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Aileen Wuornos

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Aileen Wuornos
Aileen Wuornos mug shot
Born
Aileen Carol Pittman

(1956-02-29)February 29, 1956[1]
Rochester, Michigan
DiedOctober 9, 2002(2002-10-09) (aged 46)
Florida State Prison, Bradford County, Florida, United States
Cause of deathlethal injection
Other names[1] Sandra Kretsch
Susan Lynn Blahovec
Lee Blahovec
Cammie Marsh Greene
Lori Kristine Grody
SpouseLewis Gratz Bell (divorced)
Conviction(s)6 counts 1st degree murder
Criminal penaltyDeath
Details
Victims7
Span of crimes
November 30, 1989 – November 19, 1990
CountryUnited States
State(s)Florida
Date apprehended
January 9, 1991

Aileen Wuornos (February 29, 1956 – October 9, 2002) was an American serial killer who killed seven men in Florida between 1989 and 1990, claiming they raped or attempted to rape her while she was working as a prostitute. She was convicted and sentenced to death for six of the murders and executed by lethal injection on October 9, 2002.

Early Life

Childhood

Wuornos was born as Aileen Carol Pittman in Rochester, Michigan, on February 29, 1956.[2] Her mother, Diane Wuornos, was 15 years old when she married Aileen's father, Leo Dale Pittman on June 3, 1954. Less than two years later, and two months before Wuornos was born, Diane filed for divorce. Aileen had an older brother named Keith, who was born in February 1955. Wuornos never met her father, because he was in prison for the rape and attempted murder of an eight-year-old boy[2] when she was born. Leo Pittman was considered to be a schizophrenic, who was convicted of sex crimes against children.[3], was in and out of prison and hanged himself in prison in 1969.[1][4] In January 1960, when Aileen was almost 4 years old, Diane abandoned her children, leaving them with their maternal grandparents, Lauri and Britta Wuornos, who legally adopted Keith and Aileen on March 18, 1960.[4]

At age 12, Wuornos engaged in sexual activities in school for exchanged of cigarettes, drugs, and foods. Aileen had also engaged in sexual activities with her own brother.[5] Wuornos claimed that she was sexually assaulted and beaten as a child by her grandfather. Aileen grandfather was an alcoholic and before beaten her, he would force her to strip out of her clothes.[6] In 1970, at age 14, she became pregnant,[7] having been raped by a friend of her grandfather.[8] Wuornos gave birth at a home for unwed mothers, and the child was placed for adoption.[4] A few months after her baby was born, Aileen dropped out of school[9] as her grandmother died of liver failure; and Aileen and her brother became wards of the court. When she was 15, her grandfather threw her out of the house; and she began supporting herself as a prostitute and living in the woods near her old home.[4]

Childhood-Adulthood behavior

Aileen was described as incorrigible and had a fighting temper. Her anger often broke out unpredictable and frequently unprovoked. Aileen isolated herself from her peers and would only socialize when she was engaging in sexual activities in exchange of cigarettes or loose change from boys. [10] This type of behavior is described as Aileen learned how to disassociate herself from her body to show blank emotions.[11]Aileen's community disassociated themselves from her and labeled her as a "whore" and a "slut." Aileen and her brother (Keith) had a close bonding and were very protective of each other, even though they engaged in sexual activity together. Keith died from throat cancer during Aileen's teen years, which Aileen blamed herself for his death. [12]Aileen began the usage of alcohol and it continued into her young adulthood. At the age of 20, Aileen was married to a 50 year old man which lasted for a month until he filed for divorce. The divorce was caused by Aileen's heavy consuming of alcohol and spending a lot of money. Aileen's husband not only filed for divorce from Aileen, but he also filed a restraining order against her. He claimed that Aileen was abusive by beating him with his own cane. Prior to Aileen's divorce, she was arrested several times for minor offenses; such as assault, battery, disorderly conduct, DUI, and possession of handguns.[13]On May 20, 1981, Aileen entered a convenience store in Florida and took $35 plus two packs of cigarettes. She was convicted of robbery with a deadly weapon and sentenced to three years in state prison.[14]Aileen was released from prison in 1984 and experienced her first homosexual relationship with a woman. During this time period, Aileen's violent behavior escalated. She forged two bad checks worth over $5,595, absented from court hearing, prostituted, and committed grand theft auto. Aileen began to prostitute full time as a career at a gentlemen's club in Florida and was forced to leave when she reached the age of 30 due to aging. She then began a career of street prostitution. Aileen would post on the highway of Florida, waiting for someone to stopped and offered her a ride.[15]When Aileen was in the vehicle, she would immediately reveal to the driver that she was a prostitute, and that she needed money. Most of the money that Aileen obtained went to alcohol, marijuana, and drugs. When Aileen and the victims compromised the sex exchanged, she would lure the victims to park in secluded areas, and encourage them to undress. As soon as they got undressed, she jumped out of the vehicles, and screamed "I knew you were going to rape me!" as she shot them to death. [16]

