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Pelusios

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Pelusios
Pelusios castaneus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Testudines
Family:
Pelomedusidae
Genus:
Pelusios

Species

See text.

Synonyms[1][2]

Sternothaerus - Bell, 1825
Anota - Gray,1863
Notoa - Gray,1863
Tanoa - Gray,1863

Pelusios is a genus of African side-necked turtles. The Latin name Pelusios means "mud" or "clay" and this is reflected by the turtles habitually burying themselves to find refuge and food. Several species have been described, with probably numerous undescribed species. The taxonomy of the genus is very confused, as these species show many local variations. Certain species, in isolated areas or with reduced populations, need to be observed as they face a distinct extinction possibility given the significant number collected by native people. They are found throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, São Tomé, and the Seychelles islands. They have also been introduced on the islands of the Lesser Antilles.

Characteristics

The African mud turtles range from being small in size (only 12 cm for adult Pelusios nanus) to moderately large (46 cm for adult Pelusios sinuous), while the large majority of species fall between 20 and 30 cm.[3] The carapaces are oblong, moderately high-domed, and the plastrons are large and hinged which is what distinguishes them from the Pelomedusa.[3][4] The plastron contains a mesoplastron and also well-developed plastral buttresses that articulate with the costals on each side of the carapace.[3] The carapace has 11 pairs of sutured peripherals around its margin and a neck without costiform processes.[3] The jaw closure articulates on a pterygoid trochlear surface which lacks a synovial capsule but instead contains saclike duct full of fluid that is from the mouth cavity.[3] The head shape is wide and flat, with a seemingly “smiling” face created by the jaw closure.[4] The skull lacks the epipterygoid bone (bone above the pterygoid extending to parietal bone) and parietal-squamosal contact but possesses an internal carotid canal and strong postorbital-squamosal contact.[3]

Biology

The mud terrapins are either semiaquatic or fully aquatic and typically walk on the floor of slow-moving waters. They are most often observed in lakes, swamps or marshes but occasionally witnessed in ephemeral waterways.[3] They are predominantly carnivorous, eating a variety of arthropods, worms, or other small animals found by way of foraging the bottom of their aquatic habitats.[3] They do not undergo prolongued estivation or hibernation in the dried mud during dry season; instead, they need to find a wet or humid place to survive.[4] Pelusios generally produce small to modest clutches of 6 to 18 eggs, depending upon female size.[3][5] Egg deposition occurs in the more equitable season of the year, with known incubation periods ranging from 8–10 weeks.[3] The reported karyotype is 2N = 34 with 22 macrochromosomes and 12 microchromosomes.[6] The southern group of the Pelomedusa genus is shown to be paraphyletically similar to Pelusios through mitochondrial DNA analyses.[2][7] From fossil evidence, it is suggested that the genera diverged in, or before the lower Miocene era.[7]

Species

Species divided into two groups based on shell morphology. The adansonii group (also known as the gabonesis or adonsomnii-gabonesis) includes P. adansonii, P. broadleyi, P. gabonesis, P. marani, P. nanus. Adonsonii are characterized by short abdominal scutes relative to the elongate anterior plastral lobe as well as a short bridge between the carapace and the plastron.[2] All of the remaining species groups are characterized by relatively longer abdominal scutes and a longer bridge between the carapace and plastron and are referred to as the subniger group.[2][6] Species in the subniger group exhibit greater mobility of the plastral front lobe than those belonging to the adansonii group. Species include:[1]

Danger of Extinction

Based on field surveys, there has been a 50% observed decrease in the Seychelles terrapins, which includes various Pelusios species.[9] Seychelles is considered a hotspot for biodiversity as it is one of the most threatened reservoirs of plant life and animal life, as well as one of the richest environments.[10] The species are endangered due to threat of drainage, predation, and invasion by alien flora, combined with a shrunken living area.[9][10] Most habitat destruction is from human population expansion, specifically in the granitic islands due to increased development pressures.[10] There is hope for reversal of this trend as evidenced by the rapid population recovery of Pelusios subniger parietalis on Frégate Island after habitat improvement.[9] The global climate change has recently been recognized as one of the largest threats to biodiversity.[11] This climate change has the ability to change species survival by causing changes in ecosystem structures[10] yet the effect is heightened in endemic species.[11] Several reviews undertaken for the study of potential effects of global warming on biodiversity have provided evidence for Africa being the most vulnerable of all continents.[12] Climate change is likely to be devastating for many species confined to small islands such as Seychelles.[10] Endemic species such as Pelusios could suffer the worst impact of climate change because of their restricted range and narrow ecological requirements.

References

  1. ^ a b c Rhodin 2011, p. 000.215
  2. ^ a b c d e Fritz 2007, pp. 345–346
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Vitt, Laurie; Calwell, Janalee (2008). Herpetology. Wiltham, Massachusetts: Academic. ISBN 978-0-12-374346-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c Bonin, Franck (2006). Turtles of the World (Third ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8496-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Franklin, C (2007). Turtles: An extraordinary natural history 245 million years in the making. St. Paul, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2981-8.
  6. ^ a b Ernst, C; Barbour, R. (1989). Turtles of the World. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Press. ISBN 0-87474-414-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b Vargas-Ramirez, M. (2010). "Deep genealogical lineages in the widely distributed African helmeted terrapin: Evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56: 428–440. PMID 20332032. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Bruce G. Marcot, "Two Turtles from Western Democratic Republic of the Congo: Pelusios chapini and Kinixys erosa." Includes photos.
  9. ^ a b c Gerlach, J (2008). "Fragmentation and demography as causes of population decline in Seychelles freshwater turtles (genus Pelusios)". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 7: 78–87. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e Bombi, Pierluigi (2009). "Will climate change affect terrapin conservation in Seychelles". Phelsuma (17A): 1–12. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b Thomas, C.D. (2004). "Extinction risk from climate change". Nature (427): 145–148. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Hulme, M (1995). "Climate change and southern Africa: an exploration of some potential impacts and implications in the SADC region". {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Bibliography

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