Kidnapping and murder of Moisés Sánchez Cerezo
On January 2, 2015, Mexican social activist and journalist Moisés Sánchez Cerezo was kidnapped by unidentified armed men in Medellín de Bravo, Veracruz, Mexico. According to eyewitness reports, armed men dressed in civilian clothing broke into his house and forced him into a vehicle. The kidnappers also took Sánchez's computer, camera, and cellphones. He has been missing ever since. Sánchez was the founder and director of the weekly newspaper La Unión, ("The Union"), where he covered a varierty of topics, including political corruption, government mismanagement, and crime. He was also active on social media as a reporter, and in his community as a taxi driver and neighborhood organizer. His family believes that the mayor of Medellín de Bravo, Omar Cruz Reyes, was responsible for masterminding the kidnapping because Sánchez was a harsh critic of his administration. Sánchez was the first journalist kidnapped in Mexico in 2015.
Kidnapping
At around 7:30 p.m. (CST) on January 2, 2015,[1] three vehicles arrived at the home of José Moisés Sánchez Cerezo, located in the Gutiérrez Rosas neighborhood of Medellín de Bravo, Veracruz, Mexico.[2][3] According to his neighbors, at least nine armed men wearing ski-masks descended from the vehicles and stormed the house asking for him. Sánchez was sleeping in his bedroom upstairs, while his wife was watching television with her grandchildren. They broke several doors inside the house and trashed some rooms before taking Sánchez's computer, camera, and cellphones. The gunmen then forced him into one of the vehicles. While this was happening, he asked his abductors to not hurt his family.[4][5] Sánchez's whereabouts remain unknown.[6] His son Jorge Sánchez Ordónez claimed that the neighbors contacted the local police soon after the abduction took place, but that their calls were not answered. They then called the federal military agency, the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA), which deployed agents throughout Medellín de Bravo.[7][8] Sánchez's family claims that law enforcement authorities took several hours to arrive at the crime scene.[9] Before midnight, Sánchez's family members went to offices of the Attorney General of Veracruz to formally issue a complaint for his disappearance.[10] State authorities then carried out an investigative operation overnight in an attempt to locate him.[11]
Background
Sánchez began his career in journalism in the late 1980s and early 1900s. He was a house newspaper distributor for Notiver, one of the most-read newspapers in Veracruz.[12][13] Sánchez became interested in journalism by socializing with reporters early in the morning before his daily distribution. Sánchez did not have a college degree nor any background in journalism. Years later he began participating in several civil society projects in Medellín de Bravo and founded the neighborhood Gutiérrez Rosas, where he lived. In 2005, Sánchez founded La Unión ("The Union"), a weekly newspaper based in Medellín de Bravo. Originally, the outlet had a print version that catered to readers in the municipality of Medellín de Bravo, including those in the regions of Puente Moreno, Paso del Toro, El Tejar, and Medellín, the county seat. He and other citizens interested in informing their community distributed the newspaper themselves. However, lack of funds forced Sánchez to switch from his free print edition to an online-only edition.[13][14]
Under his management, La Unión covered a variety of topics, though it was characterized for its critical and direct reporting style.[13][14] Sánchez was known for publishing articles about organized crime violence stemming from drug trafficking, local political corruption, traffic accidents, community concerns, and government mismanagement. He was also active on his personal Facebook page, where he made posted about public works left incomplete by the local government, like street potholes and water leaks.[15][16] Sánchez also worked as a photographer and reporter for media outlets in the Veracruz–Boca del Río metropolitan area. He did not receive money for his work as a media worker, however. Sánchez provided for his family by being a taxi driver and owning a small grocery store.[15] According to his son, Sánchez was kidnapped for his journalism, given that he reported on violence in Medellín de Bravo and had received death threats.[17] He believes this because the kidnappers did not take any money or valuable belongings from the house, and went specifically for Sánchez and his belongings related to his profession as a reporter.[13] Weeks prior to his kidnapping, Sánchez had written about the public security problems in Medellín de Bravo.
