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Hurricane Sandy

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Hurricane Sandy
Current storm status
Category 1 hurricane (1-min mean)
Satellite image
Forecast map
As of:11 a.m. EDT (1500 UTC) October 27
Location:29°00′N 76°00′W / 29.0°N 76.0°W / 29.0; -76.0 (Hurricane Sandy) ± 25 nm
About 190 mi (310 km) NNE of Great Abaco Island
About 355 mi (570 km) SE of Charleston, SC
Sustained winds:65 knots (75 mph; 120 km/h) (1-min mean)
gusting to 80 knots (90 mph; 150 km/h)
Pressure:958 mbar (hPa; 28.29 inHg)
Movement:NNE at 8 kt (9 mph; 15 km/h)
See more detailed information.

Hurricane Sandy, also known as Frankenstorm[1], Perfect Storm[2] and Super Storm[3] is a late-season tropical cyclone affecting Jamaica, Cuba, The Bahamas, Haiti and Florida, and threatening the East Coast of the United States and Eastern Canada. The eighteenth tropical cyclone, eighteenth named storm, and tenth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, Sandy developed from an elongated tropical wave in the western Caribbean Sea on October 22. It quickly strengthened after becoming a tropical depression and was upgraded to a tropical storm six hours later. Sandy moved slowly northward toward the Greater Antilles and gradually strengthened. On October 24, Sandy was upgraded to a hurricane, shortly before making landfall in Jamaica. Upon moving further north, Sandy re-entered water and made its second landfall in Cuba during the early morning hours on the next day, October 25, as a Category 2 hurricane. At least 43 people were killed: 40 in the Caribbean and three in the Bahamas. During the late evening of October 25, Sandy weakened to Category 1 strength and headed north through the Bahamas in the early hours of October 26.[4] Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm in the early morning hours of October 27, then restrengthened to a Category 1 hurricane later that morning.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A tropical wave was moving westward through the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 19.[5] It had an extended low pressure area, and conditions were expected to gradually become more favorable for development.[6] On October 20, the system became better organized, and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) assessed a high potential for it to become a tropical cyclone within 48 hours.[7] By the next day, the associated convection, or thunderstorms, had become minimal, although barometric pressure in the area remained low, which favored development.[8] The thunderstorms gradually increased, while the system slowed and became nearly stationary over the western Caribbean.[9][10] At 1500 UTC on October 22, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Eighteen about 320 mi (515 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica. This was based on surface observations and satellite imagery, which indicated the system had developed enough organized convection to be classified.[11]

When the tropical depression formed, it was in an area of weak steering currents, located south of a ridge extending eastward from the Gulf of Mexico. The system was in an area conducive for strengthening;[11] this included low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures, and there was a possibility for rapid deepening. Late on October 22, a Hurricane Hunters flight observed winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) in a rainband, which prompted NHC to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm Sandy.[12] Outflow increased, while the convection organized further due to moist atmosphere. Due to the favorable conditions, NHC noted: "remaining nearly stationary over the warm waters of southwestern Caribbean Sea is never a good sign for this time of year."[13] Despite the potential for significant intensification, the cloud pattern initially remained largely the same.[14] Early on October 24, an eye began developing. By that time, Sandy was moving steadily northward, due to an approaching trough to its northwest.[15] At 11:00 a.m. EDT (1500 UTC) on October 24, the NHC upgraded Sandy to hurricane status after the Hurricane Hunters observed flight-level winds of 99 mph (159 km/h). At the time, Sandy was located about 65 mi (105 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica.[16]

At about 3:00 p.m. EDT (1900 UTC) on October 24, Sandy made landfall near Kingston with winds of about 80 mph (130 km/h).[17] Just offshore Cuba, Sandy rapidly intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale with 110 mph (175 km/h) winds.[18] Shortly thereafter at 1:25 a.m. EDT (0525 UTC), the hurricane struck Cuba just west of Santiago de Cuba.[19] At landfall, Sandy had a well-defined eye of over 23 mi (37 km) in diameter, and flight-level winds reached 135 mph (216 km/h).[20] While over land, the structure deteriorated and the eye was no longer visible.[21] After Sandy exited Cuba, dry air and increasing shear restricted the outflow and caused the structure to become disorganized.[22] A mid-level low over Florida turned the hurricane toward the north-northwest.[23] By early on October 26, most of the convection was sheared to the north of the center, and the size of the storm increased greatly.[24] By the next day, the NHC remarked that Sandy was "showing characteristics of a hybrid cyclone... like an occluded frontal low." However, the system maintained a warm thermal core, and despite strong 60 mph (95 km/h) wind shear, the hurricane continued to develop thunderstorms due to good divergence from a nearby trough; the same trough turned Sandy toward the northeast.[25] On October 27, Sandy briefly weakened to tropical storm, after dry air became fully ingested into the mid- and upper-level circulations.[26] Later that day, however, wind reports from the Hurricane Hunters indicated that Sandy re-intensified into a hurricane.[27]

