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Fair game (Scientology)

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The term Fair Game is used to describe policies and practices carried out by the Church of Scientology towards people and groups it perceives as its enemies. Founder L. Ron Hubbard established the policy in the 1960s, in response to criticism both from within and outside his organization.[1][2] Individuals or groups who are "Fair Game" are judged to be a threat to the Church and, according to the policy, can be punished and harassed using any and all means possible.[1][2][3] In 1968, Hubbard officially cancelled use of the term "Fair Game" because of negative public relations it caused, although the Church's aggressive response to criticism continued.[1]

Applying the principles of Fair Game, Hubbard and his followers targeted many individuals as well as government officials and agencies, including a program of covert and illegal infiltration of the IRS and other U.S. Government agencies during the 1970s.[1][2] They also conducted private investigations, character assassination and legal action against the Church's critics in the media.[1] The policy remains in effect and has been defended by the Church of Scientology as a core religious practice.[4][5][6]

Background

Scientology's founder, L. Ron Hubbard, said all opposition came from what he called "Suppressive Persons" (SPs)—anti-social people who want to destroy anything that benefits humanity.[3] In written policies dating from the mid-1950s, Hubbard told his followers to take a hard line against perceived opponents. In 1955 he wrote, "The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used easily to harass, and enough harassment on somebody who is simply on the thin edge anyway, well knowing that he is not authorized, will generally be sufficient to cause his professional decease. If possible, of course, ruin him utterly".[7]

In his confidential Manual of Justice of 1959, Hubbard wrote "People attack Scientology. I never forget it, always even the score."[1] He advocated using private investigators to investigate critics, who had turned out to be "members of the Communist Party or criminals, usually both. The smell of police or private detectives caused them to fly, to close down, to confess. Hire them and damn the cost when you need to."[8] He said that in dealing with opponents, his followers should "always find or manufacture enough threat against them to cause them to sue for peace. Don't ever defend. Always attack."[9] He urged the use of "black propaganda" to "destroy reputation or public belief in persons, companies or nations."[9]

The Church has retained an aggressive policy towards those it perceives as its enemies,[10][11] and argued as late as 1985 that retributive action against "enemies of Scientology" should be considered a Constitutionally-protected "core practice" of Scientology.[12]

Policy

In 1965 Hubbard formulated the "Fair Game Law", which states how to deal with people who interfere with Scientology's activities. These suppressive persons could be considered "fair game" for retaliation:

By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes and disciplines or the rights of a Scientologist.[13]

In December of that year, Hubbard reissued the policy with additional clarifications to define the scope of Fair Game. He made it clear that the policy applied to non-Scientologists as well, declaring:

The homes, property, places and abodes of persons who have been active in attempting to: suppress Scientology or Scientologists are all beyond any protection of Scientology Ethics, unless absolved by later Ethics or an amnesty ... this Policy Letter extends to suppressive non-Scientology wives and husbands and parents, or other family members or hostile groups or even close friends.[14]

In his Introduction to Scientology Ethics, published in 1968, Hubbard wrote that no Scientologist could be punished "for any action taken against a Suppressive Person or Group during the period that person or group is 'fair game'."[1] He made it clear elsewhere in his writings that the policy would be applied to external organizations, including governments, that interfered with Scientology's activities. He told Scientologists:

If the Internal Revenue Service (in refusing the FCDC [Founding Church of Scientology, Washington DC] non-profit status) continues to act up or if the FDA does sue we can of course Comm Ev [Committee of Evidence] them and if found guilty, label and publish them as a Suppressive Group and fair game ... [N]one is fair game until he or she declares against us.[15]

In a 1967 policy titled Penalties for Lower Conditions, Hubbard wrote that opponents who are "fair game" may be "deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."[1][16][17][18]

In a policy letter dated July 21, 1968, Hubbard explicitly cancelled these penalties. The new list of Penalties for Lower Conditions now said that someone in a condition of Enemy "(m)ay be restrained or imprisoned. May not be protected by any rules or laws of the group he sought to injure [...]. May not be trained or processed or admitted to any [Scientology organisation]."[19] The same list says that in a condition of Treason, a person, "May not be protected by the rights and fair practices he sought to destroy for others. May be retrained or debarred. [...] Not covered by amnesties." Another policy letter from October that year announces:

"The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations. This [policy letter] does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of an SP."[19][20][21]

[17]

