Jump to content

Lane centering

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 71.169.155.2 (talk) at 10:43, 6 June 2018 (→‎Sample of level 2 driverless cars). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Tesla Autopilot may reduce accidents due to negligence and fatigue from long term driving.[1]

In road-transport terminology, lane centering also known as auto steer, is a mechanism designed to keep a car centered in the lane, relieving the driver from the task of steering. Lane centering is similar to lane departure warning, but rather than warn the driver, or ping-pong their car away from the lane edge, it keeps the car centered in the lane.[2] [3] [4][5] Together with adaptive cruise control these vehicles allow unassisted driving for some seconds.[6][7] That is the meaning of Level 2 driverless, where two or more features work together to take over part of the driving.

Features that differentiate systems are how well they perform on turns, speed limitations and whether the system resumes from a stop.[8][9]

Current lane centering systems rely on visible lane markings. They typically cannot decipher faded, missing, incorrect or overlapping lane markings. Markings covered in snow or old lane markings left visible can hinder the ability of the system.[10] GM's Super Cruise only works on known freeways that have been previously mapped.[11]

Most vehicles require hands on the wheel, but GM super cruise monitors the driver's eyes to ensure human monitoring of the road, and thus allows hands-free driving.

In addition to passenger vehicles, Semi trucks are expected to be fitted with this technology, starting with the Tesla Semi and other vendors in 2019.[12]

History

The first commercially available lane centering systems were all based on off-the-shelf systems created by Mobileye, such as the Tesla Autopilot and Nissan Propilot[13], although Tesla has switched to an in-house system when Mobileye ended their partnership.[14] A handful of companies like Bosch, Delphi, and Mobileye provide sensors, control units, and even algorithms to car makers, who then integrate and refine those systems.[15] While not directly attributable to lane centering, crash rates on the Tesla Model S and Model X equipped with the Mobileye system were reduced by almost 40% while Tesla Autopilot was in use.[16][17][18]

Working principle

Lane detection algorithm
An example implementation of the lane detection algorithm showing Canny edge detection and Hough transform outputs

The lane detection system used by the lane departure warning system uses the principle of Hough transform and Canny edge detector to detect lane lines from real-time camera images fed from the front-end camera of the automobile. A basic flowchart of how a lane detection algorithm works to produce lane departure warning is shown in the figures.

2018 Mobileye EyeQ4

Mobileye claims 11 automakers will incorporate their EyeQ4 chip that enables L2+ and L3 autonomous systems. This would collectively represent more than 50% of the auto industry.[19] Level 2 automation is also known as "hands off": this system takes full control of the vehicle (accelerating, braking, and steering). Level 3 is also known as "eyes off": the driver can safely turn their attention away from driving, e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie.[20] Will launch in 2018 and 2019.

Average selling price for the EyeQ4 chip to auto makers is about $450 U.S. dollars.[21]

Sample of level 2 driverless cars

Because all of these vehicles also have adaptive cruise control that can work in tandem with lane centering, this meets the SAE standard for level 2 driverless car.

Sample of vehicles with lane centering ability
Manufacturer Sample of vehicles Branding for lane
centering		 Notes
Fiat-Chrysler Maserati brand[22]
Ford 2019 Ford Edge[23][24][25], 2019 Lincoln Nautilus, 2019 Ford Focus[26] Lane centering
GM Super Cruise Only on approved freeways[27]
Honda L3 Cars by 2020 for freeway[28]
Hyundai Late 2018 for 2019 model car(s)[29] Highway Driving Assist 2 (HDA2)
Kia 2018 Stinger[30]
Mazda Lane Trace Can be activated at speeds above 60 km/h[31]
Nissan 2018 Leaf, 2018 Rogue SL trim, 2019 Altima[32] Propilot (known in the US as ProPILOT Assist) Can handle stop and go traffic if stopped for less than 4 seconds[33][34]
Subaru Japan only, then expanding Touring Assist Plans to bring as a standard feature to all cars except some sports cars[35]
Tesla Model S, X and 3 Autopilot, Autosteer
Toyota 2019 Corolla Hatchback[36]

2019 Rav4[37][38]

Lane Tracing Assist[39] Video[40]
VW 2018 Audi Traffic jam pilot Top speed: 37.3 mph, 60 km/h[41]
2019 Audi A6[42] Tour Assist[43] Top speed 155 mph
Volvo XC60[44] XC90[45] Pilot Assist II[46]

Nissan Propilot

Propilot assists with acceleration, steering and braking input under single lane highway driving conditions.[47] Propilot keeps the car centered in the lane, handles stop-and-go traffic if stopped for less than 4 seconds[48], helps maintain a set vehicle speed and maintain a safe distance to the vehicle ahead. Propilot can follow curves.[49] Propilot utilizes a forward-facing camera, forward-facing radar, sensors and an electronic control module. A Traffic Sign Recognition system provides drivers with the most recent speed limit information detected by a camera unit located on the windshield in front of the inside rearview mirror. The information from detected signs is displayed.

Nissan ran a television advertisement showing a Rogue navigate between two trucks.[50]

See also

References

  1. ^ Epstein, Zach (2016-07-21). "Tesla Autopilot Crash Avoidance Model S Autopilot saves man's life". BGR. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
  2. ^ "Hands On With Nissan ProPilot Assist: Self-Driving for Affordable Cars - ExtremeTech". ExtremeTech. 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  3. ^ Levin, Doron. "Toyota Corolla Lane-Centering Tech – A Step Toward To Self-Driving – Cures Annoying 'Ping-Pong'". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  4. ^ "Lane Centering performance is bad". ClubLexus. Retrieved 15 January 2018.[self-published source]
  5. ^ "Today's lane keeping assistance tech steers the way to self-driving cars". Roadshow. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  6. ^ R R (2017-04-26), Self driving car / life hack active lane assist, retrieved 2018-02-25
  7. ^ www.etnews.com. "Hyundai Motor Company Planning to Apply Its Semi-Self-Driving Technology Called 'HDA2' Earlier than Initial Plan". 대한민국 IT포털의 중심! 이티뉴스. Retrieved 2018-04-30. ... it allows drivers to let go of their hands and feet and not to focus on their driving when they are driving on freeways.
  8. ^ "Cars With Advanced Safety Systems". Consumer Reports. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  9. ^ Frank Pulsinelli (2015-11-20), Honda Sensing Package Demonstration 2016 Civic, retrieved 2018-02-01
  10. ^ Richards, Gary (6 March 2014). "Roadshow: Driverless cars will alert motorists to missing lane markings". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  11. ^ "Hands Off With Cadillac Super Cruise, the Masterful One-Trick Pony of Self-Driving". ExtremeTech. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  12. ^ "Rollout of Active Steering in Trucking Draws Near | Transport Topics". ttnews.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  13. ^ "Nissan ProPILOT Assist technology makes U.S. debut on 2018 Rogue – reduces the hassle of stop-and-go highway driving". Nissan Online Newsroom (Press release). Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  14. ^ Ramsey, Mike (2016-07-26). "Mobileye Ends Partnership With Tesla". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  15. ^ "From Audi to Volvo, most "self-driving" cars use the same hardware". Ars Technica. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  16. ^ "Tesla's crash rate was reduced by 40% after introduction of Autopilot based on data reviewed by NHTSA". Electrek. 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  17. ^ "Does Autosteer Actually Deserve Credit For a 40% Reduction In Tesla Crashes? – DailyKanban". DailyKanban. 2017-03-10. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  18. ^ "Elon Take The Wheel – DailyKanban". DailyKanban. 2016-07-14. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  19. ^ "2018 CES: ADAS Partnerships and Products Propel the Drive Toward Full Autonomy". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  20. ^ matthew.lynberg.ctr@dot.gov (2017-09-07). "Automated Vehicles for Safety". NHTSA. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  21. ^ "Mobileye Outlines Why It Considers Itself an Autonomous Driving Leader". Real Money. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
