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Transportation Security Administration

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Transportation Security Administration
Agency overview
Formed2001
JurisdictionTransportation systems inside, and connecting to the United States of America
HeadquartersPentagon City, Arlington County, Virginia
Employees56,221 (2009)
Annual budget$8.1 billion (2009)
Agency executive
Parent agencyDepartment of Homeland Security
WebsiteTSA Official site

The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security responsible for security in all modes of transportation in the U.S.[1]

The TSA was created as part of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, sponsored by Don Young in the house[2] and Ernest Hollings in the Senate,[3] passed by the 107th U.S. Congress, and signed into law by President George W. Bush on November 19, 2001. Originally part of the U.S. Department of Transportation, the TSA was moved to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security on March 25, 2003.

John S. Pistole is the fifth TSA Administrator, having replaced former head Kip Hawley.[4]

History and organization

Seal when under the Department of Transportation

The TSA was created in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks. Its first administrator John Magaw was nominated by President Bush on December 10, 2001 and confirmed by the Senate the following January. The agency's proponents, including Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta, argued that a single federal agency would better protect air travel than the private companies who operated under contract to single airlines or groups of airlines that used a given terminal facility.

The organization was charged with developing policies to protect U.S. transportation, especially in airport security and the prevention of aircraft hijacking.

With state, local, and regional partners, the TSA oversees security for highways, railroads, buses, mass transit systems, pipelines, ports. However, the bulk of the TSA's efforts are in aviation security. The TSA is solely responsible for screening passengers and checked and carry-on baggage at 450 U.S. airports. [5]

It also works with local police and other law enforcement official to reduce baggage theft in many airports. In Las Vegas in summer 2007, a sting operation caught two airport employees stealing weapons.[6]

Private screening did not disappear under the TSA, which allows airports to opt out of federal screeners and hire firms to do the job instead. Such firms must still get TSA approval under its Screening Partnership Program (SPP) and follow TSA procedures.[7] Among the U.S. airports with privately operated checkpoints are San Francisco International Airport; Kansas City International Airport; Greater Rochester International Airport; Tupelo Regional Airport; Key West International Airport; and Jackson Hole Airport.[8][9]

TSA security search

Among the types of TSA employees are:[10]

  • Transportation Security Officer: The TSA employs around 45,000 Transportation Security Officers, colloquially known as screeners. They screen people and property and control entry and exit points within an airport. They also watch several areas before and beyond checkpoints.[11][12]
  • Federal Air Marshal: A federal law enforcement officer, a FAM blends in with passengers, to detect, deter, and defeat terrorists and other criminals targeting U.S. air carriers, airports, passengers, crew, and when necessary, other transportation modes. The TSA oversaw the Service until December 1, 2003, when the program was transferred to the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. In the U.S. government's 2006 fiscal year, the Federal Air Marshal Service was transferred back to the TSA.
  • Transportation Security Inspectors: These inspect, assess, and investigate passenger and cargo transportation systems to see how secure they are. TSA employs roughly 1,000 aviation inspectors, 450 cargo inspectors,[13] and 100 surface inspectors.[10]
  • National Explosives Detection Canine Team Program: These trainers prepares dogs and handlers to serve as mobile teams that can quickly find dangerous materials. As of June 2008, the TSA had trained about 430 canine teams, with 370 deployed to airports and 56 deployed to mass transit systems.[14]

The TSA also oversees the Federal Flight Deck Officer program, which gives some pilots permission to carry firearms in the cockpit as a defense against hijackers.

TSA has had five administrators. They include John Magaw (2002), Admiral James Loy (2002–2003), Rear Admiral David M. Stone (2003–2005), Kip Hawley (2005–2009) and most recently John Pistole (2010-). Current Deputy Administrator Gale Rossides served as TSA's Acting Administrator from early 2009 until Pistole's confirmation in the summer of 2010.

Funding

For fiscal year 2011, the TSA had a budget of roughly $8.1 billion.