Early criminal career

On May 27, 1974, Wuornos was arrested in Jefferson County, Colorado, for driving under the influence (DUI), disorderly conduct, and firing a .22-caliber pistol from a moving vehicle. She was later charged with failure to appear (FTA).[17]

In 1976, Wuornos hitchhiked to Florida, where she met 69-year-old yacht club president Lewis Gratz Fell. They married that same year, and the announcement of their nuptials was printed in the society pages of the local newspaper. However, Wuornos continually involved herself in confrontations at their local bar and eventually went to jail for assault. She also hit Fell with his own cane, leading him to get a restraining order against her. She returned to Michigan;[18][19] where, on July 14, 1976, Wuornos was arrested in Antrim County, Michigan, and charged with assault and disturbing the peace for throwing a cue ball at a bartender's head.[20] On July 17, her brother Keith died of esophageal cancer; and Wuornos received $10,000 from his life insurance. Wuornos and Fell divorced on July 21 after nine weeks of marriage.[21]

On May 20, 1981, Wuornos was arrested in Edgewater, Florida, for the armed robbery of a convenience store. She was sentenced to prison on May 4, 1982, and released on June 30, 1983.[22] On May 1, 1984, Wuornos was arrested for attempting to pass forged checks at a bank in Key West. On November 30, 1985, she was named as a suspect in the theft of a revolver and ammunition in Pasco County.[22]

On January 4, 1986, Wuornos was arrested in Miami and charged with grand theft auto, Resisting Arrest, and Obstruction by False Information for providing identification with her aunt's name. Miami Police Officers found a .38-caliber revolver and a box of ammunition in the stolen car.[23] On June 2, 1986, Volusia County, Florida Deputy Sheriffs detained Wuornos for questioning after a male companion accused her of pulling a gun, in his car, and demanding $200. Wuornos was found to be carrying spare ammunition, and a .22 pistol was discovered under the passenger seat she had occupied.[24]

Around this time, Wuornos met Tyria Moore, a hotel maid, at a Daytona gay bar. They moved in together, and Wuornos supported them with her prostitution earnings.[25] On July 4, 1987, Daytona Beach police detained Wuornos and Moore at a bar for questioning regarding an incident in which they were accused of assault and battery with a beer bottle.[26] On March 12, 1988, Wuornos accused a Daytona Beach bus driver of assault. She claimed that he pushed her off the bus following a confrontation. Moore was listed as a witness to the incident.[26]

After seeing Wuornos on television prior to her first trial, 44-year-old born-again Christian Arlene Pralle felt compelled to contact Aileen. She claimed Jesus told her to do so. Pralle quickly became an outspoken advocate of Wuornos, speaking with her daily and claiming her innocence on tabloid talk shows. Pralle eventually legally adopted Wuornos as her daughter; Wuornos even had a legal name change to take the name Pralle, taking the full name Aileen Carol Pittman Wuornos Pralle. In the end, though, both Moore and Pralle abandoned Wuornos.[27]

Murders

Justice system

Apprehension and sentencing

On July 4, 1990, Wuornos and Moore abandoned Peter Siems's car after they were involved in an accident. Witnesses who had seen the women driving the victims' cars provided police with their names and descriptions, resulting in a media campaign to locate them. Police also found some of the victims' belongings in pawnshops and retrieved fingerprints matching those found in the victims' cars. Wuornos had a criminal justice record in Florida, and her fingerprints were on file.[4]

