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Masanobu Fukuoka

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Masanobu Fukuoka
Born(1911-08-16)16 August 1911
Iyo, Japan
Died16 August 2008(2008-08-16) (aged 95)
NationalityJapanese
Occupation(s)Agricultural scientist, Farmer, Philosopher
Known forNatural farming methods
Notable workThe One-Straw Revolution
AwardsRamon Magsaysay Award, Desikottam Award, Earth Council Award

Masanobu Fukuoka (福岡 正信, Fukuoka Masanobu) (2 February 1913 – 16 August 2008) was a Japanese farmer and philosopher celebrated for his natural farming method and re-vegetation of desertified lands. He was considered[citation needed] to be a proponent of no-till, no-herbicide grain cultivation farming methods traditional to many indigenous cultures.[1] Fukuoka's system is commonly referred to as "the natural way of farming", "Natural Farming", "do-nothing farming" or "the Fukuoka method".[citation needed]

Fukuoka was the author of more than ten related Japanese books, scientific papers and other publications, and was featured in television documentaries and interviews from the 1970's onwards.[2]


Life

Fukuoka trained as a microbiologist and agricultural scientist and began a career as a research scientist specialising in plant pathology. In 1937, he claimed to have had a profound spiritual experience which transformed him and his world view [3] likening it to a satori. [4][5] Following this, he developed a profound doubt of modern 'Western' Agricultural science, immediately resigning from his research scientist and plant quarantine position and teturning to his family's farm on the island of Shikoku in southern Japan. From 1938, he sought to demonstrate his experience in practise by on the family's farm, initially with some of his father's organic citrus orchard and devoted the rest of his life to expounding his philosophy and natural way of farming [6]

From 1938, he initiated the idea of "shizen nōhō (自然農法) nature farming" based on practical activities and observations and various, often experimental methods. [7] In 1947, he further defined his ideas in his first book called Nature Farming'.

He continued to teach until the age of 92 at his farm and such as at World Expo 2005 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan [8] and in 2006 gave an hour-long interview with Kanamitsu Toshio (金光寿郎) on Japanese television station NHK [9][10]

Fukuoka died on August 16th 2008, at the age of 95.[11]

Nature Farming

Masanobu Fukuoka defined natural farming systems based on orthopraxy, or practises according to required inseparable principles[12] and challenged many common agricultural conventions. He claimed that:

Further more, he experimented with reseeding ecosystems in areas of man-made deserts and taught his method internationally. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]

His work paralleled others such as the work of Mokichi Okada in 1930s Japan [27], 1940s organic farming pioneers such as Albert Howard, Eve Balfour, J.I. Rodale and Ruth Stout in Europe and the USA and influenced the start of the 'permaculture' movement. [12][28] In India, natural farming is often referred to as "Rishi Kheti" (farming as practised by the ancient sages). [21][22][29]

Method

Although many of his plant varieties and some of his practises, may relate specifically to Japan, and even be specific to local conditions in subtropical western Shikoku, his philosophy and the governing principles of his farming systems see practical application around the world. They are practised with different varieties of plants in different places and climates from Africa to cold temperate north. [30]

Principally, his system minimise human labour or disturbance and facilitates as closely as practical, nature's reproduction of human foods such as rice, barley, daikon or citrus mixed within biodiverse agricultural ecosystems. Without plowing, seeds germinate quite happily on the surface if nature's conditions for each seed's site meet that seed's requirements. Considerable emphasis is put on sustaining diversity rather than destroying it. He believed spiders continuing residence in his annual crop fields provided a 'key performance indicator' of sustainability.

