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HMV

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"HMV" redirects here. For the trademark and record label, see His Master's Voice. For the military vehicle, see Humvee.

HMV Group PLC
Company typePublic limited company
(In Administration)
LSE: HMV
IndustryRetail
FoundedLondon, United Kingdom (20 July 1921 (1921-07-20))[1]
FateEntered administration on 15 January 2013
Headquarters
Maidenhead, Berkshire
,
United Kingdom
Number of locations
219 stores (UK)[2]
Area served
United Kingdom
Key people
Nicholas Guy Edwards, Neville Barry Kahn, Robert James Harding (administrators for Deloitte LLP)
ProductsBooks
Video games
Film
Television
Games
Magazines
Music
Fashion
Technology
Merchandise
Cinema
Ticketing
Revenue£1,956.7 million (2009)[3]
£70.3 million (2009)[3]
£44.2 million (2009)[3]
Number of employees
13,801 (2009)[3]
SubsidiariesFopp
7digital (50% Stake)
WebsiteHMV Group,
HMV UK

HMV Group PLC is a British entertainment retailing company operating in the United Kingdom. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE Fledgling Index. The first HMV branded store was opened by the Gramophone Company on Oxford Street in 1921, and the HMV name was also used for television and radio sets manufactured from the 1930s onwards. The retail side of the business began to expand in the 1960s, and in 1998 was divested from EMI, the successor to the Gramophone Company, to form the present company. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) prior to administration was Trevor Moore; he replaced Simon Fox on 3 September 2012.[4]

HMV stands for His Master's Voice, the title of a painting by Francis Barraud of the dog Nipper listening to a cylinder phonograph, which was bought by the Gramophone Company in 1899.[5] For advertising purposes this was changed to a wind-up gramophone, and eventually used simply as a silhouette.

Acquisitions by the HMV Group have included Waterstone's in 1998 from W H Smith[6] (sold in 2011), the music retailer Fopp in August 2007,[7] and selected Zavvi retail outlets in February 2009. The group branched out into live music venue management in 2009 by purchasing MAMA Group, though sold the group in December 2012.

On 15 January 2013, HMV Group entered administration.[8] Deloitte have been appointed to deal with the administration of the company.[9] On 16 January 2013, HMV Ireland declared receivership, and all Irish stores were closed.[10] A week later on 22 January 2013 it was reported that Hilco UK would buy the debt of HMV, a step towards potentially taking control of the company.[11] The sale of HMV's Hong Kong and Singapore business to private equity firm Aid Partners was completed on 28 February 2013.

History

20th century

HMV flagship branch on Oxford Street, London

The antecedents of HMV begin in the 1890s at the dawn of the disc gramophone. By 1902 it had become the beginnings of the Gramophone Company. In February 1907 they commenced building of a new dedicated record factory at Hayes, Middlesex. Disc records were sold in music shops and independent retailers at this time. In 1921 the Gramophone Company opened the first dedicated HMV shop in Oxford Street in London, in a former mens clothing shop; the composer Edward Elgar participated in the opening ceremonies.[12] In March 1931 the Gramophone Company merged with Columbia Graphophone Company to form Electric and Musical Industries Ltd (EMI).[5]

From the 1930s onwards, HMV manufactured radio and television sets and radiograms under the HMV and Marconiphone brand names in their factory at Hayes, Middlesex.

In 1966 HMV began expanding its retail operations in London. Throughout the 1970s, the company continued to expand, doubling in size, and in six years became the country's leading specialist music retailers. It faced new competition, however, from Virgin Megastores, established in 1976, and Our Price, established in 1972. Subsequently, HMV overtook Our Price in popularity and threatened their existence, having established a chain of newer, larger stores.