On January 9, 1991, Wuornos was arrested on an outstanding warrant at The Last Resort, a biker bar in Volusia County.[29] Police located Moore the next day in Scranton, Pennsylvania. She agreed to elicit a confession from Wuornos in exchange for prosecutorial immunity.[30] Moore returned with police to Florida, where she was put up in a motel. Under police guidance, Moore made numerous telephone calls to Wuornos, pleading for help in clearing her name. Three days later, on January 16, 1991, Wuornos confessed to the murders. She claimed the men had tried to rape her and she killed them in self-defense.[31][32]

On January 14, 1992, Wuornos went to trial for the murder of Richard Mallory. Prior bad acts are normally inadmissible in criminal trials; but, under Florida's Williams Rule, the prosecution was allowed to introduce evidence related to her other crimes to show a pattern of illegal activity.[1] On January 27, 1992, Wuornos was convicted of Richard Mallory's murder with help from Moore's testimony. At her sentencing, psychiatrists for the defense testified that Wuornos was mentally unstable and had been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Four days later, she was sentenced to death.[32][33]

On March 31, 1992, Wuornos pleaded no contest to the murders of Dick Humphreys, Troy Burress, and David Spears, saying she wanted to "get right with God".[1] In her statement to the court, she stated, "I wanted to confess to you that Richard Mallory did violently rape me as I've told you; but these others did not. [They] only began to start to."[1] On May 15, 1992, Wuornos was given three more death sentences.[1]

In June 1992, Wuornos pleaded guilty to the murder of Charles Carskaddon; and, in November 1992, she received her fifth death sentence.[1] The defense made efforts during the trial to introduce evidence that Mallory had been tried for intent to commit rape in Maryland and that he had been committed to a maximum security correctional facility in Maryland that provided remediation to sexual offenders.[34] Records obtained from that institution reflected that, from 1958 to 1962, Mallory was committed for treatment and observation resulting from a criminal charge of assault with intent to rape and received an over-all eight years of treatment from the facility. In 1961, "it was observed of Mr. Mallory that he possessed strong sociopathic trends."[34] The judge refused to allow this to be admitted in court as evidence and denied Wuornos' request for a retrial.[32][34][35]

In February 1993, Wuornos pleaded guilty to the murder of Walter Gino Antonio and was sentenced to death again. No charges were brought against her for the murder of Peter Siems, as his body was never found. In all, she received six death sentences.[1]

Wuornos told several inconsistent stories about the killings. She claimed initially that all seven men had raped her while she was working as a prostitute but later recanted the claim of self-defense. During an interview with filmmaker Nick Broomfield, when she thought the cameras were off, she told him that it was, in fact, self-defense, but she could not stand being on death row—where she had been for 12 years at that point—and wanted to die.[36]

Execution

Wuornos' appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was denied in 1996. In 2001, she announced that she would not issue any further appeals against her death sentence. She petitioned the Florida Supreme Court for the right to fire her legal counsel and stop all appeals, saying, "I killed those men, robbed them as cold as ice. And I'd do it again, too. There's no chance in keeping me alive or anything, because I'd kill again. I have hate crawling through my system...I am so sick of hearing this 'she's crazy' stuff. I've been evaluated so many times. I'm competent, sane, and I'm trying to tell the truth. I'm one who seriously hates human life and would kill again."[37] A defense attorney argued that she was in no state for them to honor such a request.[38]

Florida Governor Jeb Bush instructed three psychiatrists to give Wuornos a 15-minute interview. The test for competency requires the psychiatrist(s) to be convinced that the condemned person understands that she will die and for which crime(s) she is being executed. All three judged her mentally fit to be executed.

Wuornos later started accusing the prison matrons of abusing her. She accused them of tainting her food, spitting on it, serving her potatoes cooked in dirt, and her food arriving with urine. She also claimed overhearing conversations about "trying to get me so pushed over the brink by them I'd wind up committing suicide before the [execution]" and "wishing to rape me before execution." She also complained of strip searches, being handcuffed so tightly that her wrists bruised any time she left her cell, door kicking, frequent window checks by matrons, low water pressure, mildew on her mattress and "cat calling ... in distaste and a pure hatred towards me." Wuornos threatened to boycott showers and food trays when specific officers were on duty. "In the meantime, my stomach's growling away and I'm taking showers through the sink of my cell."