In the system, the ground always remains covered by weeds, white clover, alfalfa, more herbaceous legumes, and sometimes additional deliberately sown herbaceous plants and are seen as part of the ecosystems of the grain or vegetables crops and orchards. Chickens were also allow to run free through the orchards and ducks and carp used in rice fields. [31]

Masanobu Fukuoka is claimed to re-invented and advanced the use of clay seed balls (粘土 団子, nendo dango, literally (粘 Sticky, 土 Earth) –Clay, 団子 Dumplings) also earth seed balls (土 団子, tsuchi dango). Clay seed balls were originally an ancient practise, known by at least some First American peoples' practises, in which seeds for the next season's crops are mixed together, perhaps with a little humus or sometimes compost for microbial inoculants and then are rolled within clay to form into small balls.

Iyokan
Iyokan
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Angiosperms
(unranked):
True dicotyledons
Family:
Rutaceae
Genus:
Citrus
Species:
C. × iyo

Amanatsu / Natsumikan
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Angiosperms
(unranked):
True dicotyledons
Family:
Rutaceae
Genus:
Citrus
Species:
C. natsudaidai
Binomial name
Citrus natsudaidai

Periodically some ground layer plants including weeds may be cut, low-down, with long-handled kama (鎌, Japanese sickles-scythes)[17] and allowed to lie on the surface so that the nutrients they contain are returned to the soil whilst shading and suppressing the growth of weeds and facilitating the option of sowing more seeds in the area.

In the summer-rice and winter-barley grain crops, ground cover naturally provides nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere. As well as these, straw from the previous crop covers the topsoil as mulch. Each grain crop is sown before the previous one is harvested by broadcasting the seed among the standing crop. The result is a denser crop of smaller but highly productive and stronger plants.

His practise and philosophy emphasises small scale farming and disproves mechanised broad acre farming's simplistic-suppositions of essential high-productivity, of efficiencies and of economies-of-scale. While his family's farm was larger than the then average Japanese farm area, he used one field of established grain crops as an example of small scale farming.

Recent developments

Fukuoka Masanobu's nature farm (福岡正信の自然農園, shizen nōen) in Shikoku changed hands to his son gradually during the late 1980s, as Masanobo reached an advanced age. In the 1980s, he recorded that he and his family shipped some 6,000 crates of citrus to Tokyo each year totalling about 90 tonnes [5]. His orchards of natural iyo-kan, amanatsu mikan and related varieties of citrus, and many different fruit trees, vines, shrubs, vegetables and other plants has matured through succession considerably over recent decades in tradescantia, that is, all growing mixed together.

Today the natural iyo-kan and amanatsu mikan trees still grow, although some old iyo-kan have finished of old age to be replaced by distinct new varieties of fruit for the orchards. and Bamboo groves remain along with orchards and fruit trees which continue to be straw-mulched and have vegetables planted around them.

An area of Ginko (trees), with places to grow Shiitake mushrooms at tree bases have been planted with new varieties of Limes, Grapefruits, Feijoas, Avocados, Mangos, and so on. [32][33][34][35][36][37].


Awards

Fukuoka received India's most prestigious award, "The Desikottam Award in 1988 [5][22][38] and in 1988, the "Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service"[39], often considered "Asia's Nobel Prize" in recognition of his demonstration to small farmers everywhere that natural farming offers a practical, environmentally safe, and bountiful alternative to modern commercial practices and their harmful consequences. He also received in 1998, a grant of US$ 10,000 from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund[40] which was to be used to publish the textbook, "Natural Farming - How to Make Clayballs."[40] but which was returning due to his inability to complete the project because of advancing age. [41].

Masanobu Fukuoka also awarded the Earth Council Award at the 1997 Earth Summit which he received in person at a ceremony in Tokyo on May 26 that year [42], honoring him for his contributions to sustainable development."[38]