On December 13, 2014, he published a report on social media that a vegetable merchant from El Tejar had been assaulted and killed. This incident happened in his neighborhood.[18][19] That night, the neighbors organized and armed themselves with sticks, machetes, and other sharp objects. They carried out night patrols to prevent any repeat of that incident, and planned to protest against the local government for the lack of public safety.[20] Sánchez also reported on a shootout that left a father and son injured. Sánchez and his neighbors criticized National Action Party (PAN) politician Omar Cruz Reyes, the mayor of Medellín de Bravo, along with the local police, for their alleged apathy. Sánchez also commented on Cruz Reyes's supposed special unit of the Mexican Navy that protected him.[19][21] Sánchez got together with his neighbors on December 17 and formed the self-defense group Comité de Autodefensas de la Colonia Gutiérrez Rosas as a reaction to the security problems in the municipality.[19][22] Sánchez was a neighborhood committee leader responsible for organizing people.[15] On December 27, a day after Cruz Reyes's annual press conference, Sánchez reported on his Facebook page of the discovery of two human corpses in Medellín de Bravo.[19][23]
Mexico is one of the most dangerous countries in the world for journalists.[24] More than 100 media workers have been kidnapped and/or killed since 2000,[25] and most of the crimes against the press remain unsolved and with few perpetrators arrested.[24] The state of Veracruz, in addition, is the most dangerous state in Mexico for journalists.[26] At least fifteen journalists have been killed and four more remain disappeared since 2000 (at least ten of them were killed between 2010 and 2014).[12][27] Many of the journalists killed in Veracruz wrote about organized crime and corruption.[28] The most recent incident in Veracruz prior to Sánchez's abduction was the kidnapping and murder of Gregorio Jiménez de la Cruz in February 2014.[12] Sánchez was the first journalist kidnapped in Mexico in 2015.[29] On January 4, 2015, two days after his abduction, former Televisa reporter Jazmín Martínez Sánchez was killed in the State of Nayarit.[30] A day later, another media worker was killed. Jesús Tapia Rodríguez, anchorman of Parras TV, was stabbed to death inside his home in Coahuila.[31]
Reactions and protests
The press freedom organization Article 19 condemned the attack and asked for the office of the federal Attorney General (PGR) to take over the case. They also asked the Mexican government to provide protection for Sánchez's family and to guarantee the journalist's own life and safety.[19] The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) also condemned the attack and asked for authorities to increase their efforts to locate Sánchez and arrest the kidnappers. CPJ researchers said in its report that Veracruz state authorities have, in past incidents, tried to dismiss the connection between journalists' profession and their murders. "Veracruz authorities have a history of denigrating the activities of local journalists and a miserable record of impunity in cases of crimes against journalists," said Carlos Lauría, CPJ's representative for Latin America.[24] The Inter American Press Association also expressed its concern over Sánchez's disappearance. It stated that it was concerned that attacks against the press in Mexico would continue in 2015.[32] PEN International published a report asking for Mexican authorities to investigate Sánchez's kidnapping case along with Mario Alberto Crespo Ayón's, a TV reporter and former print journalist who was reported missing in Sinaloa in December 2014.[33]
Protests were also carried out a few days after the abduction, in both the state of Veracruz and as well as nationwide, by journalists and others who demanded to know Sánchez's whereabouts. In Chilpancingo, Guerrero, journalists and photographers protested on Mexican Federal Highway 95 (also known as the "Autopista del Sol"). They started at 11 a.m. on January 4, 2015 and stayed there for about an hour. Some of the protestors held placards, while others handed out several fliers to drivers returning from Acapulco with information about Sánchez's kidnapping and about the risks of being a journalist in Mexico. After handing out all their fliers, the protestors left the highway.[34] Protests were also carried out in three Guerrero cities, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, and Zihuatanejo.[35] In Acapulco, reporters, media correspondents, and photographers from several media outlets met at La Diana roundabout. The protestors demanded Sánchez's safe return and criticized the government of Veracruz for failing to protect journalists. They also sent a message to Guerrero authorities for its own shortcomings in responding to local attacks on the press. In Tecoanapa, reporters from Chilpancingo, Acapulco, Tlapa, and the Costa Chica region gathered in protest as well.[36]
On January 5, outside Medellín de Bravo City Hall a group of journalists gathered to demand authorities for Sánchez's safe return. In a sign of protest, the attendees placed their cameras and placards on floor of city hall. One of Sánchez's brothers challenged Cruz Reyes to walk out of city hall and speak to the protestors. Journalists also asked for the removal of the mayor's political immunity in order to facilitate the investigations pending against him.[37] In Xalapa, the state capital, protestors met outside the government building of Javier Duarte de Ochoa, the Governor of Veracruz, demanding Sánchez's return. "Duarte, bring him back before [President Enrique Peña Nieto] arrives", read one of the posters held by a journalist, in reference to the President's scheduled trip to Veracruz that week. The protestors also criticized Duarte for the violence and impunity that prevails among Veracruz's media.[38] After a protestor read a communiqué directed at President Peña Nieto, Secretary of Interior Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong, and Attorney General Jesús Murillo Karam, among others, the protest made its way to the historic downtown area. There they protested for the safe return of three other Veracruz journalists that remain disappeared: Evaristo Ortega Zárate (2010), Manuel Gabriel Fonseca Hernández (2011), and Sergio Landa Rosales (2012). On their placards, the journalists paid homage to murdered Veracruz journalists: Regina Martínez Pérez (2011), Víctor Manuel Báez Chino (2012), and Gregorio Jiménez de la Cruz (2014).[39] That same day, similar protests were carried out in other cities in the State of Veracruz: Veracruz, Boca del Río, Acayucan, and Coatzacoalcos. In Coatzacoalcos, where journalist Jiménez de la Cruz was killed in 2014, more than 20 journalists protested at city hall demanding Sánchez's safe return. In Acayucan, several journalists marched in the downtown area with the same demands. They read a document signed by over 100 journalists from Veracruz in which they asked for the intervention by the federal government and international organizations in locating Sánchez.[39][40]
On January 6, journalists in Puebla, Puebla protested and asked authorities to return Sánchez alive.[41] In Puebla's main square, the journalists gathered with placards criticizing Veracruz authorities for their alleged negligence and apathy. They read a manifesto asking for the PGR to intervene and transfer the case to the Special Prosecutor for Crimes against Freedom of Expression (Fiscal Especializada de Atención a Delitos contra la Libertad de Expresión [Feadle]), an organ within the PGR that specializes in attacks against the press. With placards, they spoke out against the murders of Veracruz journalists, which have increased since 2000.[42] The next day, other protestors gathered outside a Veracruz state government office in Mexico City. They asked authorities to seek justice for Sánchez and other victims of violence in Mexico.[43] Sánchez's family also protested outside the World Trade Center in Boca del Río, Veracruz prior to a ceremony conducted by President Peña Nieto.[44] Sánchez's brother Juan Carlos Sánchez Cerezo protested and asked for President Peña Nieto to bring the case under federal jurisdiction, because he alleges state officials were not searching for his brother.[45] On January 8, reporters from several media outlets protested outside Teatro Degollado in Guadalajara, Jalisco. They carried placards asking for Sánchez's return, and had a list of the more than one hundred journalists disappeared and/or killed in Mexico.[46]
Investigation and aftermath
On January 3, 2015, Governor Duarte told reporters at a press conference that all lines of investigation were being considered in the case. However, reporters stated that Duarte had simply referred to Sánchez as a "taxi driver and neighborhood activist" instead of mentioning his profession as a media worker.[47] "Our priority is to be able to locate him to return him to his family," Duarte said.[48] When questioned about the mayor's involvement, Duarte said that it was being considered. Investigators alleged that Sánchez's reports at La Unión and in his Facebook page reportedly angered Cruz Reyes. This line of investigation holds that three days before his kidnapping, Sánchez learned through a trusted source that the mayor had plans to silence him to "teach him a lesson".[19][49] The family suspects that Cruz Reyes masterminded the kidnapping because he was angry at Sánchez for his critical remarks against the local government.[50] In an interview that day, the mayor, however, denied his involvement in Sánchez's kidnapping, said he was worried and saddened about the incident, and agreed to cooperate in the investigation.[51] He said that he had not met with Sánchez's family members in order to not obstruct the investigation. Cruz Reyes said that his collaborators have been working closely with the family, however. The Mayor also said that he had a clear conscience and that Sánchez was a close friend of his. "[Sánchez] was with our team during our political campaign ... we were very close to him," Cruz Reyes stated.[52]
