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Iore

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Bombardier Iore
Type and origin
Figues are for a single unit, while normal operation is with two units.[1]
Power typeElectric
BuilderBombardier Kassel
ModelTraxx H80AC
Build date2000–2004, 2010–2011
Total produced26
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • AARCo-Co
 • UICCo′Co′
Gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Length22,905 mm (75 ft 1.8 in)
Loco weight180 t (180 long tons; 200 short tons)
Electric system/s15 kV  16.7 Hz AC
Performance figures
Power output5,400 kW (7,200 hp)
Tractive effort600 kN (130,000 lbf)
Career
LocaleIron Ore Line, Sweden
Ofoten Line, Norway

Iore, often stylized IORE, is a class of 26 electric locomotives built by Bombardier Transportation for the Swedish mining company LKAB's railway division Malmtrafik. A variation of Bombardier's TRAXX line, they haul iron ore freight trains on the Iron Ore Line and Ofoten Line in Sweden and Norway, respectively. The 8,600-tonne (8,500-long-ton; 9,500-short-ton) 68-car trains are hauled by two single-ended Co′Co′ locomotives, each with a power output of 5,400 kilowatts (7,200 hp). Each operates with 600 kilonewtons (130,000 lbf) tractive effort and have a maximum speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Delivery of the first series of 18 locomotives was made from 2000 to 2004, and they replaced some of the aging Dm3 and El 15 units. In 2007, eight more vehicles were ordered, with production to be completed by 2011.

History

An Iore-hauled train passing Vassijaure

The Ofoten Line and the Iron Ore Line are two railroad lines which were built to allow iron ore to be hauled from the LKAB's mines in Kiruna, Svappavaara and Malmberget in Sweden to Luleå on the Baltic Sea in Sweden and to Narvik on the Norwegian Sea in Norway.[2] Historically, these lines were operated by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) in Norway and the Swedish State Railways (SJ) in Sweden, but in 1996 the operations, but not the infrastructure, were transferred to the new company Malmtrafik i Kiruna (MTAB), a joint venture between LKAB, NSB and SJ, and its Norwegian subsidiary Malmtrafikk (MTAS).[3] At the time, the line was using El 15 and Dm3 locomotives.[4]

In 1998, LKAB estimated a steady 35% increase in iron ore production until 2005, and requested that the governments grant sufficient funding to upgrade the lines from 25-tonne (25-long-ton; 28-short-ton) to 30-tonne (30-long-ton; 33-short-ton) maximum permitted axle load. Combined with new locomotives, this would give increased efficiency in hauling the ore from the mines.[5] The upgrade was estimated to cost 180 million Norwegian krone (NOK) for the Ofoten Line alone.[6]

An Iore hauling a ore train near Torneträsk

In March, LKAB awarded the contract to build 750 new 100-tonne hopper cars to Transnet of South Africa.[7] In August, an agreement was reached whereby LKAB would pay NOK 100 million of the NOK 130 million needed to upgrade the Ofoten Line.[8] The contract to deliver 18 locomotives was signed with Bombardier on 15 September 1998.[9] LKAB bough SJ and NSB's share of MTAB in 1999.[10]

The first twin unit was delivered in 2000, and serial delivery was made from 2002 to 2004. In March 2004, LKAB decided not to purchase additional hopper cars from Transnet, and instead purchased 750 heavier cars from K-Industrier.[2] Since 1969, the ore trains have been using the Soviet SA3 coupler. However, LKAB decided that these were not sufficiently strong for the new trains and decided that the Iore locomotives and the new hopper cars were to be delivered with Janney couplers (also known as AAR coupler). While the first pair of locomotives had Janney couplers, the rest of the first batch were equipped with SA3 couplers to handle the existing hopper cars, and later retrofitted with Janney couplers.[11] In 2004, the El 15 locomotives were sold to Hector Rail.[12]

On 23 August 2007, LKAB ordered another four twin units, with delivery in 2010 and 2011, and costing €52 million. These will replace all remaining Dm3 locomotives. Currently, six of the delivered locomotives are used from Kiruna to Luleå, and twenty are used from Kiruna to Narvik.[13][14] By 2011, LKAB's will be able to replace all the Dm3 locomotives, and convert all the coal trains to 68 cars. This will increase the capacity from 28 to 33 million tonnes per year, and at the same time reduce the number of departures per day from 21 to 15.[15]

Specifications

An Iore locomotive

The Iore locomotives were built by Bombardier Transportation at Kassel, Germany, as a modification of the TRAXX locomotive line. Each Iore has a driver's cab at each end and they operate in fixed units of two, making a pair capable of hauling a 8,600-tonne (8,500-long-ton; 9,500-short-ton) ore train. The units are fed with 15 kV  16.7 Hz AC via a pantograph. The power is transformed and then converted via a single water-cooled gate turn off converter per bogie. These operate independently, with their own cooling and control systems and are shut down automatically in case of failure. The converters consist of seven line-replaceable unit modules to minimizing maintenance costs. Each locomotive has six three-phase asynchronous alternating current traction motors, each rated at 900 kilowatts (1,200 hp) and each powering a single axle. This gives a Co′Co′ wheel arrangement. The tractive effort of each locomotive is 600 kilonewtons (130,000 lbf) and the maximum dynamic braking effort is 375 kilonewtons (84,000 lbf). The units are capable of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph).[1] There is also a boost function, allowing a temporary traction effort of 700 kilonewtons (160,000 lbf).[16]

