List of conflicts by duration
Appearance
Throughout history humans have engaged in diverse forms of war. Even though there is disagreement among scholars as to how long these wars were, the following list classifies wars according to their duration.
War | Start date | End date | Duration |
---|---|---|---|
Reconquista | 718-722 | 1492 | 774 years[1] |
Roman–Persian Wars | 54 BC | 628 | 692 years[citation needed] |
Germanic Wars | 113 BC | 569 | 683 years |
Ottoman wars in Europe | 1265 | 1918 | 653 years |
Serbian–Turkish conflict | 1312 | 1918 | 606 years |
Hispano-Moroccan wars | 1681 | 1958 | 277 years |
Croatian–Ottoman wars | 1443 | 1878 | 435 years |
Polish–Russian Wars | 1558 | 1939 | 381 years |
Arab–Byzantine wars | 634 | 1050 | 416 years |
Mexican Indian Wars | 1519 | 1933 | 414 years |
Spanish–Moro conflict | 1500 | 1900 | 400 years |
Byzantine–Arab wars (780–1180) | 780 | 1180 | 400 years |
Yaqui Wars | 1533 | 1929 | 396 years |
Philippine revolts against Spain | 1521 | 1898 | 377 years |
Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts | 1415 | 1769 | 354 years |
Russo-Turkish wars | 1568 | 1918 | 350 years |
Dano-Swedish wars | 1470 | 1814 | 344 years |
Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War | 1651 | 1986 | 335 years[2] |
Apache–Mexico Wars | 1600 | 1915 | 315 years |
Russo–Swedish Wars | 1495 | 1809 | 314 years |
Ottoman–Persian Wars | 1514 | 1823 | 309 years |
Burmese–Siamese wars | 1547 | 1855 | 308 years |
American Indian Wars | 1622 | 1924 | 302 years[citation needed] |
Ottoman–Venetian Wars | 1422 | 1718 | 296 years |
Arauco War | 1536 | 1825 | 289 years[3] |
Arauco War | 1536 | 1818 | 282 years |
Viking invasions of England | 793 | 1066 | 273 years |
Navajo Wars | 1600 | 1866 | 266 years |
Ottoman–Habsburg wars | 1526 | 1791 | 265 years |
Byzantine–Seljuq wars | 1048 | 1308 | 260 years[citation needed] |
Polish–Ottoman Wars | 1443 | 1699 | 256 years |
Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts | 1481 | 1718 | 237 years |
Chechen–Russian conflict | 1785 | Ongoing | 239 years |
Islamic conquest of Afghanistan | 642 | 870 | 228 years |
Anglo-Spanish Wars | 1585 | 1808 | 223 years |
Byzantine–Ottoman Wars | 1265 | 1479 | 214 years[citation needed] |
Polish–Teutonic War | 1308 | 1521 | 213 years |
Franco-Moroccan conflicts | 1765 | 1958 | 193 years |
Cossack uprisings | 1591 | 1775 | 184 years |
Russo-Persian Wars | 1651 | 1828 | 177 years |
Spanish conquest of Guatemala | 1521 | 1697 | 176 years |
Spanish conquest of Chiapas | 1523 | 1695 | 172 years |
Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars | 1368 | 1537 | 169 years |
Russian conquest of Siberia | 1580 | 1747 | 167 years |
Fitnas[disambiguation needed] | 656 | 819 | 163 years |
Ottoman–Hungarian Wars | 1366 | 1526 | 160 years |
Polish–Swedish wars | 1563 | 1721 | 158 years |
Anglo-Dutch Wars | 1652 | 1810 | 158 years |
Australian frontier wars | 1788 | 1934 | 146 years |
Mongol invasions and conquests | 1206 | 1337 | 131 years |
Early Muslim conquests | 622 | 750 | 128 years |
Second Hundred Years' War | 1689 | 1815 | 126 years |
Mughal-Sikh Wars | 1635 | 1753 | 118 years |
Hundred Years' War | 1337 | 1453 | 116 years[4] |
Russo-Kazan Wars | 1438 | 1552 | 114 years |
Jin–Song Wars | 1125 | 1234 | 109 years |
Seleucid–Parthian wars | 238 BC | 129 BC | 109 years |
Georgian–Seljuk wars | 1099 | 1203 | 104 years |
Russo-Circassian War | 1763 | 1864 | 101 years |
Xhosa Wars | 1779 | 1889 | 110 years |
Tuareg rebellion | 1916 | Ongoing | 108 years |
Kurdish separatism in Iran | 1918 | Ongoing | 106 years |
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey | 6 March 1921 | Ongoing | 103 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 3 days |