Current storm information

As of 11 a.m. EDT (1500 UTC) October 27, Hurricane Sandy is located within 25 nautical miles of 29°N 76°W / 29°N 76°W / 29; -76 (Sandy), about 190 mi (310 km) north-northeast of Great Abaco Island and about 355 mi (570 km) southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. Maximum sustained winds are 65 knots (75 mph, 120 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 958 mbar (hPa; 28.29 inHg), and the system is moving north-northeast at 8 kt (9 mph, 15 km/h).

Hurricane force winds extend up to 105 miles (165 km) from the center of Sandy, and tropical storm force winds up to 450 miles (725 km) from the center.

For latest official information see:

Watches and warnings

Template:HurricaneWarningsTable

Nicknames

Some weather forecasters gave a moniker to the possible combination of winter weather and a hurricane. Jim Cisco, forecaster for the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center first coined the term “Frankenstorm”, in an extended forecast discussion issued on October 25.[28][29] In addition, a Twitter account with that name had been created.[30] Due to the severity of the storm, CNN noted that they would refrain from the use of the nickname.[31] Another term coined for this combination is "snor'eastercane."[32]

Preparation

Caribbean

Upon developing into a tropical cyclone on October 22, the Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch for the entire island.[33] Early on October 23, the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning, simultaneous to a hurricane watch being issued.[34] Later that day at 1500 UTC, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning, while the tropical storm warning was discontinued.[35]

Shortly after Jamaica began watches and warnings on October 22, the Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti.[36] By late on October 23, it was modified to a tropical storm warning.[37] The Government of Cuba posted a hurricane watch for the Cuban Provinces of Camagüey, Granma, Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas, and Santiago de Cuba at 1500 UTC on October 23.[35] Only three hours later, the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning.[38]

The Bahamas

The Government of the Bahamas, at 1500 UTC on October 23, issued a tropical storm watch for several Bahamian islands, including the Acklins, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Exuma, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island.[35] Later that day, another tropical storm watch was issued for Abaco Islands, Andros Island, the Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence.[38] By early on October 24, the tropical storm watch for Cat Island, Exuma, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[39]

Bermuda

At 11:15 a.m. EDT (1515 UTC) on October 26, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for Bermuda, reflecting the enormous size of the storm and the wide-reaching impacts.[40]

United States

Numerous schools on the Treasure Coast and in Palm Beach County, Florida announced closures for Friday October 26, in anticipation of Sandy.[41]

Through regional offices in Atlanta, Philadelphia, New York City and Boston, FEMA will continuously monitor Sandy and will remain in close coordination with state and tribal emergency management partners in Florida and the potentially affected Southeast, Mid-Atlantic and New England states.[42]

Much of the U.S. East Coast in the Mid-Atlantic and New England states have a good chance of receiving gale-force winds, flooding, heavy rain and maybe even snow early next week by an unusual hybrid of Hurricane Sandy and a winter storm.[43] Government weather forecasters said there is a 90% chance, (the chance having increased from 60% on October 24), that the east coast will get "slammed".[44] Utilities and governments along the East Coast are attempting to head off long-term power failures as a result of Sandy. Power companies from the Southeast to New England are alerting independent contractors to be ready to assist to fix storm damaged equipment quickly and are asking employees to cancel vacations and work longer hours. Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. is putting workers on standby and making plans to bring in crews from other states. In New Jersey, where the storm is expected to come ashore, Jersey Central Power & Light has told employees to be prepared for extended shifts.[45]

On October 26, North Carolina Governor Beverly Perdue declared a state of emergency for 38 counties in anticipation of Hurricane Sandy, taking effect October 27.[46] GOP presidential candidate Mitt Romney cancelled a campaign appearance scheduled for Sunday in Virginia Beach because of Sandy, as did Vice President Joe Biden for his Saturday appearance there in order to keep law enforcement and emergency management focused on people's storm safety according to the campaign. The US Navy sent more than two dozen ships to sea from Norfolk Naval Base, for their own protection..[47]

