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Arduino

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For other uses, see Arduino (disambiguation).
Arduino RS-232 serial communication[1]

Arduino is a popular open-source single-board microcontroller, descendant of the open-source Wiring platform,[2][3] designed to make the process of using electronics in multidisciplinary projects more accessible. The hardware consists of a simple open hardware design for the Arduino board with an Atmel AVR processor and on-board input/output support. The software consists of a standard programming language compiler and the boot loader that runs on the board.[4]

Arduino hardware is programmed using a Wiring-based language (syntax and libraries), similar to C++ with some slight simplifications and modifications, and a Processing-based integrated development environment.[4]

Current versions can be purchased pre-assembled; hardware design information is available for those who would like to assemble an Arduino by hand. Additionally, variations of the Italian-made Arduino—with varying levels of compatibility—have been released by third parties; some of them are programmed using the Arduino software.

The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2006 Prix Ars Electronica.[5][6]

History

In 2005, in Ivrea, Italy (the site of the computer company Olivetti), a project was initiated to make a device for controlling student-built interaction design projects with less expense than with other prototyping systems available at the time. As of May 2011, more than 300,000 Arduino units were "in the wild".[7] Founders Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles named the project after Arduin of Ivrea, the main historical character of the town.[8] "Arduino" is also an Italian masculine first name, meaning "strong friend".[citation needed]

The Arduino project is a fork of the open-source Wiring Platform. Colombian artist and programmer Hernando Barragán created Wiring as a master's thesis at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Wiring was based on Processing and its integrated development environment which had been created by Casey Reas and Ben Fry.[9]

Arduino was built around the Wiring project of Hernando Barragan. Wiring was Hernando's thesis project at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea. It was intended to be an electronics version of Processing that used our programming environment and was patterned after the Processing syntax. It was supervised by myself and Massimo Banzi, an Arduino founder. I don't think Arduino would exist without Wiring and I don't think Wiring would exist without Processing. And I know Processing would certainly not exist without Design By Numbers and John Maeda.[2]

Platform

Hardware

An official Arduino Duemilanove (rev 2009b).

An Arduino board consists of an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller with complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors are exposed, allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields are individually addressable via an I²C serial bus, allowing many shields to be stacked and used in parallel. Official Arduinos have used the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful of other processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants), although some designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external programmer.

At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards are programmed over an RS-232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a simple inverter circuit to convert between RS-232-level and TTL-level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. (When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR ISP programming is used.)

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1 inch headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available.

The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board to be plugged into solderless breadboards.

Arduino board models

Arduino Processor Frequency Voltage Flash
kB 		EEPROM
kB 		SRAM
kB 		Digital I/O
pins 		...with
PWM 		Analog input
pins 		USB Interface
type 		Other
I/O 		Dimensions
ADK ATmega2560 16 MHz 5 V 256 4 8 54 14 16 8U2 MAX3421E
USB Host 		4 in × 2.1 in
101.6 mm × 53.3 mm
BT (Bluetooth) ATmega328 16 MHz 5 V 32 1 2 14 4 6 None Bluegiga WT11 Bluetooth
Diecimila ATmega168 16 MHz 5 V 16 0.5 1 14 6 6 FTDI 2.7 in × 2.1 in
68.6 mm × 53.3 mm
Due[10] ATMEL SAM3U 96 MHz 256 0[11] 50 54 16 16 AT91SAM3U4E[12]
Duemilanove ATmega168/328P 16 MHz 5 V 16/32 0.5/1 1/2 14 6 6 FTDI 2.7 in × 2.1 in
68.6 mm × 53.3 mm
Ethernet ATmega328 16 MHz 5 V 32 1 2 14 4 6 None Wiznet Ethernet
Fio ATmega328P 8 MHz 3.3 V 32 1 2 14 6 8 None 1.6 in × 1.1 in
40.6 mm × 27.9 mm
Leonardo Atmega32u4 16 MHz 5 V 32 1 2 14 6 12 32u4 2.7 in × 2.1 in
68.6 mm × 53.3 mm
LilyPad ATmega168V or ATmega328V 8 MHz 2.7-5.5 V 16 0.5 1 14 6 6 None 2 in ⌀
50 mm ⌀
Mega ATmega1280 16 MHz 5 V 128 4 8 54 14 16 FTDI 4 in × 2.1 in
101.6 mm × 53.3 mm
Mega2560 ATmega2560 16 MHz 5 V 256 4 8 54 14 16 8U2/16U2 4 in × 2.1 in
101.6 mm × 53.3 mm
Nano ATmega168 or ATmega328 16 MHz 5 V 16/32 0.5/1 1/2 14 6 8 FTDI 1.70 in × 0.73 in
43 mm × 18 mm
Uno ATmega328P 16 MHz 5 V 32 1 2 14 6 6 8U2/16U2 2.7 in × 2.1 in
68.6 mm × 53.3 mm