Afghan–Sikh Wars | 1751 | 1837 | 86 years |
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict | 1918 | 2003 | 85 years |
Dagohoy Rebellion | 24 January 1744 | 31 August 1829 | 85 years, 7 months and 1 week |
Anglo-Afghan War | 1839 | 1919 | 80 years |
Eighty Years' War | 1568 | 1648 | 80 years[5] |
Spanish conquest of Petén | 1618 | 1697 | 79 years |
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana | 673 | 751 | 78 years |
Anglo-Ashanti wars | 1823 | 1900 | 77 years |
Umayyad conquest of Hispania | 711 | 788 | 77 years |
Muslim conquest of Sicily | June 827 | August 902 | 75 years and 2 months |
Apache Wars | 1849 | 1924 | 75 years |
Dzungar–Qing Wars | 1687 | 1758 | 71 years |
Indo-Pakistani wars | 22 October 1947 | Ongoing | 76 years, 10 months, 1 week and 1 day |
Rohingya insurgency in Western Myanmar | 1947 | Ongoing | 77 years |
Internal conflict in Myanmar | 1948 | Ongoing | 76 years |
Israeli–Palestinian conflict | 1948 | Ongoing | 76 years |
Israeli–Lebanese conflict | 14 May 1948 | Ongoing | 76 years, 3 months, 2 weeks and 2 days |
Arab–Israeli conflict | 15 May 1948 | Ongoing | 76 years, 3 months, 2 weeks and 1 day |
Balochistan conflict | 1948 | Ongoing | 76 years |
Pacification of Algeria | 1835 | 1903 | 68 years |
Kashmir conflict | 22 October 1948 | Ongoing | 75 years, 10 months, 1 week and 1 day |
Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes | 1949 | Ongoing | 75 years |
Karen conflict | 1949 | Ongoing | 75 years[6]
Civil war between the Bamar people and the Karen people that has been ongoing since 1948, little less than a year after Myanmar gained independence from the British.[7] |
Korean War (Fatherland Liberation War) | 1950 | Ongoing (Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953) | 74 years [citation needed] |
Argentine Civil Wars | 1814 | 1880 | 66 years |
Italian Wars | 1494 | 1559 | 65 years |
Darfurs Civil War | 1722 | 1786 | 46 years |
Ethnic conflict in Nagaland | 1954 | Ongoing | 70 years |
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb | 647 | 709 | 62 years |
Sudanese Civil Wars | 18 August 1955 | Ongoing | 69 years, 1 week and 5 days |
Sixty Years' War | 1754 | 1814 | 60 years |
Dutch–Portuguese War | 1601 | 1661 | 60 years |
Lelantine War | 710 BC | 650 BC | 60 years |
Italian unification | 1815 | 1871 | 56 years |
South Thailand insurgency | 1960 | Ongoing | 64 years |
Xinjiang conflict | 1960 | Ongoing | 64 years |
Texas–Indian wars | 1820 | 1875 | 55 years |
Papua conflict | 1962 | Ongoing | 62 years |
Moro attacks on Sabah | 1962 | Ongoing | 62 years |
Insurgency in Northeast India | 1963 | Ongoing | 61 years |
Colombian Conflict | 1964 | Ongoing | 60 years |
Basque conflict | 1959 | 2011 | 52 years |
Bulgarian–Ottoman wars | 1344 | 1396 | 52 years |
Galicia–Volhynia Wars | 1340 | 1392 | 52 years |
Insurgency in Manipur | 24 November 1964 | Ongoing | 59 years, 9 months and 6 days |
Communist insurgency in Myanmar | 1939 | 1989 | 50 years |
Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria | 968 | 1018 | 50 years |
Greco-Persian Wars | 499 BC | 449 BC | 50 years[8] |
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency | 18 May 1967 | Ongoing | 57 years, 3 months, 1 week and 5 days |
Comanche–Mexico Wars | 1821 | 1870 | 49 years |
Wars of the Diadochi | 322 BC | 275 BC | 47 years[9] |
Civil conflict in the Philippines | 1969 | Ongoing | 55 years |
CPP–NPA–NDF rebellion | 29 March 1969 | Ongoing | 55 years, 5 months and 1 day |
Moro conflict | 29 March 1969 | Ongoing | 55 years, 5 months and 1 day |
Caucasian War | 1817 | 1864 | 47 years |
Western Sahara conflict | 1970 | Ongoing | 54 years |