The church has maintained that the Fair Game policy was rescinded in 1968, because people had misinterpreted it. Spokesmen said that Hubbard's intended meaning was merely that former members could not appeal to Scientology's legal system for support or protection against anyone who might try to trick, sue or destroy them.[3][22][23] Sociologist Roy Wallis commented that this interpretation seemed to be "contradicted by the words on the page, and by actions taken against those regarded as enemies of the movement."[17]

The Church continued to pursue an aggressive response to external critics, especially the US Government.[1] The doctrine of "Fair Game" was a central element of the Guardian's Office's operational policies. The original 1965 "Fair Game Law" is listed as a reference for GO staff in its confidential Intelligence Course,[24] which was later entered into evidence in a US Federal court case in 1979.[25] During the case Church lawyers admitted that "Fair Game" had been practiced long after its supposed cancellation in 1968.

Hubbard said in a 1976 affidavit that he had never intended to authorize harassment:

There was never any attempt or intent on my part by the writing of these policies (or any others for that fact), to authorise illegal or harassment type acts against anyone.

As soon as it became apparent to me that the concept of 'Fair Game' as described above was being misinterpreted by the uninformed, to mean the granting of a license to Scientologists for acts in violation of the law and/or other standards of decency, these policies were cancelled.[26]

As revised in 1991, Scientology's policy on the handling of "suppressive persons"[27] states:

Nothing in this policy letter shall ever or under any circumstances justify any violation of the laws of the land or intentional legal wrongs. Any such offense shall subject the offender to penalties prescribed by law as well as to ethics and justice actions.

Court cases

A series of court cases in England in the 1970s saw Fair Game being strongly criticized by senior judges. The Court of Appeal of England and Wales suggested in one case that Scientology organisations were willing to harass their critics.[28] They also described a case brought by the Church against author Russell Miller as a deliberate form of harassment.[28] In a case where the Church of Scientology of California sought to block publication of a book quoting Scientology materials, Lord Justice Goff cited the Fair Game policy along with what he described as the Church's "deplorable means adopted to suppress inquiry or criticism." He concluded that publication of the materials was in the public interest.[29]

L. Gene Allard, 1974–1976

In 1974, the Church lost a case against an ex-Scientologist named L. Gene Allard who in 1969, shortly after leaving the Church of Scientology, had been arrested on a charge of grand theft made by the Church of Scientology.[30] The charge was dismissed "in the interest of justice", and Allard sued the Church for malicious prosecution.[30] At the trial, Allard's lawyer introduced the October 1967 and October 1968 "Fair Game" policy statements into evidence.[30] Allard was awarded $50,000 in compensatory damages and $250,000 in punitive damages.[30][31] Attorneys acting for the Church of Scientology had argued that the Fair Game policy had been canceled, was irrelevant to the suit and had not been applied to Allard.[30] An appellate court, while reducing the amount of punitive charges from $250,000 to $50,000, upheld the verdict against the Church, arguing that the church had been given ample opportunity "to produce evidence that the fair-game policy had been repealed" but had "failed to do so".[30] In July 1976, the California Supreme Court refused to review the case.[30]

Operation Freakout, 1976

In Operation Freakout, the Church of Scientology attempted to cause journalist and writer Paulette Cooper to be imprisoned, killed, driven to suicide or committed to a mental institution, as revenge for her publication in 1971 of a highly critical book, The Scandal of Scientology. The Federal Bureau of Investigation discovered documentary evidence of the plot and the preceding campaign of harassment during an investigation into the Church of Scientology in 1977, eventually leading to the Church compensating Cooper in an out-of-court settlement.

Department of Health and Social Security (UK), 1979

The Church of Scientology of California sued the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) in British courts for defamation. The DHSS had suggested that Scientologists were dangerous charlatans who would worsen rather than cure mental illness.[32] The Church demanded as part of discovery that the DHSS release letters and medical records from people who had complained about the Church. Lord Justice Stephenson declined the request, citing the Fair Game policy, which he believed still applied despite its name being cancelled. He was concerned that the documents would be used "not for legitimate purposes of the action but for harassment of individual patients, informants and renegades named in them, not only by proceedings for defamation against them but by threats and blackmail."[32]

