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Ushahidi, Inc. is a non-profit technology company with staff in nine countries that creates software products such as the Ushahidi platform and helped to build the Kenyan technology hub known as Silicon Savannah. It’s mission is to build and use technology to help marginalized people raise their voice, and those who serve them to listen and respond better.[1] It has also been instrumental in creating what now known as the Silicon Savannah, having itself, or it's employees, gone on to found the iHub, Akirachix, and BRCK[2][3]. During the 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Summit President Obama referred to Kenyan tech entrepreneurship and Ushahidi, saying, "From Zimbabwe to Bangladesh, citizens work to keep elections safe, using the crowdsourcing platform Ushahidi -- and that’s a great idea that started right here in Kenya." [4]

The Ushahidi platform has been deployed over 125,000 times in over 160 countries, used by The Obama Campaign for America 2012[5], The United Nations Department of Field Services and Peacekeeping[6], in response to the Haiti Earthquake in 2010, to monitor the Nigerian elections in 2011[7], by the Nepalese army to respond to the earthquake of 2015,[8] in and by local activists groups such as Humanitarian Tracker to monitor violence in the Syrian civil war and Harassmap to help women report on sexual harassment.[9]

The organisation uses the concept of crowdsourcing for social activism and public accountability, serving as an initial model for what has been coined as "activist mapping"—the combination of social activism, citizen journalism and geospatial information[10]. Ushahidi offers products that enable local observers to submit reports using their mobile phones or the internet, while simultaneously creating a temporal and geospatial archive of events, often referred to as incident reporting and situational awareness.[11] The Ushahidi platform is often used for crisis response, human rights reporting, and election monitoring.[12] Ushahidi (Swahili for "testimony", closely related to shahidi which means "witness") offers products that enable local observers to submit reports using their mobile phones or the internet, while simultaneously creating a temporal and geospatial archive of events. Ushahidi (Swahili for "testimony", closely related to shahidi which means "witness") created a website[13] in the aftermath of Kenya's disputed 2007 presidential election that collected eyewitness reports of violence reported by email and text message and placed them on a Google Maps map.[14]

In 2017, the nine-year old company applied its policy of zero tolerance of human rights violations to it's first internal case of sexual harassment. Following due process that offered legal council to both parties through mediation, it resulted in the dismissal of its Executive Director of the time, Daudi Were.[15] Based on public records, Ushahidi appears to be the only company in Silicon Savannah, and the most prominent in Kenya, to have removed the offender and made his name public. [16]

Ushahidi, Inc.
Founded2008
FounderErik Hersman, Ory Okolloh, Juliana Rotich, David Kobia
Type501(c)(3)
2652079
Focusactivism, mapping
Location
OriginsCrowdsourcing
Area served
World
Methodmapping and geospatial
OwnerUshahidi, Inc.
Key people
Erik Hersman, Juliana Rotich, David Kobia,
Revenue
US$2,500,000-$4,000,000
EndowmentUS$1,800,000[17]
Employees
29
Volunteers
50
Websiteushahidi.com

Products

External videos
video icon MacArthur Award for Creative & Effective Institutions, Ushahidi, MacArthur Foundation, February 2013
video icon Juliana Rotich: Meet BRCK, Internet access built for Africa, TED Talks, June 2013

Ushahidi v3

Ushahidi v3 was released in September 2015. As an improvement to the v2 platform it is built as an API with a web client. There is a hosted version available at Ushahidi.com/plans. It allows for custom survey creation, and the running of multiple surveys on a single deployment, amongst other feature improvements from v2 such as embeddable maps and surveys, analytics, private deployments, and management of roles and permissions[18]. It is built on the Laravel PHP web framework. It is open source under the AGPL license.[19]

Ushahidi v2

Ushahidi v2 is built on the Kohana web framework, a fork of the CodeIgniter framework. It includes support for Nexmo wholesale SMS API and Clickatell SMS Gateway. Furthermore, the official Ushahidi-hosted websites use the commercial service.[20] Ushahidi provides the option of using OpenStreetMap maps in its user interface, but requires the Google Maps API for geocoding. Ushahidi is often set up using a local SMS gateway created by a local FrontlineSMS set-up.

