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Vigilantism

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 148.63.157.82 (talk) at 21:29, 23 July 2019 (Excessive pronunciation examples, foreign versions are just not that relevant to a reader. The word comes from Spanish so it's enough to mention it.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Vigilantism (disambiguation).
File:Baldknobbersrr.jpg
The Bald Knobbers, an 1880s vigilante group from Missouri, wearing crude "blackface" masks typical of the post-Reconstruction era in the United States – as portrayed in the 1919 film The Shepherd of the Hills.

A vigilante (/ˌvɪdʒɪˈlænti/, /ˌvɪdʒɪˈlænteɪ/; from the Spanish word for watchman[1]) is a civilian or an organization that acts in a law enforcement capacity (or in the pursuit of self-perceived justice) without legal authority.

Vigilante conduct

"Vigilante justice" is often rationalized by the belief that proper legal forms of criminal punishment are either non-existent, insufficient, or inefficient. Vigilantes normally see the government as ineffective in enforcing the law; such individuals often claim to justify their actions as a fulfillment of the wishes of the community.

Persons alleged to be escaping the law or above the law are sometimes the victims of vigilantism.[2]

Vigilante conduct involves varied degrees of violence. Vigilantes could assault targets verbally and/or physically, damage and/or vandalize property, or even murder individuals.

In a number of cases, vigilantism has involved targets with mistaken identities.

  • In Britain in the early 2000s, there were reports of vandalism, assaults, and verbal abuse towards people wrongly accused of being pedophiles, following the murder of Sarah Payne.[3]
  • In Guyana in 2008, Hardel Haynes was beaten to death by a mob who mistook him for a thief.[4]
  • In South Africa, since the year 2002, there has been an increase in vigilantism against the mining sector in response to perceived failures in the mitigation of acid mine drainage in the Witwatersrand Goldfields[5] and Mpumalanga Coalfields.[6]

History

Vigilantism and the vigilante ethos existed long before the word vigilante was introduced into the English language. There are conceptual and psychological parallels between the Dark Age and medieval aristocratic custom of private war or vendetta and the modern vigilante philosophy.

Elements of the concept of vigilantism can be found in the Biblical account in Genesis 34 of the abduction and rape (or, by some interpretations, seduction) of Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, in the Canaanite city of Shechem by the eponymous son of the ruler, and the violent reaction of her brothers Simeon and Levi, who slew all of the males of the city in revenge, rescued their sister and plundered Shechem. When Jacob protested that their actions might bring trouble upon him and his family, the brothers replied "Should he [i.e., Shechem] treat our sister as a harlot?"

Similarly, in 2 Samuel 13Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Absalom kills his brother Amnon after King David, their father, fails to punish Amnon for raping Tamar, their sister.

Recourse to personal vengeance and dueling was considered a class privilege of the sword-bearing aristocracy before the formation of the modern centralized liberal-bureaucratic nation-state (see Marc Bloch, trans. L. A. Manyon, Feudal Society, Vol. I, 1965, p. 127). In addition, sociologists[who?] have posited a complex legal and ethical interrelationship between vigilante acts and rebellion and tyrannicide.

In the Western literary and cultural tradition, characteristics of vigilantism have often been vested in folkloric heroes and legendary outlaws (e.g., Robin Hood[7]). Vigilantism in literature, folklore and legend is connected to the fundamental issues of dissatisfied morality, injustice, the failures of authority and the ethical adequacy of legitimate governance.

During medieval times, punishment of felons was sometimes exercised by such secret societies as the courts of the Vehm[8] (cf. the medieval Sardinian Gamurra later become Barracelli, the Sicilian Vendicatori and the Beati Paoli), a type of early vigilante organization, which became extremely powerful in Westphalian Germany during the 15th century.

Colonial era in America

Formally-defined vigilantism arose in the early American colonies.

  • Established the mid-18th century, for instance, the Regulator movement of American colonial times was composed of citizen volunteers of the frontier who opposed official misconduct and extrajudicially punished banditry as well as protected colonists from indigenous Americans' enforcement of border control.