Chronology

  • 1913 – Born, in Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan.
  • 1931 – Matsuyama Junior High School (松山中学) graduation.
  • 1933 – Gifu Prefecture Agricultural College (High School–University) (高農農学科).
  • 1934 – Yokohama Customs Bureau, Plant Inspection Division (横浜税関植物検査課) work career, under the supervision of Professor Eiichi Kurosawa, pathology researcher.
  • 1937 – May, experienced Enlightenment experience and resignation from Yokohama Customs Bureau.
  • 1938 – Spring – Return to the family farm to take up farming. Initiating Nature Farming (自然農法). End-up after only a short time due to ensuing War.
  • 1939 – War years; Kōchi Prefecture agricultural experiment station (農業試験場) work including farming research & food-production.
  • 1940 – Spring – Married Ayako, together having five children over successive years.
  • 1947 – Took up Nature Farming again – Nature Farming (自然農法).
  • 1950 – Succession with rice & barley no-till farming accomplishment.
  • 1972 – Self-published 359 page book of practical-philosophy, theory & practical methods of practise. [20])
  • 1975 – "自然農法・わら一本の革命" One Straw Revolution published by Hakujusha (柏樹社).
  • 1979 – July–August. First journey overseas with his wife Ayako to U.S.A when he met macrobiotic movement leaders Michio Kushi and Herman Aihara in California, and student and translator Larry Korn. Visited the University of California University of California, Green Gulch Farm Zen Center, Lundberg Family Farms and meet with United Nations (UNCCD) representatives including Maurice Strong who encouraged his involvement in the "Plan of Action to Combat Desertification". Also visited New York and surrounding areas such as Boston and the Amherst College in Massachusetts.
  • 1983 – Travelled to Europe for 50 days with Panayiotis Manikis, Giannozzo Pucci, Michio Kushi, Thomas Nelissen and others, and friend holding workshops, educating farmers and sowing seeds.
  • 1985 – Summer. Spent Forty days in Africa, Somalia and Ethiopia, sowing seeds in areas of desert to re-vegetate them including working in remote villages and a refugee camp.
  • 1986 – Summer. Returned to the USA for nearly 50 days including speaking at three "international conferences on nature farming" in Washington state, San Francisco, and the University of California's Agriculture Dept. Visited many farms, forests & cities giving lectures. Met with Partap Aggarwal from India for the first time.
  • 1987–88 – Desikottam Award, India given by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi at Visva-Bharati University in West Bengal. Lectured at the Indian Science Congress, & state agricultural universities and thirty other sites.
  • 1988 – August–September. Received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for public service in the Philippines, traveling amongst forests, farms, plantations and farmer's markets with his wife Ayako.
  • 1990 – July. Thailand, visiting farms.
  • 1991 – Thailand collecting seeds for re-vegetating deserts in India.
  • 1991 – November–December. India, sowing seeds in the deserts to re-vegetate them for 2 months.
  • 1991 – Thailand again trying again to collect seeds.
  • 1992 – Participating in official meetings in Japan associated with & at the time of the Rio Earth Summit, Brazil.
  • 1996 – February. Tanzania, Africa,including sowing seeds in areas of desert to re-vegetate them, observing Baobab-tree & jungle country with 2 days stop off Mumbai India on the way home.
  • 1996 – Vietnam, making, teaching & sowing clay seed balls.
  • 1997 – Awarded Earth Council Award honours for contributions to sustainable development. Attending an international seminar to commemorate Gandhi at Gandhi's Ashram Sevagram (Wardha)
  • 1998 – Philippines, Nature Farming (自然農法) research after 10 years passed, including Ms. Aveliw's Nature Farm (自然農園), made in only 4 years.
  • 1998 – Spring March & Autumn – Greece with successors Panayiotis Manikis and Yuko Honma, sowing seeds in areas of desert to re-vegetate them including 10,000 ha around the Lake Vegoritis area, Vegoritida, Pella Prefecture. Producing a film of the major seed balls effort.
  • 1999 – Mallorca Spain, visit, including making & sowing clay seed balls, interviews ... .
  • 2001 – Autumn – China... .
  • 2002 – Autumn October 1–14 – "Nature as Teacher" workshop, Navdanya Farm & Bija Vidyapeeth – Earth University directed by Vandana Shiva, Dehra Dun Uttarakhand, northern India; On Gandhi Day (Oct 2) he gave the third Albert Howard memorial annual lecture to attendees from all six continents.
  • 2002 – Autumn – Afghanistan with Yuko Honma. Unable to attend so 8 tons of seed were shipped.
  • 2008 – August 16 died.