Veracruz Attorney General Luis Ángel Bravo Contreras, who is working personally on the case, met with Sánchez's family at their home on January 4 and assured them that authorities were searching for him.[53][54] Though he said that the agency working on the case could not provide more details of the investigation, Bravo promised to get back to them as the investigation advanced.[53] He clarified that the case was not given any special priority because Sánchez was a reporter. "The important thing about this case is that he is a human and a native of Veracruz who has disappeared," Bravo said.[55] Bravo told the family that the investigation was going well and that authorities were working on several leads. However, he highlighted the importance of keeping the details and evidences of the investigation secret in order to not jeopardize Sánchez's safety and to be able to bring him back safely to his family.[56]
On January 5, Veracruz state authorities detained the municipal police force of Medellín de Bravo. In a communiqué, they informed that the 48 hour legal detention of the police officers was done to investigate the possible involvement of the agents in Sánchez's forced disappearance.[57][58] The entire police force, composed of thirty-six members, were called in for questioning.[59] On January 7, a state judge ordered an extension of the legal detention of 13 policemen to thirty days. Bravo confirmed that the extension was made in order to continue investigating them. The policemen were kept together because authorities believe that they were responsible by omission or for actively participating in Sánchez's kidnapping. "There is evidence that the policemen did not do what they were supposed to do. Had they done their task, they could have prevented [Sánchez] from being seized from his home", Bravo said.[60] In addition, he added at a press conference that DNA, dental, and anthropometric investigations were made on the cadavers found in the central region of Veracruz to see if they matched Sánchez's profile.[61] Bravo said that one of the corpses, located on January 5 in the municipality of Soledad de Doblado, was possibly Sánchez's, but that it was physically unrecognizable because it bore signs of torture.[62] When it was discovered, the body had been decomposing for 36 to 48 hours. Bravo said authorities would not discard or confirm Sánchez's status until the investigations issued results.[60]
See also
References
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- ^ Castillo, Kara (7 January 2015). "Periodistas exigen aparezca con vida reportero Moisés Sánchez de Veracruz" (in Spanish). Ángulo 7. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ Rodríguez Nieto, Sandra (7 January 2015). "Activistas protestan en la Ciudad de México contra la desaparición del periodista veracruzano" (in Spanish). Sin Embargo. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ Zamudio, Isabel (8 January 2015). "Familiares de reportero protestan en Veracruz" (in Spanish). Milenio. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ Dávila, Martín (8 January 2015). "Piden a EPN la aparición con vida de Moisés Sánchez" (in Spanish). El Demócrata. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ Serrano Íñiguez, Sonia (8 January 2015). "Reporteros de Jalisco piden aparición con vida de Moisés Sánchez" (in Spanish). Milenio. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
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- ^ "Medellín coadyuva en localización de activista Moisés Sánchez: Alcalde" (in Spanish). XEU Noticias. 3 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ^ a b Zamudio, Isabel (4 January 2015). "Se reúne procurador con familia de periodista secuestrado" (in Spanish). Milenio. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ^ "Journalist reported missing in Mexico". Fox News. EFE. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ^ Flores, Danytza (5 January 2015). "Investigan a policías del municipio de Medellín por desaparición de Moisés Sánchez" (in Spanish). Diario de Xalapa. Organización Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ^ "PGJE agota líneas de investigación en caso Moisés Sánchez: Bravo" (in Spanish). Imagen del Golfo. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ^ Gómez, Eirinet (5 January 2015). "Retienen a dos policías en Veracruz por desaparición de periodista" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ^ Zamundio, Isabel (5 January 2015). "Retienen a policías por desaparición de periodista en Veracruz" (in Spanish). Milenio. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ^ "Mexican town's entire police force detained over journalist disappearance". The Guardian. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
- ^ a b Gómez, Eirinet (7 January 2015). "Continua Procuraduría de Veracruz investigación sobre periodista desaparecido" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "Arraigan a 13 policías por desaparición de Moisés Sánchez" (in Spanish). El Informador (Mexico). 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ Ávila, Rodolfo (8 January 2015). "Moisés Sánchez confrontaba al alcalde de Medellín: Procurador" (in Spanish). Diario de Xalapa. Organización Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved 8 January 2015.