TSA officer screening luggage
Budget[15] $ Millions Share
Aviation Security 4,809 71%
Federal Air Marshals 767 11%
Transportation Security Support & Intelligence 524 8%
Aviation Security Capital Fund 250 4%
Checkpoint Screening Security Fund 250 4%
Transportation Threat Assessment & Credentialing 164 2%
Surface Transportation Security 47 1%
Total 6,814 101%

The starting salary for a TSO is $24,432 to $36,648 per year, not including locality pay (contiguous 48 states) or cost of living allowance (COLA) in Hawaii and Alaska. A handful of airports also have a retention bonus of up to 35%.[16]

Policies over time

Behavior Detection Officers

Behavior Detection Officers, or "BDOs," are TSA officers whose primary responsibility is to observe the behavior of passengers going through the security checkpoint. Sometimes police officers are called in to help ask questions or do a background check.

Uniform

In 2008, TSA employees began wearing new uniforms that have a blue-gray 65/35 polyester/cotton blend duty shirt, black pants, a black tie, a wider black belt, and optional short-sleeved shirts and black vests (for seasonal reasons).[17] The first airport to introduce the new uniforms was Baltimore-Washington International Airport. Starting on September 11, 2008, all TSOs began wearing the new uniform. One stripe on each shoulder board denotes a TSO, two stripes a Lead TSO, and three a Supervisory TSO.

Luggage locks

TSA: Notice of Baggage Inspection

The TSA is allowed to open and search air passengers' luggage for security screening in the U.S.[18] It is allowed to cut open, destroy, or otherwise disable locks during a search.

The agency has sanctioned two companies to make padlocks, lockable straps, and luggage with built-in locks that can be opened and relocked by tools and information supplied by the lock manufacturers. These are Travel Sentry[19] and Safe Skies Locks.[20][21] TSA agents have these tools, as do certain authorized security agencies such as UK Customs.

TSA agents sometimes fail to replace locks or close them properly. Passengers who find their TSA-approved locks missing can file a claim with form SF-95.[22]

Large printer cartridges ban

After the October 2010 cargo planes bomb plot, in which cargo containing laser printers with toner cartridges filled with explosives were discovered on separate cargo planes, the U.S. prohibited passengers from carrying certain printer cartridges on flights.[23] The TSA said it would ban toner and ink cartridges weighing over 16 ounces (453 grams) from all passenger flights.[24][25] U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano said the ban would apply to both carry-on bags and checked bags on domestic and international flights in-bound to the U.S.[25] PC Magazine opined that the ban would not affect average travelers, whose toner cartridges are generally lighter, but would affect the importing of laser printer supplies, as many laser toner cartridges weigh well in excess of a pound.[25]

November 2010 new screening procedures

Beginning in November 2010, TSA added screening procedures, including backscatter X-ray scans that display nude images of passengers' bodies to TSA screeners and extensive pat-downs in which TSA screeners touch passengers' breasts, buttocks, and genitals — body parts that had not been touched under previous TSA patdown procedures.[26]

As of November 23, the new procedures were being used in many but not all of the U.S. airports in which TSA operates. At the airports that use the new procedures, passengers are directed to the x-ray scanners at TSA security checkpoints. Passengers who enter the scanner are told to hold their hands above their heads for a few seconds while front and back x-ray images are taken. These images are displayed only to a TSA office in a remote, secured room that cannot see the passengers in any other way. They are then told to wait while the images are reviewed for various materials. TSA officials have said the imaging equipment cannot store, save or print the images.[27] As of November 2010, this has not been independently verified; images from similar machines operated by the U.S. Marshals have been published on the Internet.[28][29]

Passengers who have something show up on the scanner image that appears suspicious, decline to go through the scanner, or who set off the metal detector are directed to undergo a pat-down.[30] Some passengers may also be chosen at random for a pat-down. All pat-downs are done by a TSA officer of the passenger's gender, and can be done in a private room if requested.

Passengers who decline both the x-ray scan and the pat-down can leave the screening area, but may not return without being arrested.[citation needed]

TSA officials said they created the measures in reaction to the "underwear bomber" who smuggled plastic explosives onto an airplane in December 2009.