The company opened its flagship store at a new location on Oxford Street in 1986. It was the largest record store in the world at the time, and the official opening was attended by Bob Geldof and Michael Hutchence.[13] Growth continued for a third decade into the 1990s, with the company reaching over 320 stores.[13] HMV celebrated its 75-year anniversary in 1996.[5]

In 1998 HMV Media was spun off from EMI, leaving EMI with a 43% stake in HMV Media. The same year, the company bought the Waterstone's chain of bookshops and merged them with Dillons.[14]

21st century

From March 1999 to September 2006 Alan Giles was the CEO.[15][16]

File:HMV.svg
The HMV logo featuring Nipper and the gramophone

In 2002 the company floated on the London Stock Exchange as HMV Group plc, leaving EMI with only a token holding.[17]

All HMV stores in Germany were closed in 2003.

The group became susceptible to a takeover following a poor period of trading up to Christmas 2005. Private equity firm Permira made a £762 million conditional bid for the group (based on 190p a share) on 7 February 2006, which was rejected by HMV as an insufficient valuation of the company.[18] Permira made a second offer which increased the value, although HMV declined it on 13 March 2006, subsequently issuing a statement that the offer undervalued the medium and long term prospects for the company,[19] resulting in Permira withdrawing from bidding.[20]

In 2006 the HMV Group purchased the Ottakar's book chain and merged it into Waterstone's. The merger tied in to HMV's strategy for growth, as many of the Ottakar's branches were in smaller towns and outposts. The Competition Commission provisionally cleared HMV Group, through Waterstone's, for takeover of the Ottakar's group on 30 March 2006. The Commission stated that the takeover would "not result in a substantial lessening of competition".[21] Waterstone's then announced that it had successfully negotiated a takeover of Ottakar's on 31 May 2006.[22]

All 130 Ottakar's stores were rebranded as Waterstone's prior to Christmas 2006. In March 2007, new Group CEO Simon Fox announced a 10% reduction over three years in the enlarged Waterstone's total store space, comprising mostly dual location shops created by the acquisition of Ottakar's.[23]

In 2007 HMV selected CLIC Sargent as its charity partner until 2010.[24]

A large HMV branch in Leeds incorporating an Orange Shop

In early July 2007 retailers Fopp went into administration, with the closure of 81 stores and 700 staff made redundant. Towards the end of the month, HMV bought the Fopp brand and six of its stores. HMV claimed that the six stores had traded profitably prior to their closure, and that the deal would save around 70 jobs. They later added a seventh Fopp shop. Eventually HMV had ten stores with the Fopp name, including two new stores in Exeter and Gower Street, London. The Fopp Exeter store closed on 30 January 2011 due to the recent developments surrounding HMV's share price fall, leaving nine stores open under HMV ownership.[25]

On 24 December 2008, Christmas Eve, HMV's rival Zavvi, also an entertainment retailer, entered administration. On 14 January 2009 a placing announcement by HMV revealed that they intended to acquire 14 of Zavvi's stores.[26]

On 18 February 2009 five additional Zavvi stores were purchased by HMV Group, to be rebranded as HMV outlets. An additional former Zavvi store in Exeter's Princesshay development was also added.[27] The acquisitions were investigated and cleared by the Office of Fair Trading in April 2009.[28]

On 1 September 2008 HMV Group launched Get Closer, a social networking site which allowed users to import their own music library, rivalling other providers including online music stores Napster and the iTunes Store.[29] The company also began piloting their refreshed loyalty scheme during 2008 under the name "pure hmv".[30] The scheme had previously ceased to operate after being introduced in August 2003. HMV closed Get Closer in September 2009.[31]

In the 2008 MCV Industry Excellence Awards, HMV was given the title 'Entertainment Retailer of the Year'.[32]

HMV Curzon store in Wimbledon, London

As part of chief executive Simon Fox's plans, HMV started a joint venture with Curzon Artificial Eye to bring cinemas to HMV and Waterstone's stores across England. The first trial store was in Wimbledon, London. The cinema is located above the shop in a former storage room converted into three separate screens and a bar. It has its own entrance, so can be visited outside store hours, and one within the store. The trial was deemed a success and HMV planned to open more, with HMV in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire and Waterstone's in Piccadilly, London lined up next.[33]

A few months later[when?] HMV entered into a joint venture with MAMA Group. The Group had purchased a 50% stake in MAMA Group in January 2009 as part of a deal to introduce the HMV brand to live music venues, including the Hammersmith Apollo.[34] On 23 December 2009, it bought the whole of the MAMA Group in a live music takeover deal worth £46m.