Chadian Civil Wars | 1965 | 2010 | 45 years |
Kongo Civil War | 1665 | 1709 | 44 years |
Sino-Dutch conflicts | 1620 | 1662 | 42 years |
Thirty-Eight Years' War | 770 | 811 | 41 years[citation needed] |
Cabinda War | 8 November 1975 | Ongoing | 48 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 1 day |
Insurgency in Laos | 3 December 1975 | Ongoing | 48 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 6 days |
Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict | 1976 | Ongoing | 48 years |
Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts | 1918 | 1958 | 40 years |
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire | 1532 | 1572 | 40 years |
Chichimeca War | 1550 | 1590 | 40 years |
Umayyad invasion of Gaul | 719 | 759 | 40 years |
Comanche Wars | 1836 | 1875 | 39 years |
War in Afghanistan (1978–present) | 27 April 1978 | Ongoing | 46 years, 4 months and 3 days[citation needed] |
Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) | 27 November 1978 | Ongoing | 45 years, 9 months and 3 days |
Assam separatist movements | 1979 | Ongoing | 45 years |
Guatemalan Civil War | 1960 | 1996 | 36 years[10] |
Internal conflict in Peru | 17 May 1980 | Ongoing | 44 years, 3 months, 1 week and 6 days |
French Wars of Religion | 1562 | 1598 | 36 years |
Maoist insurgency in Turkey | 1980 | Ongoing | 44 years |
Banana Wars | 1898 | 1934 | 36 years |
Anglo-Powhatan Wars | 1610 | 1646 | 36 years |
Holy Man's Rebellion | 1901 | 1936 | 35 years |
Ayutthaya-Lan Na War | 1441 | 1474 | 33 years |
Wars of the Roses | 1455 | 1487 | 32 years[11] |
First War of Scottish Independence | 1296 | 1328 | 32 years[12] |
Casamance conflict | 1982 | 2014 | 32 years |
Anglo-Mysore Wars | 1767 | 1799 | 32 years |
Libyan resistance movement | 1911 | 1943 | 32 years |
Second Viking Invasion of the British Isles | 980 | 1012 | 32 years |
Aceh War | 1873 | 1904 | 31 years[13] |
Afaqi Khoja revolts | 1826 | 1857 | 31 years |
Somali Civil War | 1986 | Ongoing | 38 years |
The Troubles | 1968 | 1998 | 30 years |
French conquest of Algeria | 1827 | 1857 | 30 years |
Thirty Years' War | 1618 | 1648 | 30 years[14] |
Eritrean War of Independence | 1 September 1961 | 29 May 1991 | 29 years, 8 months and 4 weeks |
Murid War | 1830 | 1859 | 29 years |
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency | 1987 | Ongoing | 37 years |
Portuguese Restoration War | 1640 | 1668 | 28 years[15] |
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict | 1988 | Ongoing | 36 years |
Insurgency in Aceh | 4 December 1976 | 15 August 2005 | 28 years, 8 months, 1 week and 4 days |
Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine | 1 March 1920 | 15 May 1948 | 28 years, 2 months and 2 weeks |
Nicaraguan Revolution | 1962 | 1990 | 28 years |
FULRO insurgency against Vietnam | 1964 | 1992 | 28 years |
Communist insurgency in Sarawak | December 1962 | 3 November 1990 | 27 years, 10 months and 4 days |
Peloponnesian War | 431 BC | 404 BC | 27 years[16] |
New Zealand Wars | 1845 | 1872 | 27 years |
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir | 1989 | Ongoing | 35 years |
Abkhaz–Georgian conflict | 1989 | Ongoing | 35 years |
Georgian–Ossetian conflict | 1989 | Ongoing | 35 years |
Communist insurgency in Sarawak | December 1962 | 3 November 1990 | 27 years, 10 months and 4 days |
Sectarianism in Pakistan | 1989 | Ongoing | 35 years |
Internal conflict in Bangladesh | 1989 | Ongoing | 35 years |
Angolan Civil War | 1975 | 2002 | 27 years[17] |
Russo-Finnish wars | 27 January 1918 | 19 September 1944 | 26 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 2 days |
DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey | 1 April 1990 | Ongoing | 34 years, 4 months, 4 weeks and 1 day |