Lawrence Wollersheim, 1980

Lawrence Wollersheim, a former Scientologist, successfully argued that he had been harassed and his photography business nearly destroyed as a result of Fair Game measures. These included getting Scientologist employees to resign, and Scientologist customers to boycott or refuse to pay him.[23] The 1986 judgment by a Los Angeles jury was upheld by the California Court of Appeal in 1989.[33] During appeals, the Church again claimed Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and was thus constitutionally protected "religious expression".[4] The court decided that the Church's campaign "to ruin Wollersheim economically, and possibly psychologically" should be discouraged rather than protected.[23] Twenty years after the start of the case, the Church paid Wollersheim a judgment, with interest, that amounted to US$8,674,643.[34]

Jakob Anderson, 1981

In the March 11–16, 1981, Danish court case of Jakob Anderson vs The Church Of Scientology of Denmark, ex-Guardian's Office operative Vibeke Dammon testified[35] that the Church did in fact practice Fair Game and had done so in Anderson's case, in an attempt to get Anderson committed to a psychiatric hospital.[citation needed]

Gerald Armstrong, 1984

In 1980, Scientologist and Sea Org officer Gerry Armstrong was assigned to organize some of Hubbard's personal papers as the basis for a biography of Hubbard. Omar Garrison, a non-Scientologist known to be sympathetic to Scientology, was hired to write the biography. Both Armstrong and Garrison quickly realized that the papers reflected unfavorably on Hubbard, and revealed that many of Hubbard's claimed accomplishments were exaggerations or outright fabrications. Garrison abandoned the project, and a disillusioned Armstrong and his wife left the Church, retaining copies of the embarrassing materials as insurance against the expected harassment to come.[36] Armstrong was sued by the Church in 1982 for the theft of private documents. The "Fair Game" policy became an issue in court. Armstrong won the case, in part because the Judge ruled that Armstrong, as a Scientologist of long standing, knew that fair game was practiced, and had good reason to believe that possession of these papers would be necessary to defend himself against illegal persecution by the Church.[37] In a scathing decision, Judge Paul Breckenridge wrote:

In addition to violating and abusing its own members' civil-rights, the organization over the years with its "Fair Game" doctrine has harassed and abused those persons not in the Church whom it perceives as enemies. [...] [Armstrong] was declared an enemy by the Church. He believed, reasonably, that he was subject to "fair game."[38]

During the trial, the Church hired Frank K. Flinn, an adjunct professor of comparative religions, to write a report arguing that Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and thus should be considered a constitutionally protected activity.[citation needed]

Latey judgment, 1984

A child custody case in London's High Court examined the culture of Scientology to investigate the risks to children being raised within it. Stating his conclusions in a public hearing, Mr. Justice Latey read some of Scientology's internal documents into the record.[39][40] Despite the alleged cancellation of Fair Game, he reported that, "Deprival of property, injury by any means, trickery, suing, lying or destruction have been pursued throughout and to this day with the fullest possible vigour."[41] As an example, he cited the case of a doctor at Harvard Medical School who at one point was regarded as the Church's "Number One Enemy".[39] The Church had persecuted him by stealing his employment records from a hospital, launching frivolous lawsuits against him and tracking down his patients and neighbors. The Citizens' Commission on Human Rights, which Latey described as "a Scientology 'front'", made multiple complaints of misconduct against the doctor.[39]

In practice

An "Ethics Order" dating from March 6, 1968, issued by L. Ron Hubbard aboard his boat the Royal Scotsman, lists twelve Scientologists who were accused of distributing altered versions of upper level materials. Hubbard writes "They are fair game. No amnesty may ever cover them. [...] Any Sea Org member contacting them is to use Auditing Process R2-45."[42][43]. The R2-45 Auditing Process consists of shooting a person with the intent to kill them. [44][45]

It later emerged that "Fair Game" had actually continued in use until at least 1980, despite its cancellation, and there have been frequent allegations that it has remained in force since then. During the 1970s the Guardian's Office (GO) of the Church of Scientology, headed by Hubbard's wife Mary Sue, conducted a wide-ranging and systematic series of espionage and intimidation operations against perceived enemies of Scientology. (See Operation Freakout for a noteworthy example.)