On October 26, Washington, D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray declared a state of emergency for the nation's capital. He said agencies will work throughout the weekend to prepare the city for Sandy.[48] That same day the governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia also declared a state of emergency in preparation of the approaching storm.[47] Spokespeople for public school districts in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area asked people to check their Web sites periodically over the weekend, but agreed if Sandy stays on its forecast track schools are not likely to be open on Monday. In addition to utilities and municipalities making preparations, the area's three major commuter systems planned to continue operations until conditions dictated otherwise but were likely to cancel some service on Monday if the Office of Personnel Management announces a federal government closure.[49]

In Cape May County, New Jersey, officials advised residents on barrier islands to evacuate on October 26, which will become a mandatory evacuation on October 28. There was also a voluntary evacuation for Mantoloking in Ocean County.[50]

Philadelphia's Mayor Michael Nutter asked residents in low lying areas and neighborhoods prone to flooding to leave their home by 2 p.m. October 28 and move to safer ground.[51]

In New York City, officials activated the city’s coastal emergency plan, with subway closings and the evacuation of residents in areas hit during Hurricane Irene in August 2011. Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg said that some residents should prepare to evacuate.[30] New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for every county in the state. Cuomo was also asking for a pre-disaster declaration to get better access to federal assistance.[52]

In Massachusetts, the state's emergency management agency has started issuing situational awareness news releases as some computer models show that Sandy could "potentially transition over the weekend into a powerful nor'easter." The five-day forecast from the National Hurricane Center predicts the center of the storm will travel along the east coast of the United States over the weekend. Governor Deval Patrick gave utilities until Friday to submit plans for the storm. [53]

On October 26, Maine's Governor Paul LePage signed a limited emergency declaration, that allows power crews from other states and/or Canada to help Maine prepare for Hurricane Sandy. The declaration will help Maine power providers pre-place their crews by extending the hours their crews can drive.[54]

Canada

The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued its first preliminary statement on Hurricane Sandy on October 25.[55] Due to the uncertainty of Sandy's path, the statement was aimed at all of Eastern Canada from the Canadian Maritimes as far west as Southern Ontario. While tropical depressions occasionally reach Southern Ontario, Hurricane Hazel is the only hurricane or tropical storm to have ever struck the region. Three models' tracks predict landfall in Nova Scotia.[56]. Other models, such as The Weather Network's outlook, predict Sandy will slam into the Eastern Seaboard of the US, possibly affecting Southern Ontario.[57]


Impact

Effects by country
Country Fatalities Damage (in USD) Sources
Bahamas 3 Unknown [58]
Cuba 11 Unknown [58]
Dominican Republic 2 Unknown [58]
Haiti 26 Unknown [58]
Jamaica 1 Unknown [58]
United States 0 Unknown [59]
Total 43 Unknown

At least 43 people have been confirmed killed across the Bahamas and the Caribbean as a result of the storm.[58]

Hispaniola

As Sandy formed in the southwestern Caribbean, heavy rainfall from the outer bands spread across the region. In Haiti, at least 26 were confirmed dead in the aftermath of the storm. [58][60] Reports of significant damage to Port-Salut were received as rivers overflowed their banks.[61] In the capital Port-au-Prince, whole streets were flooded by the heavy rains. Most of the tents and buildings in the city's sprawling refugee camps and the Cite Soleil neighborhood were flooded or leaking, a repeat of what happened earlier in the year during the passage of Hurricane Isaac. [60]

In the Dominican Republic, two people were killed and 8,755 people evacuated as officials said the rains were expected to continue until at least Saturday.[58][62] Traveling by vehicle was very hard in places as some roads with water levels too high. An employee of CNN, estimated 70% of the streets in Santo Domingo were flooded," Some cars were underwater and people with trucks were charging motorists $5 to pull their vehicles out, but some were doing it for free.[63]

Jamaica

Sandy is the first direct hit by the eye of a hurricane on Jamaica since Hurricane Gilbert 24 years ago. The storm hit Jamaica as a category 1 hurricane. Extensive damage was reported on the island. Trees and power lines were snapped and shanty houses were heavily damaged, both from the winds and flooding rains. More than 100 fishermen were stranded in outlying Pedro Cays off Jamaica's southern coast.[64] One man was crushed to death by stones that fell from a hillside as he tried to get into his house in a rural village near Kingston.[65] The country's sole electricity provider, the Jamaica Public Service Company, reported that 70 percent of its customers were without power. Looters shot and wounded a police official as he led a group of officers through Craig Town, a section of West Kingston. More than 1,000 people went to shelters, the Office of Disaster Preparedness said. Jamaican authorities closed the island's international airports and police ordered 48-hour curfews in major towns to keep people off the streets and deter looting. Cruise ships changed their itineraries to avoid the storm, which made landfall Wednesday afternoon near the capital, Kingston.[66]