Mughal–Maratha Wars | September 1681 | May 1707 | 25 years and 8 months |
Livonian War | 1558 | 1583 | 25 years[18] |
Somali Civil War | May 1991 | Ongoing | 33 years and 3 months |
Sri Lankan Civil War | 23 July 1983 | 18 May 2009 | 25 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 4 days |
Spanish American wars of independence | 1808 | 1833 | 25 years |
Oromo conflict | 1992 | Ongoing | 32 years |
Insurgency in Meghalaya | 1992 | Ongoing | 32 years |
Indonesian occupation of East Timor | 7 December 1975 | 31 October 1999 | 23 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 3 days |
South African Border war | 26 August 1966 | 21 March 1990 | 24 years |
First Punic War | 264 BC | 241 BC | 23 years |
Silesian Wars | 1740 | 1763 | 23 years |
Laotian Civil War | 9 November 1953 | 2 December 1975 | 22 years, 3 weeks and 2 days |
Second Sudanese Civil War | 1983 | 2005 | 22 years |
Occupation of Araucanía | 1861 | 1883 | 22 years |
Chiapas conflict | 1994 | Ongoing | 30 years |
Insurgency in Ogaden | 1994 | Ongoing | 30 years |
Norman conquest of England | 1066 | 1088 | 22 years |
Kandyan Wars | 1796 | 1818 | 22 years |
Little War in Hungary | 1530 | 1552 | 22 years |
Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89) | 17 June 1968 | 2 December 1989 | 21 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day |
Second Afar insurgency | 1995 | Ongoing | 29 years |
United States occupation of Nicaragua | 1912 | 1933 | 21 years |
Lazic War | 541 | 562 | 21 years |
Great Northern War | 1700 | 1721 | 21 years[19] |
Ottoman conquest of Habesh | 1557 | 1578 | 21 years |
Muslim conquest of Persia | 633 | 654 | 21 years |
Allied Democratic Forces insurgency | 1996 | Ongoing | 28 years |
Eumerella Wars | 1840 | 1860 | 20 years |
War of the Sicilian Vespers | 1282 | 1302 | 20 years |
Somaliland Campaign | 1900 | 1920 | 20 years |
Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict | 1977 | 2 December 1997 | 20 years, 3 months and 2 days |
Vietnam War | 1 November 1955 | 30 April 1975 | 19 years, 5 months, 4 weeks and 1 day[20] |
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 | 572 | 591 | 19 years |
United States occupation of Haiti | July 28, 1915 | August 1, 1934 | 19 years and 4 days |
Miao Rebellion (1854–73) | 1854 | 1873 | 19 years |
Gothic War | 535 | 554 | 19 years[citation needed] |
Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen | 1998 | Ongoing | 26 years |
Communal conflicts in Nigeria | 1998 | Ongoing | 26 years |
Communist insurgency in Thailand | 1965 | 1983 | 18 years |
Basmachi movement | 1916 | 1934 | 18 years |
Mahdist War | 1881 | 1899 | 18 years |
Second Punic War | 218 BC | 201 BC | 17 years |
Ethiopian Civil War | 12 September 1974 | 4 June 1991 | 16 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 2 days |
First Sudanese Civil War | 18 August 1955 | 27 March 1972 | 16 years, 7 months, 1 week and 2 days |
Bolivian War of Independence | 1809 | 1825 | 16 years |
Chilean War of Independence | 1810 | 1821 or 1826 | 11-16 years |
Polish–Ottoman War (1683–99) | 1683 | 1699 | 16 years |
Western Sahara War | 30 October 1975 | 6 September 1991 | 15 years, 10 months and 1 week |
Great Turkish War | 14 July 1683 | 26 January 1699 | 15 years, 6 months, 1 week and 5 days |
Lebanese Civil War | 13 April 1975 | 13 October 1990 | 15 years and 6 months |
Rhodesian Bush War | 4 July 1964 | 12 December 1979 | 15 years, 5 months, 1 week and 1 day |
War on Terror | 11 September 2001 | Ongoing | 22 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 5 days[21] |
Morean War | 1684 | 1699 | 15 years |
Long Turkish War | 1591 | 1606 | 15 years |