The locomotives are 22.905 metres (75 ft 1.8 in) long, 4.465 metres (14 ft 7.8 in) tall and 2.950 metres (9 ft 8.1 in) wide. The distance between the bogie centers is 12.890 metres (42 ft 3.5 in) and the bogie wheel-base is 1.920 metres (6 ft 3.6 in). The wheel diameter is 1.250 metres (4 ft 1.2 in) when new and 1.150 metres (3 ft 9.3 in) when worn. Each locomotive weighs 180 tonnes (180 long tons; 200 short tons), of which 38 tonnes (37 long tons; 42 short tons) is electrical equipment.[1] Each locomotive has 30 tonnes (30 long tons; 33 short tons) of dead weight to increase the locomotive's weight to the maximum axle weight, and further weight increase has been achieved by making the walls 4 centimetres (1.6 in) wide with armored steel.[16] The auxiliary system is powered via a separate transformer that, via a three-phase insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) converter, provides three supplies of 400 volts. The train is designed with a open system architecture that can be adapted later. Diagnostic information is available to the driver and can be sent to the control center via GSM-R.[1] The trains have a large and light cab with space for three people. The second series of locomotives had an improved driver's chair, which has been retrofitted on the older trains. The motor room has a center hallway. All high-current equipment is located behind a door which can only be opened with a special key. This key is locked in such a way that it cannot be accessed without grounding the train, and similarly the train cannot be ungrounded again until the key is back in place.[16]

Operation

Map showing the Ore and Ofoten Lines

LKAB operates iron ore mines in Kiruna, Svappavaara and Malmberget in Norrbotten County, Sweden. Most of the output is transported by rail to the ice-free Port of Narvik, a route named the Northern Circuit. A minority of the ore is transported to Luleå on the Southern Circuit. Located on the Baltic Sea, ore is shipped to Baltic customers, or delivered to furnaces operated by SSAB in Luleå and Oxelösund. The Iron Ore and Ofoten Lines are 536 kilometres (333 mi) long, including the branch to Svappavaara, with the route from Kiruna to Narvik being 170 kilometres (110 mi), and from Malmberget to Luleå being 220 kilometres (140 mi). Operations are handled by LKAB's subsidiary Malmtrafik i Kiruna (MTAB) in Sweden, and Malmtrafikk (MTAS) in Norway. Daily there operate 11 to 13 trains in each direction on the Norther Circuit, and five to six trains on the Southern Circuit.[2]

The trains hauled by Iore are 68 cars long and weigh 8,600 tonnes (8,500 long tons; 9,500 short tons).[17] From Riksgränsen on the national border to the Port of Narvik, the trains use only a fifth of the power they regenerate. The regenerated energy is sufficient to power the empty trains back up to the national border.[18] Although the trains and hopper cars are all owned by LKAB, the line is owned by the Swedish Transport Administration and the Norwegian National Rail Administration.[2] The Iore Ore and Ofoten Lines are also used by passenger and container trains.[19][20]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iore.
  1. ^ a b c d "Iore Locomotives". Bombardier Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d "Logistics". LKAB. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  3. ^ "MAlmtrafikk A/S blir Ofotbane-transportør" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 9 May 1996.
  4. ^ Nilsen, Knut A. (11 November 1996). "Ofotbanen – en privatisert koloss". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 13.
  5. ^ Markusson, Helge M. (7 February 1998). "Svensk malmgigant presser Norge". Nordlys (in Norwegian). p. 9.
  6. ^ Nilsen, Geir Bjørn (26 January 1998). "Milliardsalg kan spore av i nord". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). p. 8.
  7. ^ Markusson, Helge M. (3 March 1998). "Fikk ikke malmvogn-kontrakt av LKAB". Nordlys (in Norwegian). p. 9.
  8. ^ "LKAB vil ruste opp Ofotbanen". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 26 August 1998. p. 33.
  9. ^ "LKAB med storkontrakt". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). 16 September 1998. p. 19.
  10. ^ Markusson, Helge (15 May 1999). "Gir Ofotbanen til svenskene". Nordlys (in Norwegian). p. 8.
  11. ^ Bergstedt, Rune. "Automatkoppel" (in Swedish). Royal Institute of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  12. ^ "El 15 til Hector Rail". Ny Teknik (in Swedish). 29 November 2004.
  13. ^ "Investering i fyra nya linjelok och 222 malmvagnar". LKAB. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  14. ^ "Bombardier får ny order på lok från LKAB" (in Swedish). Bombardier Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  15. ^ "Går over til lengre – og færre – tog neste år". Fremover (in Norwegian). 15 February 2010. p. 4.
  16. ^ a b c Stiberg, Trond (2008). "Iore". Lokomotivmands Tidende (3). National Union of Norwegian Locomotivemen: 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  17. ^ "Fire nye: LKAB får levert fire slike lok. LKAB kjøper flere". Fremover (in Norwegian). 27 January 2010. p. 4.
  18. ^ Næss, Per (3 August 2007). "Evighetsmaskiner". Fremover (in Norwegian). p. 28.
  19. ^ "Et nettverk av godsterminaler" (in Norwegian). CargoNet. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  20. ^ "Narvik" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. Retrieved 25 October 2010.

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