On 5 January 2011 HMV announced that profits would be at the lower end of analysts' forecasts due to falling sales, resulting in the share price falling by 20%[35] and an announcement of the group's intention to close 40 HMV stores, as well as 20 Waterstone's stores, mainly in towns and cities where the company operates at multiple locations. The first of the store closures began at the end of January 2011.[36]

On 5 February 2011 HMV Ireland announced that its profits had fallen by almost 90% to €465,000, compared to €4.1 million the previous year.[37]

The sale of Waterstone's to A&NN Capital Fund Management for £53 million was completed on 29 June 2011, and was approved by the vast majority of shareholders at an emergency general meeting.[38]

HMV sold the Hammersmith Apollo to AEG Live and Eventim in May 2012 for £32 million.[39] It sold the remainder of MAMA Group to Lloyds Development Capital in December 2012 for £7.3 million, which also included the company's 50% stake in Mean Fiddler Group.[40]

Administration

A branch in Wakefield soon to close as part of the group administration (March 2013).

On 15 January 2013, HMV Group appointed Deloitte as company administrators and suspended shares,[8] putting its 4,350 UK employees at the risk of redundancy.[9][41] Store gift vouchers were initially declared void since holders are classified as unsecured creditors to whom the company owe the value,[42] but were accepted again from 22 January 2013.[43]

After all Irish branches were shut on 16 January 2013, staff at two HMV outlets in Limerick staged sit-in protests in an attempt to get wages owed to them by the company.[44]

Restructuring firm Hilco UK bought HMV's debt from its creditors Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds Banking Group, as a step towards potentially taking control of the company.[45] It was revealed that the total debt Hilco had bought amounted to around £110 million,[46] and that HMV owed around £20 million in tax to HM Revenue and Customs at the time of its entry into administration.[47]

On 31 January 2013, it was reported that 190 redundancies had been made at the head office and distribution centres.[48]

On 7 February 2013 Deloitte confirmed that 66 stores had been identified for closure.[49] No fixed date was given for the closures but they were expected to take place in the following two months. The next day, Deloitte confirmed that an additional 60 redundancies, including the chief executive Trevor Moore, had been made at the group's head offices in London, Marlow and Solihull.[50] Deloitte confirmed on 20 February 2013 that an additional 37 stores would close.[51] On 26 February 2013, 6 stores were sold to supermarket chain Morrisons.[52]

Operations

As of February 2013, the group operates 219 stores in the United Kingdom. Of these, 103 have been selected for closure by the administrators.[2]

Independently of the HMV Group, two stores in Singapore and five in Hong Kong trade under the HMV brand, owned by Aid Partners. Stores in Canada also trade under the HMV brand independent of the HMV Group, under the ownership of Hilco UK.

Former operations

Australia

In 1989 the HMV Group established its first Australian store in the Sydney suburb of Parramatta, closely followed by a second store in Chatswood in that same year. In 1990, HMV opened its flagship store in Sydney's CBD. The 1,207-square-meter superstore in Pitt Street Mall was the largest music store in the Southern Hemisphere and sold more CDs than any other store in the country. It was also awarded the ARIA Charts store of the Year on 3 occasions. By 1998, a further 27 stores were opened in key retail centres on the eastern seaboard of Australia, including other large footprint stores at Melbourne's Bourke Street Mall and Brisbane's 585-square-meter Queen Street Mall store.[53]

