PCX
| Filename extension |
.pcx |
|---|---|
| Internet media type |
image/x-pcx |
| Developed by | ZSoft Corporation |
| Type of format | lossless bitmap image format |
PCX is an image file format developed by the now-defunct ZSoft Corporation of Marietta, Georgia. It was the native file format for PC Paintbrush (PCX = "Personal Computer eXchange") and became one of the first widely accepted DOS imaging standards, although it has since been succeeded by more sophisticated image formats, such as GIF, JPEG and PNG. PCX files commonly stored palette-indexed images ranging from 2 or 4 colors to 16 and 256 colors, although the format has been extended to record true-color (24-bit) images as well.
PCX Image Formats
| Bit Depth | Planes | Number of Colors |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | 1 | 16 colors from a pallete |
| 8 | 1 | 256 colors from a pallete |
| 8 | 1 | 256 shades of gray |
| 4 | 4 | 4095 colours with 16 levels of transparency |
| 8 | 3 | 4.2 billion, 24-bit "true color" |
| 8 | 4 | 4.2 billion with 256 levels of transparency |
PCX was designed during the early development of PC display hardware and most of the formats it supported are no longer used, Table A shows a list of the most commonly used PCX formats. Contemporary image editing programs may not read PCX files that match older hardware.
PCX File Format
File structure
A PCX file has three main sections, in the following order
- 128-byte header
- image data
- (optional) 256-color palette
PCX files were designed for use on IBM-compatible PCs and always use little endian byte ordering.
Header
The PCX file header contains an identifier byte (value 10), a version number, image dimensions, 16 palette colors, number color planes, bit depth of each plane and a value for compression method. PCX version numbers range from 0 to 5, this originally denoted the version of the PC Paintbrush program used to create the PCX file. All PCX files use the same compression scheme and the compression value is always 1. No other values have been defined and there are no uncompressed PCX files. The header always has space for 16 colors though the number of colors used depends upon the bit depth of the image. The header is 74 bytes long and the image data begins 128 bytes after the start of the file, the 54 bytes between are not used.
Image data
| Row 0 | R R R R R R R R R |
| G G G G G G G G | |
| B B B B B B B B B | |
| A A A A A A A A A | |
| Row 1 | R R R R R R R R R |
| G G G G G G G G | |
| B B B B B B B B B | |
| A A A A A A A A A | |
| Row 2 etc. | .... |
PCX image data are stored in rows or scan lines in top-down order. Where the image has multiple planes, these are stored by plane within row, such that all the red data for row 0 are followed by all the green data for row 0, then all the blue data, then alpha (or intensity) data. This pattern is repeated for each line as shown in Table B.
When an image is less than 8 bits per pixel, each line is padded to the next byte boundary. For example, if an image has 1 plane of 1-bit data (monochrome) with a width of 22 pixels, each row will be 3 bytes long, having 24 bits per row with 2 bits unused.
PCX image data are compressed using run-length encoding (RLE), a simple lossless compression algorithm that collapses a series of three or more consecutive bytes with identical colors into a two-byte pair. As the file is processed, the two most-significant bits of a byte are used to determine whether the given data represent a single pixel of a given palette index or color value, or an RLE pair representing a series of several pixels of a single value. This RLE scheme makes a trade-off; it can have more single-pixel data, but the maximum run length is 63 (compared to the 128 possible with TGA RLE compression).
Due to the use of the two most-significant bits as flags, pixel values from 192 to 255 (with their most-significant bit already set) must be stored in an RLE byte pair, even when they only occur one or two pixels in succession, whereas color indexes 0 to 191 can be stored directly or in RLE byte pairs (whichever is more space-efficient); therefore, the actual compression ratio could be optimized with proper sorting of palette entries, though this is not feasible where the file must share its color palette with other images. For example, a palette could be optimized with the most commonly used colors occurring in palette positions 0 to 191 and the least common colors allocated to the remaining quarter of the palette.
Another inefficiency with the RLE algorithm is that it is possible to store chunks with a length of 0, which allows whitespace in the file. This does, however, allow it to be decoded a cycle quicker on some processors, namely on the DOS machines for which it was originally intended. This quirk could be used for steganography.
The PCX compression algorithm requires very little processor power or memory to apply, a significant concern with the computer systems of the time, but as computers and display hardware grow more sophisticated, the PCX algorithm becomes less space-efficient. Compression algorithms used by newer image formats are more efficient when compressing dithered images, such as photographs or complex computer graphics.
Color palette
When VGA display hardware was introduced, the designers of PCX had a problem. The PCX file has space in its header for a 16 color palette. Even with the unused 54 bytes of header there was not enough space for the 256 colors available in VGA mode. The solution was to put the palette at the end of the file, along with a marker byte to confirm its existence.
If a PCX file has a 256 color palette, it is found 768 bytes from the end of the file. In this case the value in the byte preceding the palette should be 12 (0x0C). Unfortunately, not all programmers kept to this scheme precisely. PCX files have been created with 2-, 4-, 8-, or 16-color palettes at the end of the file rather than in the header. The palette is stored as a sequence of RGB triples; its usable length is defined by the number of colors in the image.
Colors values in PCX palettes always use 8 bits, regardless of the bit depth of the image.
Multipage PCX
There is a multi-page version of PCX, used by some computer FAX and document management programs, using the file extension DCX.
Further reading
- ZSoft PCX File Format Technical Reference Manual[dead link]
- PCX Summary from the Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats
