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Randian hero

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The Randian hero is a ubiquitous figure in the fiction of 20th-century novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand, most famously in the figures of The Fountainhead's Howard Roark and Atlas Shrugged's John Galt. Rand's self-declared purpose in writing fiction was to project an "ideal man"—a man who perseveres to achieve his values, even when his ability and independence leads to conflict with others.[1][2]

Philosophical foundation

Main articles: Objectivist ethics and Romantic realism

As a conception of the ideal man, the Randian hero has much in common with Aristotle's conception of agathos, in that both are morally heroic and heroically rational.[1] The philosophers share a similar naturalist/objectivist meta-ethical perspective emphasizing character as the primary determinant of moral worth, and possess a fundamentally heroic attitude towards life.[1][3] The Randian hero exemplifies ethical egoism, the normative ethical position that the self-interest of the individual ought to be the basis for moral action.[1] The specific virtues of the Randian hero, like the Aristotelian ideal, are created from rationality, the primary virtue; rationality is the hero's basic tool of survival, to be exercised at all times.[4] The primary value, the "highest moral purpose", is happiness (cf. eudaimonia).[4] Rand frequently declared her motive and purpose in writing to be "the projection of an ideal man";[2] all of her protagonists are heroes.[5]

Characteristics

The archetype of the Randian hero is the creative individualist.[6] Though Rand rejected the notion that individuals have obligations towards one another, her heroes are marked by an essential generosity, for the reason that they act out of compassion and empathy rather than guilt.[6] Rand's fiction displays a self-consciously Promethean sense of life, declaring through her characters the heroic value of self-assertion in the face of the established order.[7][8]

Generally a Randian hero is characterized by radical individualism, moral resolution, intelligence/aptitude, self-control, emotional discipline, and (frequently, but not always) attractive physical characteristics in the eyes of other Randian heroes. Rand's heroes are tall, strong and upright; the females share slender figures, defiant stances and the impression of internal calmness, while the males are physically hard and supple, often with gray eyes.[9] Jerome Tuccille described U.S. President Gerald Ford as physically exemplifying the Randian hero—"tall, blond, clear-eyed, ruggedly handsome and well-built".[10]

Marxist philosopher Slavoj Žižek situates the Randian hero in Rand's fiction in the "standard masculine narrative" of the conflict between the exceptional, creative individual (the Master) and the undifferentiated conformist crowd.[11] He does not consider the Randian hero to be phallocratic, arguing that these "upright, uncompromising masculine figures with a will of steel" in effect emerge as the feminine subject liberated from the hysteria of entanglement in the desire of the Other to a "being of pure drive" indifferent towards it.[11]

Specific instantiations

Although the archetype of the Randian hero appears in Rand's earliest work (notably in Night of January 16th's Bjorn Faulkner and We The Living's Leo Kovalensky),[12][13] its best known examples appear in Rand's mature work, specifically in the novella Anthem (1938) and the novels The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957).

Equality 7-2521

Equality 7-2521, the protagonist of Rand's dystopian novella, Anthem, is a man with a quick and inquisitive mind who is forced by the leaders of his collectivist society to work as a street sweeper.[14] Witnessing a rebel being burned at the stake, Equality recognizes a common spirit.[15] In defiance against the edicts of his fellows, he manages to rediscover electricity, a technology that had been lost by the dystopian society of the story. He flees the collectivist society with his lover (who names him The Unconquered) and together they build a stronghold of individualism from which they and like-minded individuals can begin their struggle for freedom.[14]

Howard Roark

Ayn Rand created the Randian hero in earnest in the character of Howard Roark in The Fountainhead.[16] An architect, Roark conflicts with his profession's establishment on multiple occasions. The early stages of the novel begin with Roark being expelled from university because he refused to design in traditional styles. Throughout his career, he refuses to design according to any vision apart from his own. The architects' professional body scorns him for not paying "proper respect" to tradition, yet in the end, he triumphs.