In March 2000, HMV made local headlines when their larger rival, Sanity, signed a five-year deal with Festival Mushroom Records for a three-year online exclusivity window on all tracks downloaded from that label at Sanity's website. Sanity's competitors and other online services were meant to be blocked from Festival Mushroom's catalogue for that period unless Sanity agreed. Chaos.com and Leading Edge Music both made public threats to boycott Festival Mushroom's content, but HMV Australia (whose website did not offer downloading) followed through, removing all their CDs from their domestic stores, adding they would do the same overseas. By the next week, Festival Mushroom backed down, stating Sanity would simply be the wholesaler of their digital downloads for the next three years, requiring them to make all products available to other retailers at the time of release.[54][55][56]

In October 2005, Sanity's owner, Brazin Limited acquired the Australian operations of HMV for A$4 million (£1.7 million). The HMV Group's agreement with Brazin was to phase out the HMV brand in Australia by 2010. Immediately after this acquisition of HMV's 32 outlets, this put Brazin at its peak with its 74 Virgin Megastore and Virgin At Myer stores, in addition to Sanity's 215, and EzyDVD's 63 outlets around the country (not counting non-entertainment retail chains within Brazin such as, Bras 'N' Things) and was by far Australia's largest entertainment retailer with close to 43% of the music retail market. However, most HMV stores in Australia had very high overhead costs due to their large footprints and expensive locations, thus most were gradually closed upon the end of rental leases. The remaining stores were re-branded to Sanity over the next five years.[57][58] The horizontal merger was approved by the ACCC that same month leaving Brazin to merge marketing and general operations within the one entertainment division. Also in October, Brazin officially launched its Pulse loyalty card after a year of testing in the market. It worked by giving the customer one point for every dollar spent across the Sanity/Virgin/HMV/IN2 Music/EzyDVD/Bras 'N' Things/Dusk/Diva/Ghetto/Insane store network, receiving a $5 discount voucher or other offers once 100 points were reached.[59]

By December 2006, HMV had already shrunk to 22 outlets from its peak of 32 the year before.[60]

HMV's Australian flagship store in Pitt Street Mall was shut down on Friday 31 August 2007, when the Mid City Centre shopping centre it was located in was closed for renovation, and the large Bourke Street Mall store closed on Tuesday 19 February 2008 (that space is now a Sportsgirl). By mid-2010 the last HMV store was closed in Brisbane by Sanity Entertainment (formerly Brazin Limited), and the last re-branded HMV store trading as Sanity closed at Indooroopilly Shopping Centre in December 2012 (it is now a Bed Bath N' Table store).

Canada

An HMV store in Toronto

In 1988 HMV Group began operating in Canada. This coincided with the bankruptcy, a few years later, of the Canadian record store retail chain A&A Records. HMV has also been cited[citation needed] as a contributor to the decline and eventual bankruptcy of two other major Canadian chains, Sam the Record Man and Music World (HMV in Canada was created by EMI Music Canada's buyout of the faltering Mister Sound chain in the late 1980s.)

HMV stores in the Canada did not have rights to the His Master's Voice trademark; in those countries, that trademark is part of the RCA trademark portfolio owned by Technicolor SA and licensed to others. HMV Canada applied for use of the trademark, but its application was abandoned in 2010.[61] Though the initials "HMV" originally came from the His Master's Voice trademark, HMV was not prevented from using its initials in Canada.

HMV's Canadian operations overseen a handful of stores in the Eastern United States in their final years.

In contrast, HMV has a strong position in Canada's music market, with 113 stores as of 2012 down from 121 when it was sold by HMV Group. In the two decades to 2006 HMV was awarded "Canadian Music Retailer of the Year".[62] HMV Canada Incorporated's head office is located in west end Toronto (5401 Eglinton Ave West).