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) | 11 April 2002 | Ongoing | 22 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 5 days |
Cambodian–Vietnamese War | 30 April 1977 | 23 October 1991 | 14 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 2 days |
Taliban insurgency | 2002 | Ongoing | 22 years |
Third Indochina War | 1978 | 1992 | 14 years |
Dhofar Rebellion | 1962 | 1976 | 14 years |
Years of Lead (Italy) | 1968 | 1982 | 14 years |
Taiping Rebellion | 1850 | 1864 | 14 years |
Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) | 1686 | 1700 | 14 years |
Abyssinian–Adal war | 1529 | 1543 | 14 years |
Marcomannic Wars | 166 | 180 | 14 years |
Second Sino-Japanese War | September 18, 1931 | September 9, 1945 | 13 years, 11 months, 3 weeks and 1 day |
War in Darfur | 26 February 2003 | Ongoing | 21 years, 6 months and 4 days |
War in Afghanistan (2001–2014) | 7 October 2001 | 28 December 2014 | 13 years, 2 months and 3 weeks |
Portuguese Colonial War | 4 February 1961 | 25 April 1974 | 13 years, 2 months and 3 weeks |
Angolan War of Independence | 4 February 1961 | 25 April 1974 | 13 years, 2 months and 3 weeks |
Darul Islam Rebellion | August 7, 1949 – September 2, 1962 | September 1962 | 13 years, 3 weeks and 5 days |
War of the Spanish Succession | 9 July 1702 | 11 July 1715 | 13 years and 2 days |
Conflict in the Niger Delta | 2003 | Ongoing | 21 years |
Peruvian War of Independence | 1811 | 1824 | 13 years |
Venezuelan War of Independence | 1810 | 1823 | 13 years |
Wars of Alexander the Great | 336 BC | 323 BC | 13 years |
War in North-West Pakistan | 16 March 2004 | Ongoing | 20 years, 5 months and 2 weeks |
Iran–PJAK conflict | 1 April 2004 | Ongoing | 20 years, 4 months, 4 weeks and 1 day |
Napoleonic Wars | 18 May 1803 | 20 November 1815 | 12 years, 6 months and 2 days[22] |
Burundian Civil War | 21 October 1993 | 15 April 2006 | 12 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 4 days |
Haitian Revolution | 21 August 1791 | 1 January 1804 | 12 years, 4 months, 1 week and 4 days |
Salvadoran Civil War | October 15, 1979 | January 16, 1992 | 12 years, 3 months and 1 day |
Malayan Emergency | 16 June 1948 | 12 July 1960 | 12 years, 3 weeks and 5 days |
Kivu conflict | 2004 | Ongoing | 20 years |
Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency | 2004 | Ongoing | 20 years |
Iraqi no-fly zones conflict | 1991 | 2003 | 12 years |
Wars of the Three Kingdoms | 1639 | 1651 | 12 years |
Cimbrian War | 113 BC | 101 BC | 12 years |
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence | 23 January 1963 | 10 September 1974 | 11 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 4 days |
Paraguayan People's Army insurgency | 27 August 2005 | Ongoing | 19 years and 3 days |
Mexican War of Independence | 16 September 1810 | 27 September 1821 | 11 years, 1 week and 4 days |
Dano-Swedish War (1501–12) | 1501 | 1512 | 11 years |
Pool Department insurgency | 1997 | 2008 | 11 years |
Insurgency in Punjab | 1984 | 1995 | 11 years |
Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–90 | 1979 | 1990 | 11 years |
Queen Anne's War | 1702 | 1713 | 11 years |
Sierra Leone Civil War | 23 March 1991 | 18 January 2002 | 10 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 5 days |
Nepalese Civil War | 13 February 1996 | 21 November 2006 | 10 years, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day |
Houthi insurgency in Yemen | 18 June 2004 | 6 February 2015 | 10 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 5 days |
Yugoslav Wars | 31 March 1991 | 12 November 2001 | 10 years, 7 months, 1 week and 5 days |
Gaza–Israel conflict | June 2006 | Ongoing | 18 years and 2 months |
