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Katipunan

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For other uses, see Katipunan (disambiguation) and KKK (disambiguation).
Katipunan
Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan[1]
AbbreviationKKK
FormationJuly 7, 1892
TypeSecret militant society
Legal statusDefunct
PurposeSee Katipunan aims
Membership
Masonic
Official language
Tagalog, regional languages
President
Deodato Arellano (1892-1893)
Roman Basa (1893-1895)
Andrés Bonifacio (1895-1897)
Main organ
Kalayaan (dated January 1896, published March 1896)
Katipunan
PresidentAndrés Bonifacio (1892-1897)
FoundedJuly 7, 1892 (1892-07-07)
HeadquartersTondo, Manila; Kawit, Cavite
NewspaperKalayaan
IdeologyFilipino nationalism
Political positionSyncretic
International affiliationLa Liga Filipina
ColorsRed and White
SloganKataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

The Katipunan (KKK) was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night of July 7, when Filipino writer José Rizal was to be banished to Dapitan. Initially, the Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.

The word "katipunan," literally means 'association,' comes from the root word "tipon," a Tagalog word meaning "gather together" or "society."[2] Its official revolutionary name was Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan[1][3] (English: Supreme and Most Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation, Spanish: Suprema y Venerable Asociación de los Hijos del Pueblo). The Katipunan is also known by its acronym, KKK. The organization has no affiliation with the racist group known as the Ku Klux Klan who are also associated with the acronym "KKK".

Being a secret organization, its members were subjected to the utmost secrecy and were expected to abide with the rules established by the society.[2] Aspirant applicants were given standard initiation rites to become members of the society. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open to male Filipinos; later, women were accepted in the society. The Katipunan had its own publication, Kalayaan (Liberty) that had its first and last print on March 1896. Revolutionary ideals and works flourished within the society, and Philippine literature were expanded by some of its prominent members.

In planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the Katipunan in exchange for a promise of rescuing Rizal from his detainment. On May 1896, a delegation was sent to the Emperor of Japan to solicit funds and military arms. The Katipunan's existence was revealed to the Spanish authorities after a member named Teodoro Patiño confessed the Katipunan's illegal activities to his sister, and finally to the mother portress of Mandaluyong Orphanage. Seven days after the Spanish authorities learned of the existence of the secret society, on August 26, 1896, Bonifacio and his men tore their cédulas during the infamous Cry of Pugadlawin that started the Philippine Revolution.

Etymology

The name "Katipunan" comes from the full Tagalog name for the society: "Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang Katipunan nang mga Anak nang Bayan" (English: "Highest and Most Respectable Society of the Children of the people").[4]

History

Being a secret organization, its members were subjected to stringent discretion and were expected to abide with the rules established by the Society.[2] Aspirant applicants were given standard initiation rites to become members of the Association. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open to male Filipinos; later, women were admitted. The Katipunan had its own publication, Kalayaan ("Liberty") that had its only print in March 1896. Revolutionary ideals and works flourished within the society, and Philippine literature were expanded by some of its prominent members.

In planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the Katipunan in exchange for a promise of rescuing Rizal from his detainment. In May 1896, a delegation was sent to the Emperor Meiji to solicit funds and military arms. The Katipunan's existence was revealed to Spanish authorities after a member named Teodoro Patiño confessed the Katipunan's illegal activities to his sister, and finally to the other portress of Mandaluyong Orphanage. Seven days later, on 26 August 1896, Bonifacio and his men tore their cédulas in the famous Cry of Pugadlawin that started the Philippine Revolution.Bading si Charlie Tangyab Balalong

Formation

Influence of the Propaganda Movement

A late 19th century photograph of leaders of the Propaganda Movement: José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce. Photo was taken in Spain in 1890.
Further information: La Liga Filipina and Propaganda Movement

The Katipunan and the Cuerpo de Compromisarios were, effectively, successor organizations of La Liga Filipina, founded by José Rizal (Who himself was inspired by the martyrdom of his predecessors, the nationalist Priests: Gomez, Burgos and Zamora). This organization was part of the late 19th century Propaganda Movement in the Philippines. Katipunan founders Andrés Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, and Teodoro Plata were all members of La Liga and were influenced by the nationalistic ideals of the Propaganda Movement in Spain.[5]

Marcelo H. del Pilar, another leader of the Propaganda Movement in Spain, also influenced the formation of the Katipunan. Modern-day historians believe that he had a direct hand in its organization because of his role in the Propaganda Movement and his eminent position in Philippine Masonry; most of the Katipunan's founders were freemasons. The Katipunan had initiation ceremonies that were copied from masonic rites. It also had a hierarchy of rank that was similar to that of freemasonry. Rizal's Spanish biographer Wenceslao Retana and Filipino biographer Juan Raymundo Lumawag saw the formation of the Katipunan as Del Pilar's victory over Rizal: "La Liga dies, and the Katipunan rises in its place. Del Pilar's plan wins over that of Rizal. Del Pilar and Rizal had the same end, even if each took a different road to it."[citation needed]

Founding of the Katipunan

Captured Katipunan members (also known as Katipuneros), who were also members of La Liga, revealed to the Spanish colonial authorities that there was a difference of opinion among members of La Liga. One group insisted on La Liga's principle of a peaceful reformation while the other espoused armed revolution.[6]