TSA officials repeatedly declined to spell out just what the new pat-downs entailed. Instead, the public learned about the extent of the searches from passengers who posted their stories on the Internet, and news reports following up on them.[31][32]

TSA Administrator John Pistole and Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano meet with President Obama in the Oval Office; October 2010.

On November 23, 2010, TSA officials said that some U.S. government officials were being allowed to skip the scanner/pat-down if they were traveling with government bodyguards. Among the officials are executive-branch leaders such as Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and FBI Director Robert Mueller and congressional leaders such as Republican House Minority Leader John Boehner. Law-enforcement officials are also allowed to skip the screening after filling out some paperwork.[26]

Concerns about scanners

Some people are concerned with exposure to radiation emitted by backscatter X-rays, and fear being exposed to a "dangerous level of radiation if they get backscattered too often".[33] The backscatter X-ray emits a type of ionizing radiation that damages chemical bonds. Ionizing radiation is considered a non-threshold carcinogen, but it is difficult to quantify the risk of low radiation exposures.[34]

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) created a webpage providing backscatter X-ray scan safety information.[35] However, biochemists and biophysicists at the University of California, San Francisco, in a May 2010 letter to the head of the TSA, raised concerns about the validity of indirect comparisons the FDA used in evaluating backscatter x-ray machine safety, asking that additional data be made public. The data was made public.[36][37]

Criticisms

Insignia

Criticisms of the TSA have included assertions that TSA employees slept on the job,[38][39][40][41] bypassed security checks,[42] and failed to use good judgment and common sense.[43][44][45]

TSA agents were also accused of having mistreated passengers, and having sexually harassed passengers,[46][47][48][49] having used invasive screening procedures, including touching the genitals of children,[50] having searched passengers or their belongings for items other than weapons or explosives,[51] and having stolen from passengers.[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]

The TSA was also accused of having profited by selling banned items collected from passengers,[60] having spent lavishly on events unrelated to airport security,[61] having wasted money in hiring,[62] having engaged in security theater,[63][64] and having had conflicts of interest.[65]

The “Terror Watch List” had more than one million names, including the name of a CNN reporter who claims he was added to the terror list while he was reporting critically on the Federal Air Marshal Service. According to the TSA, the watch list, which is maintained by the U.S. Department of Justice, contains about 400,000 people[citation needed], most of whom are not US persons. The TSA list contains some US citizens incorrectly flagged as suspicious, notably Michael Winston Hicks of Clifton, NJ, at eight years old (in 2010), despite attempts as early as the age of two by his family to have him removed .[66][67][68] The TSA denies Drew Griffin's claim that he is on the list.[69][70] The TSA reacted to complaints of misidentification by saying it would fine airlines $25,000 for wrongfully informing a traveler that he or she is on a government watchlist.[71]

The TSA was accused of having performed poorly at the 2009 Presidential Inauguration viewing areas, which left thousands of ticket holders excluded from the event in overcrowded conditions, while those who arrived before the checkpoints were up weren't checked at all.[72][73]

Unintended consequences of strict security

Two studies by a group of Cornell University researchers have found that strict airport security has the unintended consequence of increasing road fatalities, as would-be air travelers decide to drive and are exposed to the far greater risk of dying in a car accident.[74][75]

In 2005, the researchers looked at the immediate aftermath of the attacks of September 11, 2001, and found that the change in passenger travel modes lead to 242 added driving deaths per month.[74] In all, they estimated that about 1,200 driving deaths could be attributed to the short-term effects of the attacks. The study attributes the change in traveler behavior to two factors: fear of terrorist attacks and the wish to avoid the inconvenience of strict security measures; no attempt is made to estimate separately the influence of each of these two factors.

In 2007, the researchers studied specifically the effects of a change to security practices instituted by the TSA in late 2002. They concluded that this change reduced the number of air travelers by 6%, and estimated that consequently, 129 more people died in car accidents in the fourth quarter of 2002.[75] Extrapolating this rate of fatalities, New York Times contributor Nate Silver remarked that this is equivalent to "four fully-loaded Boeing 737s crashing each year.".[76]

The 2007 study also noted that strict airport security hurts the airline industry; it was estimated that the 6% reduction in the number of passengers in the fourth quarter of 2002 cost the industry $1.1 billion in lost business.