According to an American Lawyer investigation, "Fair Game" tactics had been used to force the withdrawal of the presiding judge in an attempt to "throw" the case.[46] As the US Government's attorneys put it,

"Defendants, through one of their attorneys, have stated that the fair game policy continued in effect well after the indictment in this case and the conviction of the first nine co-defendants. Defendants claim that the policy was abrogated by the Church's Board of Directors in late July or early August, 1980, only after the defendants' personal attack on Judge Richey."[47]

The abrogation mentioned above was issued in a policy letter of 22 July 1980, "Ethics, Cancellation of Fair Game, more about", issued by the Boards of Directors of the Churches of Scientology. However, this cancellation was itself cancelled in a subsequent HCO Policy Letter of 8 September 1983, "Cancellation of Issues on Suppressive Acts and PTSes", which cancelled a number of HCOPLs on the ground that they "were not written by the Founder [Hubbard]". In two subsequent court cases the Church defended "Fair Game" as a "core practice of Scientology", and claimed that it was therefore protected as "religious expression".[5][6]

Since then, a number of ex-Scientologists who formerly held senior management positions in the Church have alleged that while working for the Church they saw "Fair Game" tactics continuing to be used. In 1994, Vicky Aznaran, who had been the Chairman of the Board of the Religious Technology Center (the Church's central management body), claimed in an affidavit that

Because of my position and the reports which regularly crossed my desk, I know that during my entire presidency of RTC "fair game" actions against enemies were daily routine. Apart from the legal tactics described below, the "fair game" activities included break-ins, libel, upsetting the companies of the enemy, espionage, harassment, misuse of confidential communications in the folders of community members and so forth.[48]

Janie Peterson, a former Scientologist, testified in a Clearwater City hearing in 1982 that while working in the Guardians Office she had conducted smear campaigns against Church opponents, sometimes using information from confidential confessional files.[49] She said that the Fair Game policy still applied despite the cancellation of the name. A lawyer for the Church denounced the hearings as a "witch hunt".[49]

In the United Kingdom

See also: Scientology in the United Kingdom

In the UK, targets of Fair Game and related harassment over the years have included ex-members, authors, journalists, broadcasters, the mental health profession, cult-monitoring groups, government and law enforcement.

Maurice William Johnson was a scientologist who resigned in June 1966 and successfully sued for his money back. He told a court that after leaving he had received over 100 abusive letters, many of them using violent language. An article in The Auditor, a Scientology publication, was produced to the court, stating outright that Johnson was "fair game" and describing him as "an enemy of mankind, the planets and all life."[50][51]

Jon Atack, an ex-scientologist who left in 1983, wrote the book "A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed" and the pamphlet "The Total Freedom Trap" as well as providing research for "Bare-Faced Messiah". He provided help to other members in leaving the organisation, as well as acting as an expert witness in various cases concerning Scientology. In response, Atack's home was repeatedly picketed by placard-carrying scientologists over the course of six days. Eugene Ingram, a private investigator employed by the Church, made visits to Atack, his elderly mother and other family and friends, spreading rumours that Atack would be going to prison. Scientologists also distributed leaflets entitled "The Truth about Jon Atack", implying that he was a drug dealer who only criticised Scientology for money.[52][53][54]

Atack eventually went bankrupt due to the cost of defending himself against legal action from the Church.[55] According to Baroness Sharples speaking in the House of Lords, a number of ex-scientologists "have been both threatened and harassed and a considerable number of them have been made bankrupt by the church."[56]

Journalist Paul Bracchi investigated Scientology in the mid 1990s while working at the Evening Argus in East Grinstead. He recounted the case of a Scientologist who had been accused of stealing documents from Saint Hill Manor, and was told in writing that he was a suppressive person and Fair Game. The man's wife told Bracchi, "For months after, we had anonymous notes delivered in the post almost daily. They said, 'You bastard,' 'You're dead,' 'Nothing will save you.' It was terribly frightening."[57]