References

Template:Multicol Video・ Documentary - Fukuoka Masanobu goes to India 1997

Living-organisms' Planet - "For Living on the Planet Earth"

Nature Farming (ways-laws-dharma)・Fukuoka Masanobu - Clay seed balls rescue Earth.

Farming (ways-laws-dharma) supervision: Fukuoka Masanobu / Clay Seed Balls guidance: Honma Yuko / Direction: Imaizumi Kōji / Production: Salbong (Non-profit Movie Production) (Japanese-Hindi interpreter & translator Professor Makino Saiji; Assistant Morioka Naoko)

Template:Multicol-break ビデオ・　ドキュメンタリー　福岡正信インドヘ行く

生き物たちの惑星「地球で生きるために」

自然農法・福岡正信　粘土団子が地球を救う。

農法監修 福岡正信／粘土団子指導 本間 裕子／演出 今泉 光司／制作 サルボン（非営利映像制作） Template:Multicol-end

Template:Multicol NTSC VHS/BTC STEREO - Japanese language edition・59 minutes - English language edition・61 minutes - 1998 - (available now, recently, on DVD in Japanese, instead of only tape...?)

Company: サルボン (Salbong) Template:Multicol-break NTSC VHS/BTC STEREO　日本語版・59分　英語版・61分 テープ

サルボン Template:Multicol-end


Papers

  • 福岡正信 (1937 Aug). "柑橘樹脂病特にその完全時代に就て[[Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text]][[Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text]]" (PDF). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 日本植物病理學會報 (in Japanese). 7 (1). The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ) http://www.ppsj.org/ 日本植物病理学会: 32–33. ISSN 0031-9473. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, |laysource=, and |separator= (help); External link in |publisher= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) - he prepared this while working at the Plant Inspection Division of the Yokohama Customs Bureau (横濱税關植物檢査課).
  • 福岡正信 (1989 May). "Template:Nihongo title". [[:Template:Nihongo title]]. Quarterly Buddhism 季刊仏教 (in Japanese). Vol. No.7. Hōzōkan (法蔵館). pp. 159-. ISBN 9784831802071. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |lastn=, |laydate=, |coauthors=, |editorn-last=, |nopp=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, |editorn-first=, |authorn-link=, |editorn-link=, |authormask=, |lastauthoramp=, and |firstn= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help); Unknown parameter |trans_chapter= ignored (|trans-chapter= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • 福岡正信 (1991 Nov). "Template:Nihongo title". [[:Template:Nihongo title]]. Quarterly Buddhism・Supplementary Issue 季刊仏教・別冊6 (in Japanese). Vol. No.6. Hōzōkan (法蔵館). pp. 52-. ISBN 9784831802569. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |lastn=, |laydate=, |coauthors=, |editorn-last=, |nopp=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, |editorn-first=, |authorn-link=, |editorn-link=, |authormask=, |lastauthoramp=, and |firstn= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help); Unknown parameter |trans_chapter= ignored (|trans-chapter= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • 福岡正信 (1994 July). "Template:Nihongo title". [[:Template:Nihongo title]]. Quarterly Buddhism 季刊仏教 (in Template:Source need translation of chapter title translation Japanese). Vol. No. 28. Hōzōkan (法蔵館). pp. 176-. ISBN 9784831802286. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |lastn=, |laydate=, |coauthors=, |editorn-last=, |nopp=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, |editorn-first=, |authorn-link=, |editorn-link=, |authormask=, |lastauthoramp=, and |firstn= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help); Unknown parameter |trans_chapter= ignored (|trans-chapter= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)[43]


Books with translations to English include the following:

  • 1947 mu: kami no kakumei (無　神の革命) 1st ed self-publ[44][45]. Publ 1973 as mu I: kami no kakumei (無 I　神の革命). Re-publ 1985 & 2004 Shunjūsha (春秋社).
  • 1975 shizen nōhō-wara ippon no kakumei (自然農法　わら一本の革命)
    • 1978 "The One-Straw Revolution" translators Chris Pearce, Tsune Kurosawa & Larry Korn. Preface Wendell Berry. Rodale Press. 1984– Indian Eng. edns. 2009 30 yr anniv. publ. NYRB.
  • 1976 shizen nōhō-midori no tetsugaku no riron to jissen (自然農法　緑の哲学の理論と実践)
    • 1985 "The Natural Way Of Farming-The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy" translator Frederic P. Metreaud. Japan Publications.
  • 1984 shizen ni kaeru (自然に還る) Shunjūsha (春秋社).
    • 1987 "The Road Back to Nature-Regaining the Paradise Lost" translator Frederic P. Metreaud. Japan Publications.
  • 1992 wara ippon no kakumei・sōkatsuhen「kami to shizen to hito no kakumei」 (わら一本の革命・総括編「神と自然と人の革命」)
    • 1996 "The Ultimatum of God Nature The One-Straw Revolution A Recapitulation".