Covert security tests; gaming and failures

Undercover operations to test the effectiveness of airport screening processes are routinely carried out by the TSA's internal affairs unit and the Department of Homeland Security Inspector General's office.

A report by the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General found that TSA officials had collaborated with Covenant Aviation Security (CAS) at San Francisco International Airport to alert screeners to undercover tests.[77] From August 2003 until May 2004, precise descriptions of the undercover personnel were provided to the screeners. The handing out of descriptions was then stopped, but until January 2005 screeners were still alerted whenever undercover operations were being undertaken.[78] Despite the report, CAS was rehired with a $314 million, four-year contract at the airport, and while employees of the firm and TSA were disciplined, none lost their jobs.[79][80]

A report on undercover operations conducted in October 2006 at Newark Liberty International Airport was leaked to the press. The screeners had failed 20 of 22 undercover security tests, missing numerous guns and bombs. The Government Accountability Office had previously pointed to repeated covert test failures by TSA personnel.[81][82] Revealing the results of covert tests is against TSA policy, and the agency responded by initiating an internal probe to discover the source of the leak.[83]

In July 2007, the Times Union of Albany, New York reported that TSA screeners at Albany International Airport failed multiple covert security tests conducted by the TSA. Among them was a failure to detect a fake bomb.[84]

Employee records lost or stolen

On May 4, 2007, the Associated Press reported that a computer hard drive containing Social Security numbers, bank data, and payroll information for about 100,000 employees had been lost or stolen from TSA headquarters. Kip Hawley alerted TSA employees to the loss, and apologized for it. The agency asked the FBI to investigate.[85]

Insecure website

In February 2007, Christopher Soghoian, a blogger and security researcher, said that a TSA website was collecting private passenger information in an unsecured manner, exposing passengers to identity theft.[86] The website allowed passengers to dispute their inclusion on the No Fly List. The TSA fixed the website several days after the press picked up the story.[87] The U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform investigated the matter,[88] and said the website had operated insecurely for more than four months, during which more than 247 people had submitted personal information.[89] The report said the TSA manager who awarded the contract for creating the website was a high-school friend and former employee of the owner of the firm that received the contract.[90] It noted:

neither Desyne nor the technical lead on the traveler redress Web site have been sanctioned by TSA for their roles in the deployment of an insecure Web site. TSA continues to pay Desyne to host and maintain two major Web-based information systems. TSA has taken no steps to discipline the technical lead, who still holds a senior program management position at TSA.[91]

In December 2009, someone within the TSA posted a sensitive manual entitled “Screening Management SOP” on secret airport screening guidelines to an obscure URL on the FedBizOpps website. The manual was taken down quickly, but the breach raised questions about whether security practices had been compromised.[92] Five TSA employees were placed on administrative leave over the manual’s publication, which, while redacted, had its redaction easily removed by computer-knowledgeable people.[93]

2010 screening procedures

After the November 2010 initiation of mandatory screening of all airline passengers and flight crews, the US Airline Pilots Association issued a press release stating that pilots should not submit to Advanced Imaging Technology because of unknown radiation risks and calling for strict guidelines for pat downs of pilots, including evaluation of their fitness for duty after the pat down, given stressful nature of pat downs.[94][95] Two airline pilots filed suit against the procedures.[96] A number of publicized incidents created a public outcry against the invasiveness of the pat-down techniques,[97][98][99] in which women’s breasts and the genital areas of all passengers are firmly patted.[94] Concerns have also been raised as to the constitutionality of the new screening methods; as of November 2010, at least one lawsuit has been filed for violation of the fourth amendment.[100][101]

Incidents around the screening procedures included:

  • Passenger John Tyner refused a pat-down in a videotaped encounter, famously telling security personnel "If you touch my junk I'm gonna have you arrested."[94][102]
  • A breast cancer survivor was forced to remove her prosthetic breast.[103][104]
  • A bladder cancer survivor had his urostomy bag seal broken during a pat-down, leaving him soaked in urine.[105]
  • A woman with a hip replacement was singled out for pat down.[106]
  • A rape survivor was distressed by a pat-down that she described as feeling like being sexually assaulted again.[107]
  • A 3-year-old child was distressed by surrendering her teddy bear and being subject to a pat-down.[108]
  • An eight year old boy was patted down on his genital area.[109][110]
  • A woman claims that she was selected for additional screening by a male TSA worker for the size of her breasts.[111]
  • A woman claims to have been harassed and detained inordinately by multiple TSA agents over a container of saved human breast milk, and was told by a police officer that the TSA agents targeted her due to her previous complaints.[112]
  • A woman claims that she was patted down because the body scanner revealed her sanitary towel.[113]
  • A four year old boy was on his way to Walt Disney World in Orlando, Fla., with his parents when TSA agents forced him to take off his leg braces. [114]

The American Civil Liberties Union has called the scanners a "virtual strip search."[115] United States House of Representatives by Ron Paul (R-Texas) introduced the American Traveler Dignity Act (H.R.6416).[116] Two separate Internet campaigns promoted a “National Opt-Out Day,” the day before Thanksgiving, urging travelers to “opt out” of the scanner and insist on a pat down.[117] US. Representative John L. Mica (R-Fla.), the incoming chair of the United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, called for refining TSA procedures and for airports to consider private screeners.[115]

On November 17, TSA chief John Pistole defended the TSA's screening policies in a Senate committee hearing, and was quoted as saying "I’m not going to change the policy".[118] TSA also promised to correct issues brought to their attention.[119]

United States Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said she personally would like to avoid a pat down but said United States President Barack Obama administration officials were responding to terrorists "getting more creative about what they do to hide explosives in, you know, crazy things like underwear." President Obama said he had asked his counter terrorism team if the measures were "absolutely necessary."[115]

TSA director James Marchand stated, "You try to make it as best you can for that child to come through. If you can come up with some kind of a game to play with a child, it makes it a lot easier." Ken Wooden, who operates an organization to try to end sex abuse of children responded by saying, "How can experts working at the TSA be so incredibly misinformed and misguided to suggest that full body pat downs for children be portrayed as a game?... To do so is completely contrary to what we in the sexual abuse prevention field have been trying to accomplish for the past thirty years."[120][121] President Obama defended the patdowns, but he is exempt from them, and he admitted that he has never had to experience one.[122]

Public opinion

A CBS telephone poll of 1137 people published on November 15 found that 81% percent of those polled approved TSA's use of full-body scans.[123] An ABC/Washington Post poll conducted by Langer Associates and released November 22 found that 64 percent of Americans favored the full-body x-ray scanners, but that 50 percent think the "enhanced" pat-downs go too far; 37 percent felt so strongly. In addition the poll states opposition is lowest amongst those who fly less than once a year.[124] A later poll by Zogby International found 61% of likely voters oppose the new measures by TSA.[125]