After the founding of the United States, a citizens arrest became known as a procedure, based in common law and protected by the United States Constitution, where an amateur authority figure or normal citizen arrests a fugitive. The exact circumstances under which this type of arrest, sometimes referred to as a detention, can be made varies widely from state to state.[9]

India

See also: Moral police

In India, a vigilante refers to a person or group that metes out extralegal punishment to alleged lawbreakers. Vigilantism is also referred to as "mob justice".[10] It is usually caused by perception of corruption and delays in the judicial system.[11]

19th century

As boom-towns, or mining towns in California because of the Gold Rush, started appearing towards the 1850s, vigilantes started taking justice into their own hands because these towns did not have any established forms of government. These people would assault accused thieves, rapists and murderers. When they assaulted these thieves, they would steal their gold and give it to the accuser. Other than reports and newspapers, there are not many records of vigilantes. Few names or groups are known.

A lynching carried out by the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856
"Great Hanging at Gainesville", 1862

Later in the United States, vigilante groups arose in poorly governed frontier areas where criminals preyed upon the citizenry with impunity.[12]

  • The death of Joseph Smith, Jr. on June 27, 1844, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement.
  • In 1851, the San Francisco Vigilance Movement sought to eliminate crime perpetrated by the "Hounds", many who were formerly members of gangs in New York that had come as soldiers during the Mexican–American War, an element of this movement also focused on immigrants like the Sydney Ducks former convicts from Australia.[13]
  • Los Angeles and the bordering counties experienced outbursts of vigilantism from the early 1850s as many of the criminals driven out of San Francisco and the Gold Country expanded into the less-populated "Cow Counties" of Southern California, making the city and nearby countryside a dangerous place for many years.[14]
  • In Bleeding Kansas during the run-up to the American Civil War, the Sacking of Lawrence in May 1856 by a posse (or, in some accounts, a mob) led by the local sheriff—who justified their destruction of the town founded by anti-slavery activists on the grounds that it was a hotbed of rebellion against the official pro-slavery territorial government—was answered just days later by the midnight Pottawatomie massacre of five pro-slavery settlers by anti-slavery activists commanded by John Brown, citing the dead men's alleged involvement in the attack on Lawrence and other attacks on anti-slavery forces. This touched off a three-month cycle of retaliatory battles and raids by the two sides in which some 29 people were killed.[15]
  • In 1856 the San Francisco Vigilance Movement remobilized, but unlike the earlier Committee, and the vigilante tradition generally, the 1856 Committee was concerned with not only civil crimes but also politics and political corruption.[16]
  • In 1858 San Luis Obispo vigilantes ended the murderous reign of the bandit gang of Jack Powers and Pío Linares on El Camino Real within San Luis Obispo County and Santa Barbara County.
  • In October 1862 in northern Texas, several Unionist sympathizers were arrested and taken to Gainesville, Texas for trial on charges of treason and insurrection. Seven were tried and hung, and 14 were hung without trial. A few weeks later, Unionist sympathizers were hanged without trial across northern Texas. Known as the "Great Hanging at Gainesville", it may have been the deadliest act of vigilante violence in U.S. history.[17]
  • From late December 1863 to 1864 the Montana Vigilantes were formed by citizens of Bannack, Virginia City and nearby Nevada City to fight lawlessness in the gold mining region of Montana. Over the next month, 21 men were hanged, including, on January 10, 1864, Henry Plummer the sheriff of Bannack, who was also the leader of a major gang of highwaymen. The last man hanged by the vigilantes may have done nothing more than express an opinion that several of those hanged previously had been innocent.
  • In 1865, the Ku Klux Klan was formed in Pulaski, Tennessee by a group of six Confederate War veterans. The KKK or "Klan" sought to use extralegal force to resist Reconstruction in the post-Civil War South of the United States. The KKK became a leading agent of racist and nativist violence in the United States.
  • In 1868 between 60 and 70 vigilantes broke into the New Albany, Indiana jail and lynched three Reno Brothers.
  • In 1881, a mob lynched an outlaw who goes by the nickname of Big Nose George, who shot two local law enforcement officers years before. Big Nose George was in prison awaiting execution at the time of his death.
  • Active in 1883–1889, the Bald Knobbers (or "Baldknobbers") were masked men who retaliated against invading marauders and drove out outlaws in Taney County, Missouri.
  • In New Orleans on March 14, 1891, a mob of vigilantes stormed a jailhouse and lynched the Italian immigrants imprisoned inside. Amid rising anti-Italianism, the impoverished Italian and Sicilian immigrants in the jailhouse had been blanketly and summarily rounded up and charged baselessly on suspicion of Mafia involvement and involvement in the murder of David Hennessy. When the Italian immigrants were acquitted, a lynch mob forcibly entered the jail, executing and hanging the Italians. Later, in Tallulah, Louisiana in 1899, three Italian-American immigrant shopkeepers were lynched because they had given equal status in their shops to black customers. A vigilante mob ultimately hanged five Italian-Americans during the incident: the three Italian shopkeepers and two Italian bystanders.[18]
  • In March 1898, the "101" of Skagway, Alaska posted handbills and held meetings trying to free the town of a bunco gang known as the "Soap Gang" under the control of the infamous Soapy Smith. Four months after its creation the 101 shot and killed Soapy in a shootout on Juneau Wharf.

20th century

21st century

  • Formed in 2000, Ranch Rescue is still a functioning organization in the southwest United States. Ranchers call upon Ranch Rescue to forcibly remove illegal immigrants and squatters from their property.
  • In the early decade of the 2000s, after the September 11 attacks, Jonathan Idema, a self-proclaimed vigilante, entered Afghanistan and captured many people he claimed to be terrorists. Idema claimed he was collaborating with, and supported by, the United States Government. He even sold news-media outlets tapes that he claimed showed an Al Qaeda training camp in action. His operations ended abruptly when he was arrested with his partners in 2004 and sentenced to 10 years in a notorious Afghan prison, before being pardoned in 2007.
  • Formed in 2002, the Revolutionary Front is a Swedish anti-fascist organization. Members have been known to orchestrate attacks against known/suspected Neo-nazi/nationalist individuals. The attacks usually involve damaging property, or even attacking the person themselves.[23]
  • Operating since 2002, perverted-justice.com opponents have accused the website of being modern day cyber vigilantes.[citation needed]
  • The Minuteman Project has been described as vigilantes dedicated to expelling people who cross the US-Mexico border illegally.[24][25]
  • Salwa Judum, the anti-Naxalite group formed in 2005, in India, is also considered by many as a vigilante group and its policies are suspected to be helping the security forces in their fight against Naxals.
  • In Hampshire, England, during 2006, a vigilante slashed the tires of more than twenty cars, leaving a note made from cut-out newsprint stating "Warning: you have been seen while using your mobile phone".[26] Driving whilst using a mobile is a criminal offense in the UK, but critics feel the law is little observed or enforced.[27][28][29]
  • Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), an Irish republican socialist paramilitary group, maintains a presence in parts of Northern Ireland and has carried out punishment beatings on local alleged petty criminals.[30] In 2006, the INLA claimed to have put at least two drugs gangs out of business in Northern Ireland. After their raid on a criminal organization based in the north-west, they released a statement saying that "the Irish National Liberation Army will not allow the working-class people of this city to be used as cannon fodder by these criminals whose only concern is profit by whatever means available to them."[31][32] On 15 February 2009 the INLA claimed responsibility for the shooting dead of Derry drug-dealer Jim McConnell.[33] On 19 August 2009 the INLA shot and wounded a man in Derry. The INLA claimed that the man was involved in drug dealing although the injured man and his family denied the allegation.[34] However, in a newspaper article on 28 August the victim retracted his previous statement and admitted that he had been involved in small scale drug-dealing but has since ceased these activities.[35]
  • Other Irish republican paramilitary organizations have served and continue to serve as vigilantes. Óglaigh na hÉireann for example in 2011 claimed responsibility for an arson attack on a taxi depot on Oldpark Road, Belfast, which led to the owners fleeing the country. It claimed that the owners were using the depot as a cover for drug dealing.[36] In 2010 The Real Irish Republican Army shot a man in the legs in Derry. The man was a convicted sex offender.[37] The Continuity Irish Republican Army in 2011 were blamed for the punishment beating of a heroin dealer in Clondalkin, Dublin, the man had previously been ordered to leave the country.[38]
  • Republican Action Against Drugs or RAAD are an Irish Republican vigilante organization active predominantly in and around Derry. Although often attributed as being a front for "Dissident Republican" groups by the media, the organization claim to have no allegiance to any particular Republican party or paramilitary. Formed in late 2008 RAAD originally offered an "amnesty" to all drug dealers, asking them to make themselves known to the group before giving an assurance that they had stopped dealing.[39] In an interview with the Derry Journal in August 2009, the group's leadership explained: "We would monitor the actions of those who have come forward and, given an adequate period of time, interest in those drug dealers would cease and they could start to lead normal lives".[39] Since then RAAD have claimed responsibility for no less than 17 shootings as well as countless pipe bomb attacks (see Republican Action Against Drugs#Timeline).