Software

Arduino Software
Developer(s)Arduino Software
Stable release
1.0.1 / May 21, 2012 (2012-05-21)[13]
Written inJava
Operating systemCross-platform
TypeIntegrated development environment
LicenseLGPL or GPL license
Websitearduino.cc

The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring project. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically no need to edit makefiles or run programs on a command-line interface. Although building on command-line is possible if required with some third-party tools such as Ino.

The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the project of the same name), which makes many common input/output operations much easier. Arduino programs are written in C/C++, although users only need define two functions to make a runnable program:

  • setup() – a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings
  • loop() – a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

A typical first program for a microcontroller simply blinks an LED on and off. In the Arduino environment, the user might write a program like this:[14] 

#define LED_PIN 13

void setup () {
    pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT);     // enable pin 13 for digital output
}

void loop () {
    digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH);  // turn on the LED
    delay (1000);                  // wait one second (1000 milliseconds)
    digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW);   // turn off the LED
    delay (1000);                  // wait one second
}

For the above code to work correctly, the positive side of the LED must be connected to pin 13 and the negative side of the LED must be connected to ground. The above code would not be seen by a standard C++ compiler as a valid program, so when the user clicks the "Upload to I/O board" button in the IDE, a copy of the code is written to a temporary file with an extra include header at the top and a very simple main() function at the bottom, to make it a valid C++ program. See Cyclic executive

The Arduino IDE uses the GNU toolchain and AVR Libc to compile programs, and uses avrdude to upload programs to the board.

As the Arduino platform uses Atmel microcontrollers Atmel’s development environment, AVR Studio or the newer Atmel Studio, may also be used to develop software for the Arduino. [15] [16]

For educational purposes there is third party graphical development environment called Minibloq available under a different open source license.

Official hardware

The LilyPad Arduino is designed for flexibility so that it is easier to wear

The original Arduino hardware is manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects.[17] Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American company SparkFun Electronics.[citation needed]

Fourteen versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced to date:[4]

  1. The Serial Arduino, programmed with a DE-9 serial connection and using an ATmega8
  2. The Arduino Extreme, with a USB interface for programming and using an ATmega8
  3. The Arduino Mini, a miniature version of the Arduino using a surface-mounted ATmega168
  4. The Arduino Nano, an even smaller, USB powered version of the Arduino using a surface-mounted ATmega168 (ATmega328 for newer version)
  5. The LilyPad Arduino, a minimalist design for wearable application using a surface-mounted ATmega168
  6. The Arduino NG, with a USB interface for programming and using an ATmega8
  7. The Arduino NG plus, with a USB interface for programming and using an ATmega168
  8. The Arduino Bluetooth, with a Bluetooth interface for programming using an ATmega168
  9. The Arduino Diecimila, with a USB interface and utilizes an ATmega168 in a DIL28 package (pictured)
  10. The Arduino Duemilanove ("2009"), using the ATmega168 (ATmega328 for newer version) and powered via USB/DC power, switching automatically
  11. The Arduino Mega, using a surface-mounted ATmega1280 for additional I/O and memory.[18]
  12. The Arduino Uno, uses the same ATmega328 as late-model Duemilanove, but whereas the Duemilanove used an FTDI chipset for USB, the Uno uses an ATmega8U2 programmed as a serial converter.
  13. The Arduino Mega2560, uses a surface-mounted ATmega2560, bringing the total memory to 256 kB. It also incorporates the new ATmega8U2 (ATmega16U2 in revision 3) USB chipset.
  14. The Arduino Leonardo, with a ATmega32U4 chip that eliminates the need for USB connection and can be used as a virtual keyboard or mouse. It was released at the Maker Faire Bay Area 2012.