The day after the storm, government officials went on an aerial tour of the rural eastern areas of the island. Parliament member Daryl Vaz reported that most buildings had lost their roofs, in addition to widespread damage to banana crops. Approximately 70 percent of the island lost power because of Sandy, and schools in the Kingston area would likely remain closed for a week. Resorts in Montego Bay and Negril sustained no major damage, and cruise ship terminals reopened to vessels after a 24-hour suspension of services. Authorities warned that the extent of the damage is not clear, since some major roads remained impassable, and it would likely be weeks before life in most areas returned to normal. [60]

Cuba

Hurricane Sandy strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane before hitting Cuba.[18] At least 55,000 people had been evacuated principally because of expected flooding from rains that could total up to 20 inches (500 mm) in some places and a storm surge the Cuban weather service said was already beginning along the southeastern coast around midnight EDT.[67] Sandy made landfall just west of Santiago de Cuba, the country’s second-largest city, as a strong Category 2 hurricane, with the strong eastern eyewall going directly over the city.[68][69] The eye of the storm came ashore just west of the city with waves up to 29 feet (9 meters) and a six-foot (2 meter) storm surge that caused extensive coastal flooding.[70]

Reports from the area after the passage of Sandy spoke of widespread damage, particularly to Santiago de Cuba. Electricity and water services had been knocked down, and most of the trees in the city had either been ripped off their roots or had lost all their leaves. A local TV reporter told Cuban state television that many of the city's 300,000 homes were reportedly in bad shape before the storm and were left vulnerable to high winds and heavy rain. Several Cuban provinces promised to send brigades to help Santiago recover, although officials gave a long list of other towns that suffered devastation. Guantanamo followed a similar fate to Santiago, with television showing telephone poles and cables down across the city. Several historic buildings in the center of town were reportedly damaged, although the extent of it is unknown. State media has said at least 11 people in Cuba was killed as a result of the storm, and Raul Castro planned to visit Santiago de Cuba in the coming days. Nine of the deaths were in Santiago de Cuba Province and two were in Guantanamo Province and most of the victims were trapped in destroyed houses.[71][72] This makes Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit Cuba since 2005, when Hurricane Dennis killed 16 people.[73]

Damage to the U.S. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base was not as severe and there were no reports of injuries at the base. The highest sustained winds were below hurricane strength at 54 mph, with a maximum gust of 66 mph. The storm damaged roofs and windows in a few older buildings, and tore some of the power cables within the facility. Several recreational boats broke off their moorings, but there was no damage to the prison, according to Navy Capt. Robert Durand. [74]

Bahamas

A NOAA automated station at Settlement Point on Grand Bahama Island reported sustained winds of 49 mph (74 km/h) and a wind gust of 63 mph (102 km/h).[75] One person was reported killed in Lyford Cay. [58]

United States

Florida

High winds and waves washed sand onto coastal roads in southeastern Florida. The hurricane left power outages across the region, which left many traffic lights out of order.[76] The Coast Guard rescued two boaters in Volusia County off New Smyrna Beach on Friday morning.[77] Brevard County and Volusia County Schools have cancelled all extracurricular activities for October 27 including Friday night football.[78] In east-central Florida, damage was minor, and the storm left about 1,000 people without power.[59] Miami International Airport on Friday canceled more than 20 flights to or from Jamaica or Bahamas, while Fort Lauderdale airport canceled 13 flights to the islands.[47]

See also

References

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  2. ^ [ http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/335573 Digital Journal: Hurricane Sandy threatens to become 'Perfect Storm']
  3. ^ Reuters: Super storm" Sandy regains hurricane strength
  4. ^ "Hurricane Sandy storms through Bahamas, Central Florida on alert". Central Florida News 13. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
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  43. ^ "Trick, no treat: Forecasters predict pre-Halloween freak hurricane-winter storm mix for East". Newser. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
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  57. ^ http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=Sandy_shaping_up_to_be_an__historic__storm_26_10_2012?ref=activeweather_home
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  71. ^ "Cuban state media say 11 deaths in Hurricane Sandy". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
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  75. ^ Richard Pasch. Hurricane Sandy Advisory Number 18 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
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  77. ^ "2 boaters rescued near New Smyrna Beach". Central Florida News 13. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  78. ^ "Hurricane Sandy cancels and postpones Brevard and Volusia County Friday night football games". CFN13. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
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