  • In a number of U.S. cities, individuals have created real-life superhero personas, donning masks and costumes to patrol their neighborhoods, sometimes maintaining an uneasy relationship with local police departments who believe what they are doing could be dangerous to the costumed crusaders themselves, or could devolve into vigilantism.
  • In October 2011 in the United States, a vigilante operating in Seattle, named Phoenix Jones was arrested and forced to reveal his true identity, after a confrontation with two groups who were fighting.
  • On April 15, 2011 a group of women in Cherán armed with rocks and fireworks attacked a bus carrying illegal loggers armed with machine guns in Michoacán associated with the Mexican drug cartel La Familia Michoacana. They assumed control over the town, expelled the police force and blocked roads leading to oak timber on a nearby mountain. Vigilante activity has spread to the nearby community of Opopeo. They established Community self-defence groups. The government of Mexico has recognized Cherán as a self-governing indigenous community, but criminals continue to murder residents in the forest.[40]
  • On October 9, 2013, the Federal Bureau of Investigation apprehended members of a rabbinical gang that administered extrajudicial beatings and torture to Jewish husbands in the Edison divorce torture plot.[41]
  • On June 13, 2014, Darius, a 16-year-old gypsy residing in France and who has been several times interrogated by the police on the account of suspected burglaries and larcenies, was kidnapped, beaten up, and then left in a supermarket trolley by an unknown party after rumors circulated of him being implicated in a housebreaking, which happened several hours before in the city of Pierrefite-sur-Seine.[42]
  • Since the May 9, 2016 Philippine elections and the start of Rodrigo Duterte's term as the President of the Philippines, numerous suspects (particularly drug users and pushers) were killed by various unknown hitmen labelled as a summary execution during his war on drugs.[43] Duterte has been accused of being linked to the Davao Death Squad, a vigilante group active since the mid-1990s in Davao City, where Duterte had previously served as mayor.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ Harper, Douglas. "vigilante". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  2. ^ Harris, Bronwyn (May 2001). ""As for Violent Crime that's our Daily Bread": Vigilante violence during South Africa's period of transition". Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "BBC News - UK - Paedophiles 'driven into hiding'". Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  4. ^ "Mob killings spark worry". Kaieteur News. December 14, 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  5. ^ "Noseweek 162 Wonder Woman: Gauteng's last hope". Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  6. ^ Mara Kardas-Nelson. "Mpumalanga's not-so-clean coal". The M&G Online. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  7. ^ Mark D. Meyerson, Daniel Thiery (2004-11-01). A Great Effusion of Blood?: Interpreting Medieval Violence.
  8. ^ "Germany: Die Feme". Time. Oct 16, 1944.
  9. ^ Wollan, Malia (May 6, 2016). "How to Make a Citizen's Arrest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  10. ^ "Mob justice and civil society's breakdown". September 4, 2007.
  11. ^ "Mob Justice (Mob Reaction)". June 24, 2017.
  12. ^ Mullen, Kevin. "Malachi Fallon First Chief of Police". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Hine, Kelly D. (1998). "VIGILANTISM REVISITED: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE LAW OF EXTRA-JUDICIAL SELF-HELP OR WHY CAN'T DICK SHOOT HENRY FOR STEALING JANE'S TRUCK?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-09-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Monkkonen, Eric (2005). "Western Homicide: The Case of Los Angeles, 1830–1870". Pacific Historical Review. 74 (4): 603–618 [p. 609]. doi:10.1525/phr.2005.74.4.603. The homicide rate between 1847 and 1870 averaged 158 per 100,000 (13 murders per year), which was 10 to 20 times the annual murder rates for New York City during the same period