References

  1. ^ Gammage, Bill (2005), "'...far more happier than we Europeans': Aborigines and farmers" (PDF), London Papers in Australian Studies (formerly Working Papers in Australian Studies) (12), London: Menzies Centre for Australian Studies. King's College. Each year the Centre publishes London Papers in Australian Studies . These are representative of some of the most recent and exciting intellectual work in Australian Studies.: 1–27, ISSN 1746-1774, retrieved 2010-11-23 {{citation}}: External link in |journal= (help)
  2. ^ NHK TV station appearances', 1976 earliest search result NHK programs' archive database web page. -an attempted translation of the program summary from that page: 'In Ehime Prefecture central, Dōgo plain's edge, seemingly different from the surrounding rice paddy fields/farms. This farm's/rice-paddy-field's owner is Iyo-shi's Fukuoka Masanobu (62 years old). (Japanese only; Retrieved 2010-11-30)
  3. ^ 1992 わら一本の革命・総括編「神と自然と人の革命」 1996 "The Ultimatium [sic] of God Nature The One-Straw Revolution A Recapitulation" -page 2. "In an instant I had become a different person. I sensed that, with the clearing of the dawn mist, I had been transformed completely, body and soul."
  4. ^ 2001 わら一本の革命　総括編　—粘土団子の旅— Japanese only (a title translate: "The One Straw Revolution Recapitulation -Journeying [around Earth] with clay seed balls-") -biographical notes on page 271 -quote: "15 May 1937 Awakening in Yokohama city (昭和12年 5月 15日　横浜に於て開悟　自然農法の道一筋)" – awakening; to uncover enlightenment (開悟, kaigo)
  5. ^ a b c The 1988 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service - "BIOGRAPHY of Masanobu Fukuoka"
  6. ^ 1975–(Japanese) 1978 "The One-Straw Revolution" p. 118
  7. ^ Latour, Bruno (1993). We have never been modern. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674948396.
  8. ^ World Expo Aichi Japan 2005 appearance -official web page for his session in 2005 Aug 4. (Japanese only; Retrieved 2010-11-30)
  9. ^ [http://archives.nhk.or.jp/chronicle/B10002200090605080030118/ A translation: 'Mind-times' ~ Religion・Life こころの時代～宗教・人生 television interview between Fukuoka Masanobu and Kanamitsu Toshio (金光寿郎) on the topic: Journey around the world with Clay seed balls
  10. ^ Eulogy page with NHK Iroha dialogue hour-long TV program video copy in 6 segments
  11. ^ Diary letter relating with rich meanings of late Mr. Fukuoka sensei-practitioner's death
  12. ^ a b 1975 自然農法-緑の哲学の理論と実践 1985 -revised ed. 1987 "The Natural Way Of Farming-The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy" -page 171. "One thing is all things. To resolve one matter, one must resolve all matters. Changing one thing changes all things. Once I made the decision to sow rice in the fall, I found that I could also stop transplanting, and plowing, and applying chemical fertilizers, and preparing compost, and spraying pesticides."
  13. ^ 1975–(Japanese) 1987 "The Natural Way Of Farming" p. 103
  14. ^ a b c d e 1975–(Japanese) 1978 "The One-Straw Revolution" p. 33
  15. ^ 1975–(Japanese) 1987 "The Natural Way Of Farming" p. 106
  16. ^ 1975–(Japanese) 1987 "The Natural Way Of Farming" p. 112
  17. ^ a b 1975 わら一本の革命 1978 (US edition) "The One-Straw Revolution" kama (鎌, Japanese sickles-scythes) having various angled blades and handles -often long-handled for low cutting of grasses, crops or weeds from a standing-walking position.
  18. ^ 1975–(Japanese) 1987 "The Natural Way Of Farming" p. 114
  19. ^ 1975–(Japanese) 1987 "The Natural Way Of Farming" p. 204
  20. ^ a b 2001 福岡正信 わら一本の革命　総括編　—粘土団子の旅— Japanese only (a title translate: "The One Straw Revolution Recapitulation -Journeying [around Earth] with clay seed balls-") -his page 266
  21. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Nature Farmers-India Rishi Keti was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Nature Farmers-Rishi kheti-Titus' farm-India was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nature Farmers-Greece was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nature Farmers-Italy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nature Farmers-Thailand & SE Asia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nature Farmers-Afganistan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference NATURE FARMING-Xu1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference req inseparable principles-One-Straw-Rev-quote was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mr. Fukuoka news article 2010 Mumbai India was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference Akinori Kimura's Miracle Apples Nature Farming was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Masanobu Fukuoka|1975 自然農法-わら一本の革命 English translation 1978 The One-Straw Revolution }}