Releases and codenames

  • 1.0 Mogadishu – 10 December 2009
  • 1.2 Haiti – ~22 January 2010
  • 2.0 Luanda – 22 November 2010
  • 2.1 Tunis – 9 August 2011
  • 2.2 Juba – 13 March 2012
  • 2.3 Juba – 24 April 2012

Crowdmap

See also: Crowdmapping

Crowdmap is designed and built by the team behind Ushahidi, a platform that was originally built to crowdsource crisis information. As the platform evolved, so did its users.[21] Crowdmap now allows users to set up their own deployments of Ushahidi without having to install it on a web server. Since its release in 2010, prominent deployments of Crowdmap have documented the global Occupy movement and the 2011 London anti-cuts protest.[22][23] The original Crowdmap was a hosted version of the Ushahidi v2 open source software platform.

On 31 December 2010, the Ushahidi team announced a new version of Crowdmap, that differed from the Ushahidi v2 codebase: Checkins, a geosocial add-on to Crowdmap that allows users to create a white-label alternative to sites like Foursquare and Gowalla.[24][25] Rather than filling out submission forms online, checkins allow Crowdmap users to expedite data entry to their deployment, focussing first on location and adding more detailed information later.[26] Ushahidi describes the effort as "checkins with a purpose".[27]

SwiftRiver (discontinued)

SwiftRiver was designed as a suite of intelligence and real-time data gathering products that complement Ushahidi's mapping and visualization products. Often referred to as the SwiftRiver Initiative the goal of the project was "to democratize access to the tools for making sense of information". The project attracted a lot of interest from newsrooms.[28]

In December 2014, Ushahidi announced that it would stop development and support and reallocate the resources.[29]

SwiftRiver was a free and open-source platform that helped people make sense of a lot of information in a short amount of time. It was born out of the need to understand and act upon a wave of massive amounts of crisis data that tends to overwhelm in the first 24 hours of a disaster. There had been a great deal of interest in Swift for other industries such as newsrooms, political analysts and marketers as an open-source alternative to more expensive, proprietary intelligence software platforms. The SwiftRiver platform offered applications which combine natural language/artificial intelligence process, data-mining for SMS and Twitter, and verification algorithms for different sources of information.[citation needed]

Rollcall

Ushahidi built RollCall after a team member was involved in the terrorist attack at Westgate Malle in Nairobi in 2013. Rollcall is a quick way to check in with the people someone is responsible for during critical situations. Rollcall sends a one-click message with a binary question such as "Are you okay?" to a pre-prepared contact list, such as list of colleagues, parents at a school, or an embassy's list of citizens in a country at that time, via text, email, mobile app, and Slack. The recipients respond with a "yes" or "no" allowing the organization responsible for them to quickly triage who is in danger.[30]

Sexual Harassment Case

The case became public when leaked to the public in a Kenyan Whattsapp channel and blog and commented on by former Ushahidi co-founder Ory Okolloh on Medium[31].[32] These rumors became public during the seven-day timeframe set by the legal councils of the accuser, accused, and Ushahidi's legal council who was mediating the inquiry, for the Ushahidi board and its legal counsel to review the 6-hour inquiry and all the evidence and validate the findings against United States and Kenyan statutes.[33] Okolloh’s post accused the company of laxity in handling the investigation and called for the resignation of her former board colleagues and Ushahidi co-founders, Eric Hersman, Juliana Rotich and David Kobia. Her post refers to months passing before the board took action and states that the board acted only following public pressure.[34]

The case was resolved in 11 weeks (79 days) starting from receipt of a letter from the accuser’s lawyers on 4 May, 2017. Evidence of the incident, which took place in January 2017, was provided to the board on 12 June, five weeks after the complaint was lodged. [35][36] The inquiry was held on July 5th, 2017.

Seven working days later, as agreed upon by all parties, the legal council mediating the inquiry provided the board, the accuser, and the accused a report of the outcome, stating that there was evidence of gross misconduct. The board immediately informed both parties that the accused was to be let go, and the accused was given the statutory time to then show cause for the retraction of the finding against him, as required by the Kenyan Employment Act.[37][38] The Ushahidi board published a chronoloy of the events of the case on July 17th.[39] Were was formally dismissed by the board after the required three day period on 21 July, 2017.[40][41][42][43] The accuser published her account of the events, which also called for the resignation of the Ushahidi board, the day before the date on which Were was required to show cause against his termination.[44]

In an official statement issued on 22 July 2017, the board says that the dismissal of the accused followed exhaustive consideration of all testimonies and evidence. [45] “As a company that was founded to enable people to be heard, Ushahidi has zero tolerance for injustice of any kind. In arriving at its decision, therefore, the board took all necessary steps to ensure fairness and respect for the human rights of the parties involved. Due process was followed in accordance with Kenyan employment laws and, as the company is domiciled in the United States, American law related to sexual harassment was also applied. In addition, the guidance of objective and independent legal counsel was sought to prevent the possibility of internal partisan decisions.”[46]

Ushahidi has published its observations regarding the process of handling sexual harassment in the workplace “in the interests of helping anyone else, whether as an individual or an enterprise, involved in such cases to understand that the pursuit of justice comes at an emotional price. However, if justice is your objective, you have no choice but to hold your course, no matter what kinds of pressure might be brought to bear on you.”[47]

The board appointed Nat Manning, Ushahidi COO, to interim Executive Director. Manning has been with Ushahidi since late 2011 and previous worked at The White House as a Presidential Innovation Fellow and then was the first Chief Data Officer at USAID[48].[49] Manning told CNN that "The company rejects calls for the board to resign and stands by its investigation. The Ushahidi board, which is made up of two women and two men, took very seriously its responsibility to guarantee that justice was served. Every personal and professional effort was made to ensure that the parties were treated fairly and that the trauma of the process was minimized. The unequivocal dismissal of Mr. Were indicates that the board has done its job in good faith."

The Ushahidi team and it's platform have helped women and gender advocacy organizations around the world help women safely report on sexual harassment, including at Harassmap.org in Egypt, Safecity and I am Nirbhaya (I am fearless) in India, and Take Back the Tech for violence against women online. A report by Harassmap and Research supported by International Development Research Center (IDRC) found that, "The Ushahidi map is an effective tool for data collection for sensitive issues, encouraging more participation and sometimes more truthful reports than other typical data collection means."[50]

History

Beginnings in Kenya

Ushahidi (Swahili for "testimony" or "witness") is a website created in the aftermath of Kenya's disputed 2007 presidential election (see 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis) that collected eyewitness reports of violence sent in by email and text-message and placed them on a Google map.[14] It is also the name of the open source software developed for that site, which has since been improved, released freely, and used for a number of similar projects around the globe.

The Kenyan site was developed and run by several bloggers and software developers, all current or former residents of Kenya. They include Erik Hersman, Juliana Rotich, Ory Okolloh, and David Kobia.[51] The site was initially proposed by Okolloh, developed cheaply, and put online within a few days.[51][52] International media, government sources, NGOs, and Kenyan journalists and bloggers were used to verify eyewitness testimony.[51][53][54] The site was later also used to facilitate donations from abroad.[54]

An analysis by Harvard's Kennedy School of Government found that Ushahidi was better overall at reporting acts of violence as they began. The data collected by Ushahidi was superior to that reported by the mainstream media in Kenya at the time. The service was also better at reporting non-fatal violence as well as information coming in from rural areas.[55]

On 23 December 2010, Ushahidi Co-founder and Executive Director Ory Okolloh announced that she was stepping down from her role to become Manager of Policy for Africa at Google.[56][57]

Post-Kenya crisis uses

Soon after its initial use in Kenya, the Ushahidi software was used to create a similar site to track anti-immigrant violence in South Africa, in May 2008.[54][58] The software has since been used to map violence in eastern Congo, beginning in November 2008.[14][59] Ushahidi is used in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, and Zambia in June 2009 to track pharmacy stockouts in several Southeast African countries.[60] Finally, it was used to monitor elections in Mexico and India, among other projects.[61] It was also used by Al Jazeera to collect eyewitness reports during the 2008–09 Gaza War.[61][62][63]

The post election violence in Kenya was the subject of a Harvard Humanitarian Institute study and mentioned in a Berkman Center report.[64][65][66]

2010

Haiti

In 2010, due to the earthquake in Haiti, Patrick Meier launched a joint effort between Ushahidi, The Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy at Tufts University, UN OCHA/Colombia and the International Network of Crisis Mappers (CM*Net) to start the Haiti implementation. A few hours later many humanitarian/tech workers joined this initiative.[67][68] Nearly 40,000 independent reports were sent to the Ushahidi Haiti Project of which nearly 4,000 distinct events were plotted.[69]

Chile

Only a month after the Haiti earthquake, the 2010 earthquake in Chile prompted Patrick Meier to launch Ushahidi-Chile within hours of the initial quake.[70][71] The Chile site is co-managed with the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University in the United States, supported by Chilean Americans.

Louisiana, U.S.

On 20 April 2010 BP’s offshore Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded killing eleven workers and precipitating the largest accidental offshore oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry.[72] On 3 May the Louisiana Bucket Brigade (LABB) publicly released the Oil Spill Crisis Map, the first application of the Ushahidi platform in a humanitarian response in the United States.[citation needed]

In the years since the BP oil spill, LABB continues to use the map (now the iWitness Pollution Map) as a repository of eyewitness reports and photos documenting the impacts of petrochemical pollution on human health and the environment. Reports to the map come from cities all over Louisiana, including Baton Rouge, St. Rose, and Chalmette. Since 2010 LABB has collected over 14,000[73] reports, making it the largest and longest-running deployment of an Ushahidi instance.[citation needed]

Washington, D.C.

In the wake of winter storms, the Washington Post and the web development company PICnet used the software to create a site mapping blocked roads and other information.[74][75]

Italy

Elena Rapisardi, together with Giovanni Lotto, launched the first Italian crowdmap Open Foreste Italiane in order to list and map information to prevent and manage forest fires; the meaning of this project has been reported on the Ushahidi blog.[76]

Though OpenForeste did not completely achieve his goals, it showed importance for two reasons: (1) unlike previous instances, the platform was utilized in absence of an acting crisis or emergency to collect, map, share and spread information in order to manage future and potential emergencies, thus joining the awareness of the possibilities of Web 2.0 and a different approach to natural risk prevention;[77] (2) it brought to Italy the knowledge and potential of Ushahidi, crowdmapping and social use of crowdsourcing, which was then used in following years in several instances, both private and public, especially from local Civil Protection structures and based on the new approach to the Ushahidi platform (see here a non-complete crowdmap of Italian Crowdsourcing Projects).

Russia

Ushahidi was used in Russia to set up a "map of help" for voluntary workers needed after the 2010 Russian wildfires.[citation needed]

2011

Christchurch

Using Ushahidi, the Christchurch Recovery Map website was launched less than 24 hours after the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand. The site maps locations of services such as food, water, toilets, fuel, ATMs, and medical care. Information was gathered via Twitter using the #eqnz hashtag, SMS messages, and email. The site was founded by a group of web professionals, and maintained by volunteers.[citation needed]

Middle East

This software allowed pro-democracy demonstrators across the Middle East to organise and communicate what was happening around them in early 2011.[78] On 2 March, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) requested that the Standby Volunteer Task Force be activated for Libya.[79] The Task Force's Tech Team set up a password protected Ushahidi platform almost immediately and several days later launched a public version at OCHA's request. This allowed users to contribute relevant information about ground conditions as they occurred.[80]

Italy

In July 2011, Giuseppe Calamita[81] had created the first crowdmap to monitor a WIMAX/LTE Internet Service Provider to answer the issues not due to the ISP (jammer, etc.)[citation needed]

India

India Citizen Reports has been using Ushahidi since 2011 to collect and disseminate reports in various categories like civic problems, crimes and corruption. TelecomMap.com uses Ushahidi to map 3G network quality and Wi-Fi hotspots.[citation needed]

Australia

Australian Broadcasting Corporation used Ushahidi to map the Queensland floods in January.[82]

United States

The MightyMoRiver Project used Ushahidi's hosted service Crowdmap to track the Missouri River floods of 2011.[citation needed]

Macedonia

Transparency Watch Project is using the Ushahidi platform to track corruption reported cases in the Republic of Macedonia. PrijaviKorupcija is a joint project by Transparency International and the Center for International Relations allowing citizens to report cases of corruption via ONE by sending SMS from their mobile phones, sending an email, using the web form, the hashtag #korupcijaMK on Twitter or by reporting via phone call.[citation needed]

Nigerian Elections

Ushahidi was used to monitor the Nigerian 2011 elections under the project Reclaim Naija. A published article in the Journal of Information Technology & Politics by Catie Snow Bailard & Steven Livingston showed that, "Controlling for a number of factors, we find that the number and nature of crowdmap reports generated by citizens is significantly correlated with increased voter turnout (by 8%) in the 2011 Nigerian presidential election as a result of providing officials with improved information about the functionality of local polling stations."[83]

2012

Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia)

Al Jazeera Balkans deployed Ushahidi crisis mapping platform on 5 February 2012 to track the snow/cold emergency in the Balkans.[84]

2013

Kenya Elections

Ushahidi helped run the Uchaguzi partnership to monitor the 2013 Kenyan elections. The deployment gathered over 8000 reports, a report "Uchaguzi: A Qualitative and Quantitive Analysis of ICTS, Statebuilding, and Peacebuilding in Kenya." showed that 75% of reporters said their report was responded to.[85]