Sandy Smith, the editor of the 2007 BBC television programme Panorama, alleged that his team had been subjected to Fair Game tactics from the Church while filming the documentary "Scientology and Me".[58] When the team were filming in the United States, Scientology representatives followed them and repeatedly harangued them. Unknown men also trailed the team, one even appearing at journalist John Sweeney's wedding.[59][60][61] Sweeney later complained of being "chased round the streets of Los Angeles by sinister strangers [...] In LA, the moment our hire car left the airport we realised we were being followed by two cars. In our hotel a weird stranger spent every breakfast listening to us."[62] When the crew returned to London, Church executive Mike Rinder was sent from the United States to lobby the BBC, even camping out at their offices.[63]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Urban, Hugh B. (June 2006). "Fair Game: Secrecy, Security, and the Church of Scientology in Cold War America". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 74 (2). Oxford University Press: 356–389. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfj084. ISSN 1477-4585. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  2. ^ a b c Urban, Hugh B. (2008). "Secrecy and New Religious Movements: Concealment, Surveillance, and Privacy in a New Age of Information". Religion Compass. 2 (1). Wiley: 66–83. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2007.00052.x. ISSN 1749-8171. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  3. ^ a b c Streeter 2008, pp. 217–219
  4. ^ a b Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology, 212 Cal. App. 3d 872 (Cal. App. 2d Dist. 1989)
  5. ^ a b Frank K. Flinn testimony in Church of Scientology of California, 1984, vol.23, pp.4032-4160
  6. ^ a b Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology of California, Court of Appeal of the State of California, civ.no.B023193, 18 July 1989
  7. ^ Hubbard, L. R. (1955). The Scientologist - A Manual on the Dissemination of Material, reprinted in Hubbard, L. R. (1976). The Technical Bulletins of Dianetics and Scientology. Vol. II. Copenhagen: Scientology Publications. quoted in Lane, Jodi M. (January 30, 2008). "Malignant Narcissism, L. Ron Hubbard, and Scientology's Policies of Narcissistic Rage" (PDF): 24. Retrieved December 5, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link), published in French as Lane, Jodi M. (2008). "Politiques de rage et narcissisme malin". Criminologie. 41 (2). Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal: 117–155. ISSN 1492-1367. Retrieved December 5, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  8. ^ Atack 1990, p. 144
  9. ^ a b Kent, Stephen A. (2006). "Scientology". In Daniel A. Stout (ed.). Encyclopedia of religion, communication, and media. Routledge encyclopedias of religion and society. CRC Press. pp. 390–392. ISBN 9780415969468.
  10. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2000). The Church of Scientology. Studies in contemporary religions. Signature Books in cooperation with CESNUR. p. 36. ISBN 1560851392.
  11. ^ Frantz, Douglas (March 9, 1997). "An Ultra-Aggressive Use of Investigators and the Courts". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  12. ^ http://www.lermanet2.com/reference/wollersheim.htm (courtesy link) Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology of California, Court of Appeal of the State of California, civ.no.B023193, 18 July 1989
  13. ^ L. Ron Hubbard, Hubbard Communication Office Policy Letter 1 Mar 65 "Suppressive Acts - Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists - The Fair Game Law" 1965-03-01
  14. ^ Hubbard, HCOPL 23 December 1965, "Suppressive Acts - Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists - The Fair Game Law"
  15. ^ L. Ron Hubbard, HCOPL April 2, 1965, "Administration outside Scientology"
  16. ^ "Sect ordered to pay $300,000 to victim". Los Angeles Times. June 1, 1974. pp. A20. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  17. ^ a b c Wallis, Roy (1976). The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology. London: Heinemann Educational Books. pp. 144–145. ISBN 0435829165. OCLC 310565311.
  18. ^ HCOPL 18 October 67 Issue IV, Penalties for Lower Conditions
  19. ^ a b Foster, Sir John Galway (1971). Enquiry into the practice and effects of scientology. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 0102052727. OCLC 301564428.
  20. ^ Atack 1990, p. 188
  21. ^ L. Ron Hubbard, HCOPL 21 Oct 68 Cancellation of Fair Game
  22. ^ Welkos, Robert W. (June 29, 1990). "On the Offensive Against an Array of Suspected Foes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-11-14. Church spokesmen maintain that Hubbard rescinded the policy three years after it was written ... But various judges and juries have concluded that while the actual labelling of persons as "fair game" was abandoned, the harassment continued unabated. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b c Greenawalt, Ken (2006). Religion and the Constitution. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press. p. 298. ISBN 9780691125824.
  24. ^ Guardian Order, Confidential - Intelligence Course, 9 September 1974, p.18