Her attorney stated that "Ms. Wuornos really just wants to have proper treatment, humane treatment until the day she's executed," and "If the allegations don't have any truth to them, she's clearly delusional. She believes what she's written".[39]

During the final stages of the appeal process she gave a series of interviews to Broomfield. In her final interview shortly before her execution she claimed that her mind was being controlled by "sonic pressure" to make her appear crazy and described her impending death as being taken away by angels on a space ship.[40] Wuornos said to Broomfield, "You sabotaged my ass society, and the cops, and the system. A raped woman got executed, and was used for books and movies and shit."[41] Her final words in the on-camera interview were "Thanks a lot, society, for railroading my ass."[42] Broomfield later met Dawn Botkins, a childhood friend of Wuornos', who told him, "She's sorry, Nick. She didn't give you the finger. She gave the media the finger, and then the attorneys the finger. And she knew if she said much more, it could make a difference on her execution tomorrow, so she just decided not to."[43]

Wuornos was executed by lethal injection on October 9, 2002.[44] She was the tenth woman in the United States to be executed since the Supreme Court lifted the ban on capital punishment in 1976,[45] and the second woman ever executed in Florida. She declined a last meal and instead was given a cup of coffee. Her final statement before the execution was "Yes, I would just like to say I'm sailing with the rock, and I'll be back, like Independence Day with Jesus. June 6, like the movie. Big mother ship and all, I'll be back, I'll be back."[1]

After death

After her execution, Wuornos was cremated. Her ashes were taken by Dawn Botkins to her native Michigan and spread beneath a tree. She requested that Natalie Merchant's song "Carnival" be played at her funeral. Natalie Merchant commented on this when asked why her song was played during the credits of the documentary Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer:

When director Nick Broomfield sent a working edit of the film, I was so disturbed by the subject matter that I couldn't even watch it. Aileen Wuornos led a tortured, torturing life that is beyond my worst nightmares. It wasn't until I was told that Aileen spent many hours listening to my album Tigerlily while on death row and requested "Carnival" be played at her funeral that I gave permission for the use of the song. It's very odd to think of the places my music can go once it leaves my hands. If it gave her some solace, I have to be grateful.[46]

Broomfield later stated:

I think this anger developed inside her. And she was working as a prostitute. I think she had a lot of awful encounters on the roads. And I think this anger just spilled out from inside her. And finally exploded. Into incredible violence. That was her way of surviving. I think Aileen really believed that she had killed in self-defense. I think someone who's deeply psychotic can't really tell the difference between something that is life threatening and something that is a minor disagreement, that you could say something that she didn't agree with. She would get into a screaming black temper about it. And I think that's what had caused these things to happen. And at the same time, when she wasn't in those extreme moods, there was an incredible humanity to her.[47]

Discussion of Aileen Wournos

Aileen Wournos were classified as a female sexual serial killer was inaccurate because there are substantial evidences indicated that she did not had sexual activities with the victims. Several factors show that her motive was not sexual gratification. Rather her motive is more of gaining of profit; such as money, vehicles, and personal belonging. Second, there are no substantial evidences indicating that Aileen had sexual activities on the victim bodies. Third, there are no evidences that she receives sexual gratification from the crimes. [48] Sexual predator was labeled because investigators found the victim bodies to be nude and her violent killing a like to male serial killers. However, a strong believe that Aileen killed for revenge because of all the men in her life abused her in the past. She was also found through her murders that she was more of a purpose-oriented (e.g. profit, infanticide, and medical murder).[49] Despite of Aileen Wournos labeled as sexual predator, there are substantial evidences clearly shows that her motives were profit, revenge, or both. Concluded that in the United States there are no known females alone murders for sexual gratification.[50] Female that murders for sexual gratification are known to be partnership with either another female, male, or family team lust serial killers. [51]

About Wuornos

Books

FBI profiler Robert K. Ressler mentioned Wuornos only briefly in his autobiographical history of his 20 years with the FBI. Writing in 1992, he said he often does not discuss female serial killers because they tend to kill in sprees instead of in a sequential fashion.[52] He noted Wuornos as the sole exception.[52] Ressler, who coined the phrase serial killer[53] to describe murderers seeking personal gratification, does not apply it to women killing in postpartum psychosis or to any murderer acting solely for financial gain, such as women who have killed a series of boarders or spouses.

