year, the Duke of Viseu, John's cousin and brother-in-law was summoned to the palace and stabbed to death by the king himself for suspicion of a new conspiracy. Many other people were executed, murdered, or exiled to Castile including the bishop of Évora who was poisoned in prison.

The king is reported to have said, concerning the rebellious nobles: "I'm the lord of lords, not the server of servants". Following the crackdown, no one in the country dared to defy the king and John saw no further conspiracies during his reign. The nobles who sided with John II or surrendered were forced to make public pledges of loyalty, in return they were given certain privileges, yet they still had to pay taxes.

Economy

Facing a bankrupt kingdom, John II showed the initiative to solve the situation by creating an agile regime in which the Council of Scholars took a vital role. The king then conducted a search population and selected members of the Council according to their abilities, talents, and credentials. Popular complaints on judicial acts normally had the sympathy of the king. John's exploration policies (see below) also paid great dividends. Even before the Tordesilhas Treaty, such was the profit coming from John II's investments in the overseas explorations and expansion that the Portuguese currency had become the soundest in Europe. The Kingdom could finally collect taxes on its own as all of its debts had been paid off, mainly thanks to its main gold source at that time, the coast of Guinea.

Exploration

John II famously restored the policies of Atlantic exploration, reviving the work of his great-uncle, Henry the Navigator. The Portuguese explorations were his main priority in government, pushing south the known coast of Africa with the purpose of discovering the maritime route to India. During his reign, the following was achieved:

• 1482 - The first European settlement outside of Europe is founded, the coastal fortress and trade post of São Jorge da Mina ( Elmina ).
• 1484 – Diogo Cão discovered the Congo River
• 1488 - Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope
• 1493 – Álvaro Caminha started the settlement of the São Tomé and Príncipe islands
• Land expeditions by Afonso de Paiva and Pêro da Covilhã were sent to India and Ethiopia in search of Prester John land.

Some historians argue about the real extent of Portuguese voyages of exploration during this period, claiming the king had a secrecy policy. According to this theory some navigations were kept secret for fear of competition by neighbouring Castile. The archives of this period were destroyed in the fire after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and what was not destroyed during the earthquake was either stolen or destroyed during the Peninsular War or otherwise lost. Modern historians still debate their true extent.

Conflict with Castile

When Columbus returned from his voyage he thought of first stopping by in Lisbon in order to claim his victory in front of King John II. King John II's only response to this was that under the treaty with Spain, Columbus's discoveries lay within Portugal's sphere of influence. Before Columbus even reached Isabella of Castile, John II had already sent a letter to them threatening to send a fleet to claim it for Portugal. Spain quickly hastened to the negotiating table which took place in a small town near the Portuguese border named Tordesillas. There was also a papal representative during that occasion in order to act as mediator. The result of this would be the famous Treaty of Tordesillas.

But the division of the world was not the main issue between the Iberian kingdoms. Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon had several daughters, but only one feeble male heir — Juan. The oldest daughter, Isabella of Aragon, was married to Prince Afonso of Portugal since childhood. Afonso was John II's only son and beloved by the king. If Juan died without male heir, as was probable, Afonso would be heir not only of Portugal but also of Castile and Aragon. This threat to Castilian and Aragonese independence was very real and the Catholic kings tried every diplomatic trick to dissolve the wedding. Finally, in 1491, Afonso died in mysterious circumstances — a fall from a horse during a ride in the margin of the Tagus river. The influence of the Catholic kings in this accident was never proved but the prince was an excellent rider, his Castilian valet fled never to be seen again and after this, Isabella, the heiress, was no longer married to the enemy. John tried without success until the end of his life to legitimise Jorge, Duke of Coimbra, his illegitimate son.

Legacy

John II died at Alvor without leaving male issue, aged only 40 years old. He was succeeded by his first cousin Manuel I.

The nickname the Perfect Prince is a late description and refers to Niccolò Machiavelli's work The Prince. John II is considered to have lived his life exactly according to the writer's idea of a perfect prince. Nevertheless, he was admired as one of the greatest European monarchs of his time. Isabella I of Castile usually referred to him as El Hombre (The Man).

In popular culture

• In the TV series Christopher Columbus (1985) he was played by Max von Sydow.

References

• Page, Martin The First Global Village
• Boxer, Charles R. From Lisbon to Goa, 1500–1750 (1991)
• Boxer, Charles R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825
• Mira, Manuel S. Forgotten Portuguese: The Melungeons and the Portuguese Making of America (1998)
• Duffy, James Portuguese Africa (1968)
• Bodian, Mirian Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation (1997)

Ancestors

John's ancestors in three generations

John II of Portugal	Father: Afonso V of Portugal	Father's father: Edward of Portugal	Father's father's father: John I of Portugal
			Father's father's mother: Philippa of Lancaster
		Father's mother: Leonor of Aragon	Father's mother's father: Ferdinand I of Aragon
			Father's mother's mother: Eleanor of Albuquerque
	Mother: Isabel of Coimbra	Mother's father: Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra	Mother's father's father: John I of Portugal
			Mother's father's mother: Philippa of Lancaster
		Mother's mother: Isabella of Urgell	Mother's mother's father: James II, Count of Urgell
			Mother's mother's mother: Isabella of Aragon

Marriage and descendants

Of his wife, Leonor of Viseu, Infanta of Portugal John had two sons, but only one of them survived childhood.

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Leonor of Viseu ( 2 May 1458 – 17 November 1525; married in January 1471)
Prince Afonso	18 May 1475	13 July 1491	Prince of Portugal. Died in a horse riding accident. Because of the premature death of the prince the throne was inherited by Manuel of Viseu, Duke of Beja, son of Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, who reigned as Manuel I, 14th King of Portugal.
Infante João (John)	1483	1483
By Ana de Mendonça (c. 1460-?)
Jorge	21 August 1481	22 July 1550	Natural son known as Jorge de Lencastre. Duke of Coimbra.
By Brites Anes (c. 1460-?)
Brites Anes de Santarém	c. 1485	?	Natural daughter.