Dagny Taggart

The protagonist of Atlas Shrugged is Dagny Taggart, described by Rand as "the feminine Roark".[17] Atlas Shrugged introduces several Randian heroes, both in the backstory and in the primary narrative. In the story, they personify the intellect—their withdrawal from the world under the leadership of John Galt parallels the world's gradual collapse.

In considering the character of Dagny Taggart as Randian hero, scholar Edward Younkins remarked that while she evoked passion and admiration, she was inspirational rather than motivational.[18] Younkins found the concept of the Randian hero appealing, but out of reach for someone without Taggart's clear context for action. Rand's novels depict a world where anyone can be excellent out of choice alone, which Younkins argued was in tension "with the knowledge that we do not transcend our context … and that context is almost always owned by the crowd".[18]

Notable admirers and emulators of Randian heroes

As Rand's fiction and non-academic philosophical works became popular especially in the 1980s, her fans would often claim that attributes of these heroes could be found in themselves, or should be. US GOP Representative Paul Ryan, for instance, credits his early interest in politics to Rand.[19] Critics of Rand and her works have sometimes observed that those who most exhort Rand's heroes' merits, demonstrate actual behavior closer to those of her villains (cronyism, influence peddling, fraud and so on). As one trait that Rand's heroes and villains often have in common is megalomania and extreme interpretation of an inventor's or executive's or owner's authority.[citation needed] However, one may still say that Black could have emulated Rand's heroes even in these actions.[citation needed] Paul Ryan, in explaining why he no longer defends Rand's ideology, explicitly describes Rand's ideology as (at least politically) useless for not appealing to "people who aren’t 18-year-old boys with delusional fantasies of superiority."[19]

The most prominent of Rand's personal disciples, the early self-esteem psychologist Nathaniel Branden, addressed "the accusation that we are against feelings, against emotions" and in part acknowledged the criticism that a celebration of ultra-rationalism was dangerous:

If, in page after page of The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, you show someone being heroic by ruthlessly setting feelings aside, and if you show someone being rotten and depraved by, in effect, diving headlong into his feelings and emotions, and if that is one of your dominant methods of characterization, repeated again and again, then it doesn't matter what you profess, in abstract philosophy, about the relationship of reason and emotion. You have taught people: repress, repress, repress.[20]

Alan Greenspan, who later recanted most of his economic positions in common with Rand (notably the gold standard which he championed in a 1966 essay[21] published in her book), as US Federal Reserve chair had extraordinary and controversial influence over US & global monetary policy, was of all her followers most influential, bringing further scrutiny on the ideals of executive authority and heroism she promoted.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d Wheeler 1986, pp. 95–96
  2. ^ a b Gladstein 1999, p. 8
  3. ^ Wheeler 1986, p. 84
  4. ^ a b Wheeler 1986, p. 88
  5. ^ Gladstein 1999, p. 48
  6. ^ a b Klinghoffer, Judith Apter (January 19, 2009). "Le Monde Diplomatique Discovers Ayn Rand". History News Network.
  7. ^ Gladstein 1999, p. 113
  8. ^ Cody 1973
  9. ^ Gladstein 1999, p. 26
  10. ^ Tuccille 2002, pp. 116–117
  11. ^ a b Žižek 1998, pp. 107–108
  12. ^ Gladstein 1999, p. 51
  13. ^ Sirota, Joseph (January 17, 2002). "Feeling Randian". OC Weekly. Village Voice Media. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  14. ^ a b Gladstein 1999, p. 49
  15. ^ Gladstein 1999, p. 27
  16. ^ Sciabarra 1995, p. 109
  17. ^ Paxton, Michael (Director) (1997). Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life (Documentary film).
  18. ^ a b Younkins 2007, p. 249
  19. ^ a b http://www.salon.com/2012/04/26/now_apparently_its_a_slam_to_say_paul_ryan_likes_ayn_rand/
  20. ^ http://mol.redbarn.org/objectivism/Writing/NathanielBranden/BenefitsAndHazards.html
  21. ^ http://www.constitution.org/mon/greenspan_gold.htm<
  22. ^ One commenter remarks that "the Randian hero is really Nietzsche's superman in the guise of the entrepreneur" (cf. Newman 1984, p. 26).

References

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