In 2003 HMV Canada removed from sale all music and video recordings made by artists who had made exclusive distribution deals with other retailers for particular limited-edition or early-release titles;[63] artists affected by this move included Alanis Morissette, The Rolling Stones and KISS.[64]

In 2005 HMV Canada took over a Virgin Megastore in Vancouver, allowing it to own, "Canada’s largest store dedicated to music and DVD".[65]

In June 2010 HMV Canada launched purehmv, a customer rewards program that offered store discounts and exclusive items across music, film, and gaming in exchange for points gained in-store.[66] Over 300,000 customers joined the scheme in its first four months.[67]

In June 2011 HMV sold its Canadian stores for £2 million to Hilco UK, a firm specialising in failing retail stores.[68]

On 3 November 2011 HMV announced that the iconic flagship store in Downtown Vancouver would close in January 2012, that a smaller location would open in a different area of Downtown Vancouver at some time in the future, and that the location in Richmond Centre would be closed.[69]

USA

HMV stores in the U.S. did not have rights to the His Master's Voice trademark; in those countries, that trademark is part of the RCA trademark portfolio owned by Technicolor SA and licensed to others. , HMV was not prevented from using its initials in the U.S.

HMV had a handful of stores in the Eastern United States, which in their final years were overseen by HMV's Canadian operations. In the 1990s they had a significant presence in Manhattan.

Poor real estate decisions made in the early 1990s rendered the United States stores uneconomical and HMV gradually extricated itself from leases, and the final store in the United States, having lost £500,000 in 2003 and £1 million in 2004, closed on 3 November 2004.[70]

Japan

In July 2007, HMV Japan, which operates 62 shops, was sold to DSM Investment Catorce. The stores and HMV Japan website continue to trade as HMV, but is no longer owned by HMV Group.[71]

Since JVC Kenwood Holdings (through its JVC and Victor Entertainment subsidiaries) controls the His Master's Voice trademark in Japan, HMV Japan used a stylised gramophone of its own design as its trademark. As with the former U.S. and Canadian operations, HMV Japan's use of the initials "HMV" has never been challenged.

On 28 October 2010 the Japanese convenience store giant Lawson acquired all shares of HMV Japan from Daiwa Securities SMBCPI for ¥ 1.8 billion. KK HMV Japan became a part of Lawson, and was renamed KK Lawson HMV Entertainment (株式会社 ローソンHMVエンタテイメント) on 1 December in the same year. Terms of the deal were published on official websites.[72]

India

The first overseas branch of EMI was established in India in 1901. It went on make the first audio recording in India, of singer Gauhar Jan in 1902, and witnessed Indian cinema going talkies in 1931 leading to a boom in film based songs. The Gramophone Company of India was incorporated in 1946, and existed until 1985, when it was taken over by the RPG Group. On 2 November 2000, the company changed its name to Sa Re Ga Ma India Ltd. Sa Re Ga Ma controls a large repertoire of Indian film and non-film music, spanning a century.[73]

Ireland

HMV Ireland Ltd. operated 16 stores as a subsidiary of the HMV Group within Ireland with over 300 staff. On 15 January 2013 HMV Ireland refused to accept HMV vouchers within its stores following HMV UK's administration, although HMV Ireland was a separate entity to the UK operation. The refusal of vouchers proved controversial for staff and customers,[74] leading to speculation that HMV Ireland would also enter administration.

On 16 January 2013, HMV Ireland declared receivership, under Irish law; companies in receivership must close its stores with immediate effect and all Irish stores are now closed until further notice.[10] Deloitte Ireland was appointed receiver[75] and are reportedly seeking a buyer for HMV's Irish stores. The National Consumer Agency in Ireland questioned the legal basis on which HMV in Ireland refused to honour gift vouchers and this criticism was later supported by accountancy agencies claiming that HMV Ireland Ltd. was not part of the HMV UK administration and refusal of vouchers was unlawful prior to receivership.[76] Since HMV Ireland's announcement of receivership staff located at HMV stores in Limerick[77] and Cork City[78] refused to leave the premises based on the uncertainty whether they will get paid for December and early January. Deloitte confirmed on 19 January that all staff would be paid what they were owed, and that it was attempting to sell the Irish stores.[79] It was confirmed on February 12, 2013 that all stores within Ireland are officially closed with immediate effect and HMV has left the Irish market place. It resulted in the loss of 300 jobs.[80]

Hong Kong and Singapore

HMV store in the Elements, Kowloon, Hong Kong, in 2007.

