Rohingya people
| Flag of the Rohingya Nation | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Bangladesh, Burma (Arakan),Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,Thailand, Malaysia , | |
| Languages | |
| Rohingya language | |
| Religion | |
| Islam |
The Bengali people which is also known as Rohingya (Burmese: ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာ) is a predominantly Muslim group of people from Bangladesh immigrated into Arakan in western Burma. The Rohingya population is mostly concentrated to the cities of Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Akyab, Rathedaung and Kyauktaw.
Language
The Rohingya language is the modern written language of the Rohingya people of Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar). It is linguistically similar to the Chittagonian language spoken in the southernmost part of Bangladesh bordering Burma. Rohingya scholars have successfully written the Rohingya language in different scripts such as Arabic, Hanafi, Urdu, Roman and Burmese, where Hanifi is a newly developed alphabet derived from Arabic with the addition of four characters from Latin and Burmese.
More recently, a Roman script orthography has been developed, using all 26 English letters A to Z and two additional Latin letters Ç (for retroflex R) and Ñ (for nasal sound). To accurately represent Rohingya phonology, it also uses five accented vowels (áéíóú). It has been recognized by ISO with ISO 639-3 "rhg" code.[1]
History
Resistance Against Burmese Kingdom
British Rule
World War 2 Japanese Occupation
On 28 March 1942, some thousands of Muslims (not more than 5,000) in Min Pya and Myoe Haung Townships were killed by Rakhine nationalists and Kareni. On the other side, the Muslims from Northern Rakhine state killed few thousands of Rakhine. British and Japanese forces never tortured the Muslims in Rakhine state. In fact, British and Japanese did not kill the Muslims.
During World War II, Japanese forces invaded Burma, then under British colonial rule. The British forces retreated and in the power vacuum left behind, considerable violence erupted. This included communal violence between Buddhist Rakhine and Muslim Rohingya villagers. The period also witnessed violence between groups loyal to the British and Burmese nationalists. The Rohingya supported the Allies during the war and oppose the Japanese forces, assisting the Allies in reconnaissance.
The Japanese committed atrocities toward thousands of Rohingya, the Japanese engaged in an orgy of rape, murder and torture.[2] In this period, some 22,000 Rohingya are believed to have crossed the border into Bengal, then part of British India, to escape the violence.[3][4][5]
40,000 Rohingya eventually fled to Chittagong after repeated massacres by the Burmese and Japanese forces.[6]
Burmese Junta
The current Junta ruling Burma relies heavily on Burmese nationalism and Theravada Buddhism to bolster its rule, it heavily discriminates against minorities like the Rohingya, Chinese people like the Kokang people, and Panthay (Chinese Muslims).
Successive Burmese governments have provoked riots against ethnic minorities like the Rohingya and Chinese.
Religion
Religion is particularly important to the Rohingya people, who are predominantly Muslims. Mosques and religious schools occupy most villages. Traditionally, men pray in congregation and women pray at home.
Human rights violations & refugees
According to Amnesty International, the Muslim Rohingya people have continued to suffer from human rights violations under the Burmese junta since 1978, and many have fled to neighboring Bangladesh as a result:.[7]
"The Rohingyas’ freedom of movement is severely restricted and the vast majority of them have effectively been denied Burma citizenship. They are also subjected to various forms of extortion and arbitrary taxation; land confiscation; forced eviction and house destruction; and financial restrictions on marriage. Rohingyas continue to be used as forced labourers on roads and at military camps, although the amount of forced labour in northern Rakhine State has decreased over the last decade."
"In 1978 over 200,000 Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh, following the ‘Nagamin’ (‘Dragon King’) operation of the Myanmar army. Officially this campaign aimed at "scrutinising each individual living in the state, designating citizens and foreigners in accordance with the law and taking actions against foreigners who have filtered into the country illegally." This military campaign directly targeted civilians, and resulted in widespread killings, rape and destruction of mosques and further religious persecution."
"During 1991-92 a new wave of over a quarter of a million Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh. They reported widespread forced labour, as well as summary executions, torture, and rape. Rohingyas were forced to work without pay by the Burmese army on infrastructure and economic projects, often under harsh conditions. Many other human rights violations occurred in the context of forced labour of Rohingya civilians by the security forces."