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference hootenfarmer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mr-Fukuokas-life-sons-farm-still-thriving-2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mr-Fukuokas-life-farming-sons-farm-now-2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mahoroba-blog-Elder-Fukuoka-story was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference Japan Spotlight great articles series 2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fukuokas-sons-farm-still-thriving-msgs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  38. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Japan for Sustainability News was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ramon Magsaysay Award-Cita was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Rockefeller-$10000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rockefeller-$10000-returned was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ Cite error: The named reference Earth Council Awards Japan 1997 Gov page was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  43. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference hootenfarmer-muikipedia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  44. ^ Cite error: The named reference mu-1st-publ was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  45. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference god's farming-40s book Jean-Claude Catry was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  46. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mu 1-The God Revolution-photo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  • Gammage, Bill (2005), "'...far more happier than we Europeans': Aborigines and farmers" (PDF), London Papers in Australian Studies (formerly Working Papers in Australian Studies) (12), London: Menzies Centre for Australian Studies. King's College. Each year the Centre publishes London Papers in Australian Studies . These are representative of some of the most recent and exciting intellectual work in Australian Studies.: 1–27, ISSN 1746-1774, retrieved 2010-11-23 {{citation}}: External link in |journal= (help)
  • Latour, Bruno (1993). We have never been modern. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674948396.
  • Toyoda, Natsuko (Sept.–Oct., Nov.–Dec., 2008, Jan.–Feb 2009 (& Jan.–Feb. 2010)). "Farmer Philosopher Masanobu Fukuoka (1) Humans must Strive to Know the Unknown; (2) What Does Natural Farming Mean?; (3) Greening Deserts by Clay-Ball Seeding; (& brief update)". Japan Spotlight (Promenade section) (161, 162 & 163 (& 169)). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Economic Foundation. ISSN 1348-9216. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |coauthors=, |trans_title=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |laysource=, and |month= (help); External link in |journal=, |publisher=, and |title= (help); no-break space character in |title= at position 93 (help)</ref>
  • 1947 mu: kami no kakumei (無　神の革命); First edition self-published in 1947 and again self-published in 1973 as mu I: kami no kakumei (無 I　神の革命), 280pp., 21 cm; New publishing by Shunjūsha (春秋社) in 1985 July ISBN 978-4-393-74111-5 and again in 2004 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74143-6; (Religion (volume) (宗教編, shūkyō hen)).
  • 1964? "Mu 1-The God Revolution" translated by Alfred Birnbaum?. Japan. -see footnote 17 above for a link to a full translation of "mu" (any one English phrase, like 'no thing', doesn't do it justice).
  • 1958 hyakushō yawa・「fu*」shizen nōhō (百姓夜話・「付」自然農法); Self-published in 1958 Oct, 191 pp., 21 cm; - *fu (付)-the buddhist reading of the character, see the Digital Dictionary of Buddhism.
  • 1972 mu: shizen nōhō (無　自然農法) - first edition self-published in 1972. Publication issued by Shunjūsha (春秋社) in 1985 Oct as mu III: shizen nōhō (無 III　自然農法) ISBN 978-4-393-74113-9 and again in 2004 Sept ISBN 978-4-393-74145-0; (Doing-practise (volume) (実践編, jissen hen)).
  • 1972 midori no tetsugaku - shizen nōhō to riron to jissai (緑の哲学　自然農法と理論と実際); Self-published, 359 pp.&nbsp
  • 1975 shizen nōhō - wara ippon no kakumei (自然農法　わら一本の革命); Published by Hakujusha (柏樹社) Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan ISBN?; New publishing by Shunjūsha (春秋社) in 1983 May ISBN 978-4-393-74103-0 and again in 2004 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74141-2.
  • 2009 "The One-Straw Revolution" translated by Chris Pearce, Tsune Kurosawa (黒澤常道, Kurosawa Tsunemichi) and Larry Korn. English preface by Wendell Berry. 30 year anniversary new printing. New introduction by Frances Moore Lappé. Introduction by Larry Korn. Short 2 half–pages afterword from Masanobu Fukuoka 1986. New York Review Books USA. ISBN 978-1-59017-313-8.