In 1994, the first HMV store was opened in shopping centre Windsor House on 311, Gloucester Road, Hong Kong. HMV began opening stores in shopping malls that were newly opened. HMV in Hong Kong appeals to the crowd that enjoy wide-ranging music choice, organised and free-sampling environment which many other records cannot match. The Tsim Sha Tsui flagship store, spanning 4 storeys at the corner of Peking Road and Hankow Road, was the largest record store in the territory until 2006, when it was re-located to another smaller location on Hankow Road.[81] During the 2000s, HMV Hong Kong formed a partnership with Commercial Radio Hong Kong, one of their channels was renamed to HMV864 and all HMV stores in Hong Kong tuned into that channel. The prices on their products especially those without promotion and discount are often higher than many independent record stores. HMV Hong Kong is the second place after the UK that launched in-store digital kiosks. It is also the first in Asia. HMV Hong Kong formerly used the same stylised gramophone as HMV Japan, although later use the same style of the logo used by HMV in the UK.

HMV was the second international music store established in Singapore, after Tower Records, which later closed down. It operates 2 stores in Singapore, at 313@Somerset (which replaces one formerly in The Heeren), after closing the other at the CityLink underground mall, with a second one at Marina Square. It is generally higher priced than other independent shops, and local chains such as Gramophone and That CD Shop offer lower prices. HMV is the only store that sells games, T-shirts, books and audio gear in addition to music and video.

Deloitte announced on 28 February 2013 that private equity firm Aid Partners had bought the businesses in Hong Kong and Singapore. In addition, the firm acquired the rights to the HMV brand in China, Macau and Taiwan.[2]

Product range

HMV stores stock a range of products including audio, books, Blu-ray discs, CDs, computer software and hardware, DVDs, video games, posters, as well as an increasing range of clothing and fashion items

See also

References

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  70. ^ "Operating Review" (PDF). Interim Report 2004. HMV Group. 17 January 2005. pp. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006. ...HMV USA, where the last store [of which] closed on 3 November 2004."; "...a £1.0m loss last year and £0.8m of losses made in HMV USA in the prior year... {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 151 (help)
  71. ^ "HMV snaps up Fopp name and stores". Japan sale. BBC News. 31 July 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2007. Separately, HMV said that the sale of the Japan business to DSM Investment Catorce, would allow it to focus on countries where it was a market leader. Opening in Tokyo's Shibuya district in 1990, HMV Japan now has 62 stores, with about 40 million visitors a year.
  72. ^ HMVジャパンの完全子会社に関する株式譲渡契約を締結 (in Japanese)
  73. ^ About us Sa Re Ga Ma.
  74. ^ Feargal Quinn:. "Grandad walks out of HMV with computer games after staff refuse to accept gift voucher - National News". Independent.ie. Retrieved 1 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  75. ^ [1][dead link]
  76. ^ Grand Prix. "HMV must honour vouchers – ACCA - World, Business". Independent.ie. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  77. ^ "HMV staff holding Limerick sit-in - RTÉ News". Rte.ie. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  78. ^ Email Us (18 January 2013). "HMV workers in Cork occupy store - The Irish Times - Fri, Jan 18, 2013". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 February 2013. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  79. ^ "Irish HMV staff end their sit in after being told they will be paid". BBC News Online. 19 January 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  80. ^ Irish Times Reporters (12 February 2013). "300 jobs lost as HMV closes". Irish Times. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  81. ^ "音樂專業程度大不如前; HMV申請破產　4350員工恐失業". Apple Daily (in Traditional Chinese). Hong Kong: Next Media. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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