  15. ^ http://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1995summer_watts.pdf
  16. ^ Ethington, Philip J. (2001). The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900. Berekely, CA: University of California Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 0-520-23001-9. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
  17. ^ "Under the Rebel Flag: Life in Texas During the Civil War". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. 2011.
  18. ^ Schoener, Allon (1987). The Italian Americans. Macmillan Publishing Company.
  19. ^ Nicholas Farrelly (July 2, 2010). "From Village Scouts to Cyber Scouts". New Mandala. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
  20. ^ "Anthony Imperiale, 68, Dies - Polarizing Force in Newark - NYTimes.com". 28 December 1999. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  21. ^ Gutiérrez, Raúl (2007-09-04). "RIGHTS-EL SALVADOR: Death Squads Still Operating". Inter Press Service. Archived from the original on 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2007-11-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "1985-2001: A short history of Anti-Fascist Action (AFA)". Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  23. ^ "The Rise of Sweden's Far-Left Militants". VICE. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Casey Sanchez (August 13, 2007). "New Video Appears to Show Vigilante Border Murder". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  25. ^ "Vigilantes Gather in Arizona". Anti-Defamation League. April 7, 2005. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Phone vigilante slashes car tires " BBC News dated 14 August 2006. Recovered on unknown date.
  27. ^ "Careless talk". news.bbc.co.uk. 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  28. ^ "500 drivers a week flout phone ban". www.thisislondon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2009-05-02. Retrieved 2009-04-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "1,100 fined drivers get off the hook - Scotland on Sunday". scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  30. ^ "Action Taken Against Ardoyne Thug Necessary - INLA". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 18 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Brendan McDaid (31 March 2006). "INLA hands over drugs seized from cocaine ring". Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011.
  32. ^ INLA dismantles another criminal gang April 07, 2006 10:51 Indymedia.ie
  33. ^ INLA claims responsibility for murder of Derry drug dealer Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 26-05-2009
  34. ^ INLA say they shot father-of-three – Derry Journal – 21 August 2009
  35. ^ INLA victim tells 'Journal' 'I did deal in drugs - but not anymore' – Derry Journal – 28 August 2009
  36. ^ Belfast Media | News | ONH claim arson attack on depot
  37. ^ Real IRA shot sex offender - Local - Derry Journal
  38. ^ CIRA blamed for attack on man (20) - News, Frontpage - Herald.ie
  39. ^ a b 'Only way to eradicate drugs scourge is to remove the dealers' - Local - Derry Journal
  40. ^ Karla Zabludovsky (August 2, 2012). "Reclaiming the Forests and the Right to Feel Safe". The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  41. ^ Saul, Josh; Italiano, Laura (2013-10-11) "Orthodox Rabbis Beat Me, Stunned My Genitals", New York Post
  42. ^ Willsher, Kim (June 17, 2014). "Roma teenager in coma after being attacked by residents of French estate". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
  43. ^ "THE KILL LIST". Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 7, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  44. ^ Quiano, Kathy; Westcott, Ben (2017-03-02). "Ex-Davao Death Squad leader: Duterte ordered bombings". CNN. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
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