As of 2005, the UNHCR had been assisting with the repatriation of Rohingya from Bangladesh, but allegations of human rights abuses in the refugee camps have threatened this effort.[8]
Despite earlier efforts by the UN, the vast majority of Rohingya refugees have remained in Bangladesh, unable to return because of the negative attitude of the ruling regime in Myanmar. Now they are facing problems in Bangladesh as well where they do not receive support from the government any longer.[9] In February 2009, many Rohingya refugees were rescued by Acehnese sailors in the Strait of Malacca, after 21 days at sea.[10]
Over the years thousands of Rohingya also have fled to Thailand. There are roughly 111,000 refugees housed in 9 camps along the Thai-Myanmar border. There have been charges that groups of them have been shipped and towed out to open sea from Thailand, and left there. In February 2009 there was evidence of the Thai army towing a boatload of 190 Rohingya refugees out to sea. A group of refugees rescued by Indonesian authorities also in February 2009 told harrowing stories of being captured and beaten by the Thai military, and then abandoned at open sea. By the end of February there were reports that of a group of 5 boats were towed out to open sea, of which 4 boats sank in a storm, and 1 boat washed up on the shore. February 12, 2009 Thailand's prime minister Abhisit Vejjajiva said there were "some instances" in which Rohingya people were pushed out to sea.
"There are attempts, I think, to let these people drift to other shores. [...] when these practices do occur, it is done on the understanding that there is enough food and water supplied. [...] It's not clear whose work it is [...] but if I have the evidence who exactly did this I will bring them to account." [11]
The prime minister said he regretted "any losses", and was working on rectifying the problem.
Bangladesh has since announced it will repatriate around 9,000 Rohingya living in refugee camps in the country back to Burma, after a meeting with Burmese diplomats.[12][13] Steps to repatriate Rohingya began in 2005.
In August 2011, Wikileaks revealed Bengali people in Myanmar (Rohingyas) have communication with Al_qaeda
See also
- Persecution of Muslims in Burma
- Islam in Burma
- Human rights in Burma
- Burmese Indians
- Muslims of Manipur
- Rohingya massacre
Notes
- ^ ISO 639 Code Tables - SIL International
- ^ Kurt Jonassohn (1999). Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 263. ISBN 0765804174. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ Pramod Mishra (2000). Human rights in South Asia. Gyan Books. p. 180. ISBN 8178350084. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ Howard Adelman (2008). Protracted displacement in Asia: no place to call home. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 86. ISBN 0754672387. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ Human Rights Watch (Organization) (2000). Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese refugees in Bangladesh: still no durable solution. Human Rights Watch. p. 6. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ Asian profile, Volume 21. Asian Research Service. 1993. p. 312. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ Myanmar - The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied, Amnesty International, 2004.
- ^ "UNHCR threatens to wind up Bangladesh operations". New Age BDNEWS, Dhaka. 2005-05-21. Retrieved 2007-04-25.
- ^ Burmese exiles in desperate conditions
- ^ Kompas.
- ^ Rivers, Dan (February 12, 2009). Thai PM admits boat people pushed out to sea. CNN.
- ^ Press Trust of India (December 29, 2009). "Myanmar to repatriate 9,000 Muslim refugees from B'desh". Zee News.
- ^ Staff Correspondent (December 30, 2009). "Myanmar to take back 9,000 Rohingyas soon". The Daily Star (Bangladesh).
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References
- "Influx Viruses". Illegal Muslims in Arakan. Retrieved Aug 2005.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - "Wikileaks on Rohingya". Wikileaks,Rohingya National Organisation Contacts. Retrieved Aug 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - "Rohingya". Banglapedia, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved June 2005.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - "A Short History of Arakan". Mohammad Ashraful Alam. Retrieved June 2005.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - "Myanmar, The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied". Amnesty International. Retrieved August 2005.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - Amnesty International (English)
- The Muslim “Rohingya” of Burma by Martin Smith 1995 Arakan Rohingya National Organisation
- The Burmanization of Myanmar's Muslims, the acculturation of the Muslims in Burma including Arakan, Jean A. Berlie, White Lotus Press editor, Bangkok, Thailand, published in 2008. ISBN 9744801263, 9789744801265.