Documentaries

Filmmaker Nick Broomfield directed two documentaries about Wuornos:

Wuornos was the subject of an episode of the documentary TV series Biography.[55]

Film

File:Monster movie.jpg
Movie poster for Monster

The theatrical film Monster (2003) starred Charlize Theron and Christina Ricci. It tells Wuornos' story from childhood until her first murder conviction. The film earned Theron the 2003 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Wuornos. Although she played Wuornos as a sympathetic figure, she made no mention of Wuornos in her acceptance speech.[56]

The TV movie Overkill: The Aileen Wuornos Story (1992) starred Jean Smart.

Opera

An operatic adaptation of Wuornos' life events premiered at San Francisco's Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on June 22, 2001. Entitled Wuornos, the opera was written by composer/librettist Carla Lucero, conducted by Mary Chun, and produced by the Jon Sims Center for the Performing Arts.[57]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Aileen Carol Wuornos". The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
  2. ^ a b http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/wuornos/2.html
  3. ^ Silvio, H., McCloskey, K., & Ramos-Grenier, J. (2006). Theoretical consideration of female sexual predator serial killers in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 251-259.
  4. ^ a b c d e Howard, Amanda (2004). River of Blood: Serial Killers and Their Victims. Universal-Publishers. p. 332. ISBN 978-1-58112-518-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Silvio, H., McCloskey, K., & Ramos-Grenier, J. (2006). Theoretical consideration of female sexual predator serial killers in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 251-259.
  6. ^ Silvio, H., McCloskey, K., & Ramos-Grenier, J. (2006). Theoretical consideration of female sexual predator serial killers in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 251-259.
  7. ^ http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/wuornos/2.html?print=yes
  8. ^ Silvio, H., McCloskey, K., & Ramos-Grenier, J. (2006). Theoretical consideration of female sexual predator serial killers in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 251-259.
  9. ^ Silvio, H., McCloskey, K., & Ramos-Grenier, J. (2006). Theoretical consideration of female sexual predator serial killers in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 251-259.
  10. ^ Arrigo, B. A., & Griffin, A. (2004). Serial murder and the case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment theory, psychopathy, and predatory aggression. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(3), 375-393.
  11. ^ Arrigo, B. A., & Griffin, A. (2004). Serial murder and the case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment theory, psychopathy, and predatory aggression. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(3), 384
  12. ^ Arrigo, B. A., & Griffin, A. (2004). Serial murder and the case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment theory, psychopathy, and predatory aggression. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(3), 385
  13. ^ Arrigo, B. A., & Griffin, A. (2004). Serial murder and the case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment theory, psychopathy, and predatory aggression. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(3), 385
  14. ^ Arrigo, B. A., & Griffin, A. (2004). Serial murder and the case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment theory, psychopathy, and predatory aggression. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(3), 385
  15. ^ Arrigo, B. A., & Griffin, A. (2004). Serial murder and the case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment theory, psychopathy, and predatory aggression. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(3), 386
  16. ^ Arrigo, B. A., & Griffin, A. (2004). Serial murder and the case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment theory, psychopathy, and predatory aggression. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(3), 386
  17. ^ Reynolds 2003, p. 116.
  18. ^ Russell, Sue (2002). Lethal Intent. Pinnacle Books. p. 97. ISBN 0-7860-1518-7.
  19. ^ Griffin, Ayanna M. "The Phenomenon of Serial Murders and Women". McNair Dispatch: An Online Research Journal. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Retrieved 2008-10-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Reynolds 2003, pp. 116–117.
  21. ^ "Notorious Crime Profiles Aileen Wuornos". Biography.com. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
  22. ^ a b Reynolds 2003, p. 117.
  23. ^ Reynolds 2003, pp. 117–118.
  24. ^ Reynolds 2003, p. 118.
  25. ^ Ventura, Varla (2008). The Book of the Bizarre: Freaky Facts and Strange Stories. Weiser. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-57863-437-8.
  26. ^ a b Reynolds 2003, p. 119.
  27. ^ Belge, Kathy. "Aileen "Lee" Wuornos". Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  28. ^ a b Hickey 2010.