An early flag of the Katipunan

On the night of July 7, 1892, when José Rizal was banished and exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao, Andrés Bonifacio, a member of the La Liga Filipina, founded the Katipunan in a house in Tondo, Manila.[7] Bonifacio did establish the Katipunan when it was becoming apparent to anti-Spanish Filipinos that societies like the La Liga Filipina would be suppressed by colonial authorities.[8] He was assisted by his two friends, Teodoro Plata (brother-in-law) and Ladislao Diwa, plus Valentín Díaz and Deodato Arellano.[9] The Katipunan was founded along Azcarraga St. (now Recto Avenue) near Elcano St. in Tondo, Manila.[10] Despite their reservations about the peaceable reformation that Rizal espoused, they named Rizal honorary president without his knowledge. The Katipunan, established as a secret brotherhood organization, went under the name Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan (Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation).[11]

The Katipunan had four aims, namely:

  • to develop a strong alliance with each and every Katipunero
  • to unite Filipinos into one solid nation;
  • to win Philippine independence by means of an armed conflict (or revolution);[12]
  • to establish a republic after independence.[13]

The rise of the Katipunan signaled the end of the crusade to secure reforms from Spain by means of a peaceful campaign. The Propaganda Movement led by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and others had failed its mission; hence, Bonifacio started the militant movement for independence.

Organization

Administration

The Katipunan was governed by the Supreme Council (Tagalog: Kataastaasang Sanggunian).[14] The first Supreme Council of the Katipunan was formed around August 1892, a month after the founding of the society. The Supreme Council was headed by an elected president (Pangulo), followed by the secretary/secretaries (Kalihim); the treasurer (Tagaingat-yaman) and the fiscal (Tagausig).[15] The Supreme Council also had its councilors (Kasanguni); the number varied through presidencies.[15] To distinguish from presidents of lower sanggunian or councils (below) the president of the Supreme Council was called the Supreme President (Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo; Spanish: Presidente Supremo).[16]

OFFICE NAME TERM
Supreme Leader Deodato Arellano 1892 - February 1893
Roman Basa February 1893 - January 1895
Andrés Bonifacio January 1895 - 1896
Comptroller/Intervenor Andrés Bonifacio 1892 - August 1893
Fiscal Ladislao Diwa 1892 - February 1893
Andrés Bonifacio February 1893 - 1895
Emilio Jacinto 1895
Pio Valenzuela December 1895
Secretary (of State) Teodoro Plata 1892 - February 1893
Jose Turiano Santiago February 1893 - December 1895
Emilio Jacinto December 1895 - 1896
Secretary of War Teodoro Plata 1896
Secretary of Justice Briccio Pantas 1896
Secretary of Interior Aguedo del Rosario 1896
Secretary of Finance Enrique Pacheco 1896
Treasurer Valentin Diaz 1892 - February 1893
Vicente Molina February 1893 - December 1895

At the outbreak of the 1896 revolution, the Council was further reorganized into a 'cabinet' which the Katipunan regarded as a genuine revolutionary government, de facto and de jure.[17]

In each province where there were Katipunan members, a provincial council called Sangguniang Bayan was established and in each town was an organized popular council called Sangguniang Balangay. Each Bayan and Balangay had its own set of elected officials: Pangulo (president); Kalihim (secretary); Tagausig (fiscal); Tagaingat-yaman (treasurer); Pangalawang Pangulo (vice president); Pangalawang Kalihim (vice secretary); mga kasanguni (councilors); Mabalasig (terrible brother); Taliba (guard); Maniningil (collector/auditor); Tagapamahala ng Basahan ng Bayan(custodian of the People's Library); Tagapangasiwa (administrator); Manunulat (clerk); Tagatulong sa Pagsulat (assistant clerk); Tagalaan (warden); and Tagalibot (patroller).[15] Each Balangay were given a chance to expand their own spheres of influence, through triangle system in order to elevate their status to Sangguniang Bayan.[15] Every Balangay that did not gain Sanggunian Bayan status were dissolved and annexed by greater provincial or popular councils.[15]

The towns/cities which supported the Katipunan cause were given symbolic names, such as Magdiwang (To celebrate) for Noveleta; Magdalo (To come) for Kawit; Magwagi (To win) for [[Na

  1. ^ a b Cruz & November 16, 1922 Chapter 2, Question 12.
    Tagalog: "Kailan at saan itinayo ang "Samahang Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan?"

    English: "When and where was the Supreme and Most Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation established?""
  2. ^ a b c Woods 2006, p. 43
  3. ^ May be transliterated to modern Tagalog orthography as Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.
  4. ^ Keat Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. p. 718. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
  5. ^ St. Clair 1902, pp. 37–39
  6. ^ The Founding of the Katipunan
  7. ^ Diwa & December 24, 1926, p. 3
  8. ^ Guererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996). "Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". Sulyap Kultura. 1 (2). National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  9. ^ Epifanio 1918, p. 38
  10. ^ Epifanio 1918, p. 41
  11. ^ Gregorio Zaide translated as Highest and Most Respected Association of the Sons of the Country.
  12. ^ Fernandez 1926, p. 15
  13. ^ Isabelo de los Reyes 1899, p. 27
  14. ^ Kalaw 1925, p. 87
  15. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference Richardson: 2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ http://filipino.biz.ph/history/council.html
  17. ^ Ricarte 1926, p. 27
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