See also

References

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  75. ^ a b http://aem.cornell.edu/faculty_sites/gb78/wp/JLE_6301.pdf
  76. ^ Silver, Nate. "The Hidden Costs of Extra Security - NYTimes.com". Fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  77. ^ Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General (October 2006). "Review of Allegations Regarding San Francisco International Airport, OIG-07-04" (PDF). Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  78. ^ San Francisco International Airport Screening tests were sabotaged, San Francisco Chronicle, November 17, 2006
  79. ^ Jim Doyle (November 17, 2006). "San Francisco International Airport / Screening tests were sabotaged / Security workers were warned when undercover agent arrived". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  80. ^ Aaron C. Davis (November 17, 2006). "SF Airport Cheated Security Tests". FOX News. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  81. ^ Airport screeners fail to see most test bombs, The Seattle Times, October 28, 2006
  82. ^ Screeners at Newark fail to find 'weapons'– Agents got 20 of 22 'devices' past staff. The Star-Ledger, October 27, 2006.
  83. ^ TSA seeks source of leaks on airport security tests, The Star-Ledger, October 31, 2006
  84. ^ "Fake Bomb Eludes Airport Test". Times Union (Albany, NY). July 4, 2007.
  85. ^ Matt Apuzzo (May 4, 2007). "TSA Computer Hard Drive Missing". Associated Press.
  86. ^ Soghoian, Christopher (February 13, 2007). "TSA has outsourced the TSA Traveler Identity Verification Program?". Slight paranoia. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
  87. ^ Singel, Ryan (February 14, 2007). "Homeland Security Website Hacked by Phishers? 15 Signs Say Yes". Threat Level– Wired News. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
  88. ^ Waxman, Henry (February 23, 2007). "Letter Requesting Documents from TSA: Oversight Committee Requests Information on TSA Traveler Identity Verification Website" (PDF). House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
  89. ^ "Background on Committee Report Regarding TSA's Redress Web Site". Transportation Security Administration. January 11, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
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  91. ^ "Chairman Waxman Releases Report on Information Security Breach at TSA's Traveler Redress Website". United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. January 11, 2008. Archived from the original on January 31, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
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  95. ^ President’s Message, US Airline Pilots Association press release, November 8, 2010.
  96. ^ Steve Everly and Randy Heaster, Airline security gets private, The Kansas City Star, November 19, 2010.
  97. ^ Michigan Man Left Covered in Own Urine following TSA Pat-Down Fox News Detroit, November 22, 2010.
  98. ^ Mike Clary, Full-body scanners trigger concerns for some fliers, Sun Sentinel, November 22, 2010.
  99. ^ Airport screening horror stories: Could a pat-down backlash cripple holiday airline travel?, The Post-Standard, November 22, 2010.
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  103. ^ Papenfuss, Mary (November 22, 2010). "Cancer Survivor Forced to Remove Breast in Pat-Down". Newser. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  104. ^ Grantham, Molly (November 19, 2010). "Cancer surviving flight attendant forced to remove prosthetic breast during pat-down". WBTV News. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  105. ^ Doig, Polly Davis (November 21, 2010). "TSA Pat-Down Soaks Man in Own Urine". Newser. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  106. ^ Tilkin, Dan (November 16, 2010). "Replacement hip singles out woman for new TSA pat-down". KTAU News. PORTLAND, Ore. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
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  110. ^ Michael Bolden, TSA responds to child pat-down video, The Washington Post, November 22, 2010. TSA corrected inaccurate reports that they forced the child to remove his shirt; his father asked him to do so to expedite the screening.
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  112. ^ "Breast-feeding passenger claims she was harassed by TSA for not wanting her pumped milk passed through X-ray machine". Daily Mail/MailOnline. November 29, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
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  116. ^ Ron Paul Would Like to Give You Back Your Dignity, New York magazine, November 18, 2010
  117. ^ T.S.A. Screening Measures Draw Virtual Protests – NYTimes.com
  118. ^ TSA official says controversial patdowns are 'more invasive,' but terror threat is bigger concern, The New York Times, November 19, 2010.
  119. ^ Michael D. Bolden, TSA responds to child pat-down video, Washington Post, November 22, 2010.
  120. ^ TSA Told To Tell Children That Groping Them Is A Game... Horrifying Sex Abuse Experts, techdirt.com, December 3, 2010
  121. ^ TSA frisks groom children to cooperate with sex predators, abuse expert says, rawstory.com, December 1, 2010
  122. ^ They tell me there's no other way: Obama defends TSA pat-downs (but as President he gets to skip them), The Daily Mail, November 21, 2010
  123. ^ Poll: 4 in 5 Support Full-Body Airport Scanners, CBS News, November 15, 2010.
  124. ^ Nate Silver, New Poll Suggests Shift in Public Views on T.S.A. Procedures, The New York Times, November 22, 2010.
  125. ^ Poll finds 61% oppose new airport security measures, Los Angeles Times, November 23, 2010.
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