Mexican Drug War | 11 December 2006 | Ongoing | 17 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 5 days |
Algerian Civil War | 26 December 1991 | 8 February 2002 | 10 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days |
Mexican Revolution | 1910 | 1920 | 10 years |
Herzegovina uprising (1852–62) | 1852 | 1862 | 10 years |
See also
References
- ^ McKitterick, Rosamond; Collins, R. (1990). The New Cambridge Medieval. History 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. ISBN 9780521362924. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
- ^ Bowley, R. L. (2001). Scilly at war. St Mary's: Bowley Publ. ISBN 0900184345.
- ^ Cruz, Eduardo Agustin (2010). The grand Araucanian wars (1541–1883) in the kingdom of Chile. [S.l.]: Xlibris. ISBN 1450055281.
- ^ Corrigan, Gordon (2014). Great and glorious adventure : a history of the hundred years war and the birth of renaissance... [S.l.]: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1605985794.
- ^ Hart, Marjolein 't (2011). Dutch wars of independence : the eighty years struggle, 1566–1648. [S.l.]: Longman. ISBN 0582209676.
- ^ Charney, Michael W. (2009). A history of modern Burma (1. publ.3. print. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521617588.
- ^ Ashley South (2003). Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: The Golden Sheldrake, RoutledgeCurzon, London/New York, ISBN 0700716092
- ^ Green, Peter (1996). The Greco-Persian wars ([Repr.]. ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press. ISBN 0520205731.
- ^ Romm, James (2012). Ghost on the throne : the death of Alexander the Great and the war for crown and empire (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0307271641.
- ^ Chauche, Victor Perera ; photographs by Daniel (1995). Unfinished conquest : the Guatemalan tragedy. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520203496.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jones, Dan (2014). Wars of the roses : the fall of the plantagenets and the rise of the tudors. [S.l.]: Viking. ISBN 0670026670.
- ^ Traquair, Peter (1998). Freedoms̓ sword. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0004720792.
- ^ Martinkus, John (2004). Indonesia's secret war in Aceh (1. publ. ed.). Milsons Point, N.S.W.: Random House. ISBN 174051209X.
{{cite book}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Wilson, Peter H. (2011). The Thirty Years War : Europe's tragedy (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674062310.
- ^ Birmingham, David (2003). A concise history of Portugal (2. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521536863.
- ^ Kagan, Donald (2004). The Peloponnesian War. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0142004375.
- ^ III, W. Martin James (2011). A political history of the civil war in Angola, 1974–1990 (Pbk. ed.). New Brunswick, [N.J.], U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1412815061.
- ^ Stevens, Carol B. (2007). Russia's wars of emergence : 1460–1730. Harlo [u.a.]: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0582218918.
- ^ Frost, Robert I. (2000). The northern wars : war, state, and society in northeastern Europe, 1558 – 1721 ([Nachdr.] ed.). Harlow [u.a.]: Longman. ISBN 0582064295.
- ^ Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam, a history (2nd rev. and updated ed.). New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140265473.
- ^ Bowman, Karlyn (July 24, 2008). "America and the War on Terror" (PDF). American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
- ^ Rothenberg, Gunther E. (2006). The Napoleonic Wars. [Washington, D.C.]: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 006085121X.
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