2014

Kenya

Ushahidi announced Ping (now called Rollcall) in response to the attacks on Westgate Mall in Nairobi.[86] The software was used to map out all the blood drive center locations in Nairobi and let users quickly identify places to donate, see which blood types were in demand, and identify whether equipment or volunteers were needed at any locations. Among the goals of this map was to help ensure that when the Kenyan population came out to donate blood, they would know which donation centers needed their blood type the most.[citation needed]

2015

Crowd sourced data were excessively used during the relief and rescue operations at Quakemap.org. Kathmandu Living Labs (KLL), a volunteer organization, set up a platform to collect and manage data from crowd using Ushahidi. KLL further managed to conduct first level of verification as well, providing the Nepalese Army with the following details: location, number of affected people, number of death/injured, support requirements, level of urgency, and contact information.

The Nepalese army report said that "Crowd Sourcing is one of the common approaches to collect information from the public. Although it is not new in the context of disaster management, but during April Earthquake in Nepal, this approach was appropriately used in a matured way. The systematic process defined by Kathmandu Living Labs volunteers marked a path in utilization of crowd sourced data by implementing agency like Nepalese Army."[87]

2016

Ushahidi created USAelectionmonitor.com to monitor the USA 2016 Presidential Election.[88][89] [90] After the election Ushahidi set up Documenthate.orgto monitor the spike in hate crimes against minorities in the USA post election. Ushahidi partnered with journalist and activist Shaun King and non-profit journalism group Propublica.[91] The New Yorker covered the story, saying: "Now Shaun King, a writer for the Daily News, is working with the open-source software company Ushahidi to create a map of post-election intimidation. “Thousands of people have emailed me incident reports over the past seven days,” King wrote me in an e-mail. “The team at Ushahidi is helping me go through them, verify them the best we can, catalogue and then map them, then share them.” The aim is to raise awareness of politically motivated violence and help people stay safe, report it to authorities as needed, and create a database of such incidents."[92]

2017

Ushahidi ran the Uchaguzi partnership to monitor the 2017 Kenyan elections, the fourth country-wide election monitoring effort for the organization. Ushahidi integrated a Facebook Messenger bot to allow the 7 million Facebook users in Kenya to report via Messenger.[93] The platform received over 7000 reports on election day.

Awards

Ushahidi has received several awards in recognition to its effectiveness and creativity, latest being The MacArthur Award.[94] The awards received by Ushahidi so far include the following: True

See also

References

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  77. ^ "See speech at Web 2.0 Expo on 2009". Web2expo.com. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  78. ^ http://blog.ushahidi.com/?s=egypt&submit_button=Search
  79. ^ "The Volunteers Behind the Libya Crisis Map: A True Story".
  80. ^ "Using the New Ushahidi Platform to Crisis Map Libya".
  81. ^ "WIMAX LTE Crowdmap Monitoring".
  82. ^ ABC's crowdsourced flood-mapping initiative abc.net
  83. ^ Bailard, Catie Snow; Livingston, Steven (2 October 2014). "Crowdsourcing Accountability in a Nigerian Election". Journal of Information Technology & Politics. 11 (4): 349–367. doi:10.1080/19331681.2014.947056. ISSN 1933-1681.
  84. ^ [2] Snjezna oluja nad Balkanom
  85. ^ "Uchaguzi: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of ICTS, Statebuilding, and Peacebuilding in Kenya". CGCS Media Wire. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  86. ^ "Software company Ushahidi uses open source skills to help during Kenya mall siege". opensource.com. 24 September 2013.
  87. ^ http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/opssankatmochan/english_part1.pdf. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  88. ^ Shapshak, Toby. "Kenyan Real-Time Reporting Tool Ushahidi Launches US Elections Monitoring Service". Forbes. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  89. ^ Kuo, Lily. "Kenyan crisis-mapping platform Ushahidi is tracking post-election violence in America". Quartz. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  90. ^ Bright, Jake. "Kenyan startup Ushahidi launches a crowdsourced campaign to monitor the U.S. election | TechCrunch". Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  91. ^ ProPublica. "Documenting Hate - ProPublica". ProPublica. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  92. ^ "Hate on the Rise After Trump's Election". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  93. ^ "Facebook Messenger bots help monitor Kenya election violence". CNET. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  94. ^ [3] Official blog from Ushahidi
  95. ^ [4] The MacArthur Award
  96. ^ [5] Global Adaptation Index Prize, May 2012
  97. ^ [6] Funding from Omidyar 1.4m
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