  29. ^ Kennedy, Dolores (1994). On a Killing Day: The Bizarre Story of Convicted Murderer Aileen Lee Wournos [sic]. S.P.I. Books. p. 48. ISBN 1-56171-293-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ The legal term is transactional immunity, meaning complete immunity for crime or crimes committed. This is in contrast to what is known as use immunity, which prevents prosecutors from using self-incriminating testimony before a Grand Jury.
  31. ^ Dwyer, Kevin (2007-11-06). True Stories of Law & Order: SVU. Penguin Group/Berkley. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-425-21735-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ a b c "Timeline Of Aileen Wuornos' Crimes". Local 6 News. Archived from the original on 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  33. ^ Dwyer, Kevin (2007-11-06). True Stories of Law & Order: SVU. Penguin Group/Berkley. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-425-21735-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ a b c "AILEEN C. WUORNOS v. STATE OF FLORIDA". Florida Supreme Court. 2004-11-19. Archived from the original on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  35. ^ Dwyer, Kevin (2007-11-06). True Stories of Law & Order: SVU. Penguin Group/Berkley. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-425-21735-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ a b "Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer". Archived from the original on 2008-09-27. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  37. ^ Zarrella, John (2002-10-15). "Wuornos' last words: 'I'll be back'". CNN. Archived from the original on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  38. ^ "WebCite query result". www.webcitation.org. Retrieved 2010-05-31. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  39. ^ Wilson, Catherine (2002-07-13). "Aileen Wuornos says prison guards abusing her". News Chief. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
  40. ^ Broomfield, Nick. "Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer (Film Summary)". Retrieved 2008-09-24.
  41. ^ Stewart, Helen. "Monstrous end to tragic story". The Scotsman. 9 May 2004
  42. ^ Cheshire, Godfrey. "Charlize Theron's career-making performance anchors a harrowing tale". Independent Weekly. 14 Jan 2004
  43. ^ Fuchs, Cynthia (2004-02-12). "A Lot of Illegalness Going On". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
  44. ^ "Execution List: 1976–present". Florida Department of Corrections. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
  45. ^ Hall, K, ed. The Oxford Guide to the Supreme Court of the United States. pages 323–4. Oxford University Press.
  46. ^ "News: Aileen Wuornos Documentary". NatalieMerchant.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
  47. ^ "Transcript interview Nick Broomfield on Paula Zahn NOW". CNN. 2004-02-26. Archived from the original on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2006-08-12.
  48. ^ Silvio, H., McCloskey, K., & Ramos-Grenier, J. (2006). Theoretical consideration of female sexual predator serial killers in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 255-256
  49. ^ Silvio, H., McCloskey, K., & Ramos-Grenier, J. (2006). Theoretical consideration of female sexual predator serial killers in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 252
  50. ^ Silvio, H., McCloskey, K., & Ramos-Grenier, J. (2006). Theoretical consideration of female sexual predator serial killers in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 255
  51. ^ Silvio, H., McCloskey, K., & Ramos-Grenier, J. (2006). Theoretical consideration of female sexual predator serial killers in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 252
  52. ^ a b Ressler, Robert K. and Tom Schachtman. Whoever Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Hunting Serial Killers for the FBI. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992, at p. 83. ISBN 0-312-07883-8.
  53. ^ The Serial Killer Files by Harold Schecter ISBN 978-0-345-46566-5
  54. ^ "Aileen Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer". NickBroomfield.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  55. ^ "A&E Biography: Episode Guide". A&E. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
  56. ^ "Monster (2003)". IMDB. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  57. ^ "Welcome to the operatic world of Wuornos!". Archived from the original on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2008-09-26.

Bibliography

  • Hickey, Eric (2010). Serial Murderers and their Victims. Wadworth. ISBN 978-0-495-60081-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Reynolds, Michael (2003). Dead Ends: The Pursuit, Conviction and Execution of Female Serial Killer Aileen Wuornos, the Damsel of Death. St. Martin's True Crime Library. ISBN 0-312-98418-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Russell, Sue (2002). Lethal Intent: The Shocking True Story of One of America's Most Notorious Female Serial Killers. Pinnacle. ISBN 0-7860-1518-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Wuornos, Aileen (2004). Monster: My True Story. John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-237-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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