Open hardware and open source

See also: Open-source hardware

The Arduino hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino Web site. Layout and production files for some versions of the Arduino hardware are also available. The source code for the IDE and the on-board library are available and released under the GPLv2 license.[4]

Accessory hardware

A prototyping shield, mounted on an Arduino

Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards make use of shields, which are printed circuit boards that sit atop an Arduino, and plug into the normally supplied pin-headers. These are expansions to the base Arduino. There are many functions of shields, from motor controls, to breadboarding (prototyping).[4]

A list of Arduino-compatible shields is maintained at the Arduino Shield List website. A number of shields can also be made DIY.[19][20][21]

Arduino-compatible boards

Main article: List of Arduino compatibles

There are a great many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and may be used interchangeably. Many are the basic Arduino with the addition of commonplace output drivers, often for use in school-level education to simplify the construction of buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes permitting the continued use of Shields, sometimes not. Some variants even use completely different processors, with varying levels of compatibility.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the developers have requested that the name "Arduino" be exclusive to the official product and not be used for derivative works without permission. The official policy document on the use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product.[4] Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the "Arduino" name by using "-duino" name variants.[22]

Development team

The core Arduino developer team is composed of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, David Mellis and Nicholas Zambetti. Massimo Banzi was interviewed on the March 21st, 2009 episode (Episode 61) of FLOSS Weekly on the TWiT.tv network, in which he discussed the history and goals of the Arduino project.[23] He also gave a talk at TEDGlobal 2012 Conference, where he outlined various uses of Arduino boards around the world.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Arduino Board - Serial Interface
  2. ^ a b Shiffman, Daniel (September 23, 2009). "Interview with Casey Reas and Ben Fry". Rhizome.org.
  3. ^ "Wiring". wiring.org.co
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Project homepage". arduino.cc.
  5. ^ "Prix Ars Electronica 2006 — Digital Communities — ANERKENNUNGEN — listing" (in German). Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  6. ^ "Prix Ars Electronica 2006 — Digital Communities — ANERKENNUNGEN — description" (in German). Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  7. ^ Phillip Torrone (2011-05-12). "Why Google Choosing Arduino Matters and Is This the End of “Made for iPod” (TM)?". makezine.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  8. ^ Lahart, Justin (2009-11-27). "Taking an Open-Source Approach to Hardware". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
  9. ^ Reas, Casey; Fry, Ben (2010). Getting Started With Processing. Sebastopol: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1-4493-7980-3.
  10. ^ Chirgwin, Richard (2011-09-20). "Arduino to add ARM board this year". The Register. Retrieved September 20, 2011. Arduino [...] showed off the new version in time for the New York Maker's Faire, with a 96 MHz clock speed, 256 KB of flash memory, 50 KB of SRAM, five SPI buses, two I2C interfaces, five UARTs and 16 12-bit analog interfaces.
  11. ^ http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/param_table.asp?category_id=163&family_id=605&subfamily_id=2086&OrderBy=part_no&Direction=ASC
  12. ^ http://www.atmel.com/devices/SAM3U4E.aspx
  13. ^ "Arduino Software Release Notes". Arduino Project. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  14. ^ "Blink Tutorial". Arduino.cc.
  15. ^ "Using Atmel Studio for Arduino development"
  16. ^ "Using AVR Studio for Arduino development"
  17. ^ Smart Projects. Retrieved from http://smartprj.com/.
  18. ^ "ArduinoBoardMega". Arduino.cc. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Shields fuer Arduino wenig Aufwand Selbst Bauen". web.de. [dead link]
  20. ^ "Arduino breadboard shield: $10 & 10 mins". todbot.com.
  21. ^ Igoe, Tom (April 4, 2006). "Arduino Shields for Prototyping". tigoe.net
  22. ^ "Freeduino Open Designs". Freeduino.org. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  23. ^ "FLOSS Weekly Episode 61 - Arduino" (audio, MP3). Twit.tv. March 21, 2009.
  24. ^ Banzi, Massimo. "How Arduino is open-sourcing imagination". TED.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arduino.

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