  • 1975 shizen nōhō - midori no tetsugaku no riron to jissen (自然農法　緑の哲学の理論と実践); Published by Jiji tsūshinsha (時事通信社, Jiji Press Co.), Tōkyō, in 1975 Dec, 310pp. ISBN 978-4-7887-7626-5.
  • 1985 "The Natural Way Of Farming-The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy" translated by Frederic P. Metreaud; Japan Publications. Out of print. ISBN 978-0-87040-613-3.
  • 1984 shizen ni kaeru (自然に還る); Published by Shunjūsha (春秋社), 362 pp., in 1984 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74104-7; An enlarged and revised edition, 458 pp., in 1993 April ISBN 978-4-393-74114-6; Re-published in 2004 Sept ISBN 978-4-393-74146-7.
  • 1987 "The Road Back to Nature-Regaining the Paradise Lost" translated by Frederic P. Metreaud; Japan Publications, first edition 1987 Aug. Out of print. ISBN 978-0-87040-673-7.
  • 1985 mu II: mu no tetsugaku (無 II　無の哲学); Published by Shunjūsha (春秋社) in 1985 July ISBN 978-4-393-74112-2 and again in 2004 Sept ISBN 978-4-393-74144-3; (Philosophy (volume) (哲学編, tetsugaku hen)).
  • 1992 wara ippon no kakumei・sōkatsuhen「kami to shizen to hito no kakumei」 (わら一本の革命・総括編「神と自然と人の革命」); Self-published by Shizenjuen (Shou Shin Sha) (自然樹園 (小心舎), One of Fukuoka Masanobu's own self-publishing-publisher-names) in 1992 Dec, 230 pp., 26×26 cm ISBN 978-4-938743-01-7; ISBN 4-938743-01-9.
  • 1996 "The Ultimatium [sic] of God Nature The One-Straw Revolution A Recapitulation" -He, himself, commissioned English-retranslation and printing in an extremely limited edition, less than 100 copies, no ISBN, printed by the author hence the publisher name is, quote: "S h o u S h i n S h a (小心舎)".
  • 1997 "shizen" o ikiru (「自然」を生きる), includes an interview with Kanamitsu Toshio (金光寿郎); Published by Shunjūsha (春秋社) in 1997 Feb ISBN 978-4-393-74115-3 and again in 2004 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74147-4.
  • 2001 wara ippon no kakumei sōkatsuhen -nendo dango no tabi- (わら一本の革命　総括編　—粘土団子の旅—); Self-published by Shizenjuen (Shou Shin Sha) (自然樹園 (小心舎), One of his own self-publishing-publisher-names) in 2001 May, more than 950 captioned photographs from his travels all around Earth and his farm, many reproduced drawings and diagrams, and a full book of text pages also, 271 pp., A4 30x21cm, ISBN 978-4-938743-02-4; ISBN 4-938743-02-7; Re-published in 2010 April by Shunjūsha (春秋社) ISBN 978-4-393-74151-1.
  • 2009 iroha kakumei uta (いろは革命歌, Iroha Revolutionary Verses), Fukuoka, Masanobu's hand-written classical song-verses and drawings, in pen and ink, also with photographs, one card each for 47 syllables, arranged in the classical iroha-order of Japanese syllables; Includes a booklet with Fukuoka, Masanobu's introduction and list of life accomplishments, together with the song booklet; In Japanese, bilingually with English-translations - created with many translators & contributors; 53 pages, size: 15×10 cm; His last creation and testament; Posthumously self-published in 2009 Feb 2 (by 自然樹園 (小心舎); 正信自然農法による地球緑化の会 (発売)) ISBN 978-4-938743-03-1; ISBN 4-938743-03-5.
  • "The 1988 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service. [Award] CITATION for Masanobu Fukuoka. Ramon Magsaysay Award Presentation Ceremonies. 31 August 1988, Manila, Philippines". "RESPONSE of Masanobu Fukuoka 31 August 1988". "BIOGRAPHY of Masanobu Fukuoka". The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation website. (Retrieved 2010-12-15).
  • Society for the study of Fukuoka Masanobu Nature Farming, Kyoto University, Japan –reference page by Shōjaku Mutsumi (Shift-JIS Japanese text character encoding), with extensive collected details about Fukuoka, Masanobu's life work, nature farming and writings (no translation to English from Japanese yet; nearly only Japanese; Retrieved 2010-11-30).
  • Toyoda, Natsuko (Sept.–Oct., Nov.–Dec., 2008, Jan.–Feb 2009 (& Jan.–Feb. 2010)). "Farmer Philosopher Masanobu Fukuoka (1) Humans must Strive to Know the Unknown; (2) What Does Natural Farming Mean?; (3) Greening Deserts by Clay-Ball Seeding; (& brief update)". Japan Spotlight (Promenade section) (161, 162 & 163 (& 169)). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Economic Foundation. ISSN 1348-9216. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |coauthors=, |trans_title=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |laysource=, and |month= (help); External link in |journal=, |publisher=, and |title= (help); no-break space character in |title= at position 93 (help)
  • Hui-Lian Xu (2001) "NATURE FARMING In Japan" Research Signpost, T. C. 37/661(2), Fort Post Office, Trivandrum - 695023, Kerala, India.
  • Hui-Lian Xu (2001) "Nature Farming: History, Principles and Perspectives" Journal of Crop Production, Volume 3, Issue 1, pages 1 – 10.

See also

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