  25. ^ United States vs. Mary Sue Hubbard et al., 493 F. Supp. 209, (D.D.C. 1979)
  26. ^ L. Ron Hubbard, affidavit of March 22, 1976, quoted in Barrett, David V. (2003). The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions. Octopus Publishing Group. p. 464. ISBN 1844030407. OCLC 59368351.)
  27. ^ HCO Policy Letter of 23 December 1965RB, revised 8 January 1991, Suppressive Acts Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists
  28. ^ a b Edge 2002, p. 420
  29. ^ Edge 2002, p. 417
  30. ^ a b c d e f g Rawitch, Robert (1978-08-28). "Scientology Critics Assail Aggressiveness of Church". Los Angeles Times. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Staff (1974-06-01). "Sect ordered to pay $300,000 to Victim". Los Angeles Times. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  32. ^ a b Edge 2002, pp. 420–421
  33. ^ Atack 1990, p. 356
  34. ^ Leiby, Richard (May 10, 2002). "Ex-Scientologist Collects $8.7 Million In 22-Year-Old Case". The Washington Post. p. A03. Retrieved 2006-06-13.
  35. ^ Transcript of testimony of Ms. Vibeke Damman, Oslo
  36. ^ Lindsey, Robert (July 11, 1984). "Scientology chief got millions, ex-aides say". New York Times.
  37. ^ Sappell, Joel (June 24, 1990). "The Mind Behind the Religon [sic]". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2008-04-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ (Judge Paul Breckenridge, Los Angeles Superior Court, June 20, 1984) quoted in Atack 1990, p. 331
  39. ^ a b c Atack 1990, pp. 335–343
  40. ^ "Judge brands Scientology 'sinister' as mother is given custody of children". The Times. July 24, 1984. p. 3.
  41. ^ Atack 1990, p. 2
  42. ^ L. Ron Hubbard (June 3, 1968). "HCO ETHICS ORDER". No. 30 INT. Advanced Organisation Yacht Royal Scotman, via U.S. Dist. Court. S.D. of N.Y. Retrieved 2006-06-07. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  43. ^ "Racket Exposed", The Auditor, issue 37, 1968. Excerpt
  44. ^ Lamont, Stewart (1986). "1. L. Ron Hubbard: Guru, God or Demon?". Religion Inc. London: Harrap Ltd. p. 192. ISBN 0-245-54334-1. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ Robert Rawitch, Robert Gillette (1978-08-28). "Scientology Critics Assail Aggressiveness of Church". Los Angeles Times.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link) See official online archive.
  46. ^ "Scientology's War Against Judges", American Lawyer, December 1980
  47. ^ Sentencing Memorandum of the United States of America, Mary Sue Hubbard et al., Criminal Case No. 78-401, 3 December 1979
  48. ^ Aznaran affidavit, quoted in Tom Voltz, Scientology with(out) an End, chapter 13
  49. ^ a b Girardi, Steven (May 9, 1982). "Witnesses Tell of Break-ins, Conspiracy". Clearwater Sun.
  50. ^ "Scientology is slammed in court as "evil cult"". East Grinstead Observer. June 13, 1968.
  51. ^ "Scientology "brainwash': JP's comment as ex-student is cleared of theft". East Grinstead Courier. June 13, 1968.
  52. ^ Palmer, Richard (April 3, 1994). "Cult Accused of Intimidation". Sunday Times. Times Newspapers.
  53. ^ Evening Argus Victims Who Are Fair Game April 12, 1994
  54. ^ Thompson, David (March 18, 1994). "Scientologists picket house". East Grinstead Courier.
  55. ^ Writer is quizzed by creditors Nottingham Evening Post 27 April 1996
  56. ^ Evans, Andrew (December 17, 1996). "Peer declares scientology membership". Press Association.
  57. ^ Bracchi, Paul (May 24, 2007). "Scientology is not a church or charity. It is, in fact, a cult". Evening Argus. Brighton, UK.
  58. ^ Adams, Stephen (May 14, 2007). "BBC reporter blows his top at Scientologist". Daily Telegraph.
  59. ^ "Scientology and Me". Panorama. 2007-05-14. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ Swinford, Steven (March 13, 2007). "Scientologists to BBC: what planet are you on?". The Sunday Times. London: Times Newspapers. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  61. ^ BBC 1 (TV) The Heaven and Earth Show with Gloria Hunniford May 13, 2007
  62. ^ Sweeney, John (May 14, 2007). "Row over Scientology video". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  63. ^ Tobin, Thomas C. (June 23, 2009). "Leaving the Church of Scientology: a huge step". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2009-06-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

References

  • Atack, Jon (1990). A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard exposed. New York: Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8184-0499-X. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  • Edge, Peter W. (2002). Legal Responses to Religious Difference. Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 9789041116789. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  • Foster, Sir John Galway (1971). Enquiry into the practice and effects of scientology. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 0102052727. OCLC 301564428. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  • Streeter, Michael (2008). Behind Closed Doors: The Power and Influence of Secret Societies. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 9781845379377. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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