  22. ^ "The new Bosch highway assist system installed on the Maserati 2018 range". Bosch Media Service. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  23. ^ "Ford® Driver-Assist Technologies – Driving Confidence & Convenience". www.ford.com. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  24. ^ DPCcars (14 January 2018). "2019 Ford Edge Driver Assist Technologies". Retrieved 25 February 2018 – via YouTube.
  25. ^ "Ford Co-Pilot360: Most Advanced Suite of Standard DriverAssist Technologies" (PDF). Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  26. ^ "Ford Focus 2019 Revealed – (Fourth Generation Model)". 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  27. ^ Roy, Alex. "The Battle for Best Semi-Autonomous System: Tesla Autopilot Vs. GM SuperCruise, Head-to-Head". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  28. ^ "Honda reveals its plans for autonomous vehicles". The Verge. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
  29. ^ www.etnews.com. "Hyundai Motor Company Planning to Apply Its Semi-Self-Driving Technology Called 'HDA2' Earlier than Initial Plan". 대한민국 IT포털의 중심! 이티뉴스. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  30. ^ "2018 Kia Stinger GT Test | Review | Car and Driver". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
  31. ^ "MAZDA: LAS | Active Safety Technology". www.mazda.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  32. ^ "Nissan's new Altima offers highly automated driving without the sticker shock". The Verge. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  33. ^ "Nissan ProPILOT Assist technology reduces the hassle of stop-and-go highway driving, ready for U.S. launch". nissannews.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  34. ^ "Your next car may be safer than you think. Thanks, autonomy". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
  35. ^ "Subaru sharpens EyeSight with self-drive functions". Automotive News. June 19, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  36. ^ jeff.youngs (2018-03-23). "2019 Toyota Corolla Hatchback Preview". J.D. Power Cars. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  37. ^ America, Toyota Motor North. "All-New 2019 Toyota RAV4 Serves Up A Breakthrough Debut At New York International Auto Show". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  38. ^ Levin, Doron. "Toyota Corolla Lane-Centering Tech – A Step Toward To Self-Driving – Cures Annoying 'Ping-Pong'". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  39. ^ "Toyota Expanding its Industry-Leading Safety Technology Package with Second Generation Toyota Safety Sense™ | Corporate". Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  40. ^ AutoMotoTV (2017-12-08), 2018 Toyota Safety Sense - Lane Tracing Assist, retrieved 2018-05-30
  41. ^ "Driver assistance systems". Audi MediaCenter. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  42. ^ jeff.youngs (2018-02-28). "2019 Audi A6 Preview". J.D. Power Cars. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  43. ^ "Audi AI and driver assistance systems". Audi MediaCenter. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  44. ^ https://www.cars.com/articles/whats-the-best-luxury-compact-suv-for-2018-1420700119340/
  45. ^ Newcomb, Doug. "A Week With Volvo's Semi-Autonomous Pilot Assist II". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  46. ^ "The limits of semi-autonomous driving tech: We go Volvo Pilot Assist II winter testing". SlashGear. 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  47. ^ "2019 Nissan Altima Press Kit". Nissan Online Newsroom. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
  48. ^ "Nissan ProPILOT Assist technology reduces the hassle of stop-and-go highway driving, ready for U.S. launch". nissannews.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  49. ^ Toma, Sebastian (2016-07-13). "Nissan Introduces Japan' First Autonomous Drive Feature On Serena Minivan". autoevolution. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
  50. ^ Nissan USA (2018-04-30), Nissan | Rogue-Straight Down The Center, retrieved 2018-05-29

News

Comparisons

Template:Sensors

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lane_centering&oldid=844672501"