Microvision

This article is about the early video game console. For the developer of laser scanners, see MicroVision, Inc..

Microvision

Manufacturer	Milton Bradley Company
Type	Handheld game console
Generation	Second generation
Release date	November 1979 (1979-11)
Discontinued	1981
Media	Microvision ROM cartridges
CPU	Intel 8021/TI TMS1100 (on cartridge) clocked at 100 kHz
Memory	32 nibbles (16 bytes) RAM, 2K ROM
Display	16 × 16 pixels resolution
Power	1× 9V battery (TMS1100 processors), 2× 9V battery (Intel 8021 processors)

The Microvision (sometimes called Milton Bradley Microvision or MB Microvision for short) is the first handheld game console that used interchangeable ROM cartridges. It was released by the Milton Bradley Company in November 1979. The Microvision was designed by Jay Smith, the engineer who would later design the Vectrex gaming console. The Microvision's combination of portability and a cartridge-based system led to moderate success, with Smith Engineering grossing $15 million in the first year of the system's release. However, very few cartridges, a small screen, and a lack of support from established home video game companies led to its demise in 1981. According to Satoru Okada, the former head of Nintendo's R&D1 Department, the Microvision gave birth to the Game & Watch after Nintendo designed around Microvision's limitations.

Production

Unlike most later consoles, the Microvision did not contain an onboard processor (CPU). Instead, each game included its own processor contained within the removable cartridge. This meant that the console itself effectively consisted of the controls, LCD panel and LCD controller.

The processors for the first Microvision cartridges were made with both Intel 8021 (cross licensed by Signetics) and Texas Instruments TMS1100 processors. Due to purchasing issues, Milton Bradley switched to using TMS1100 processors exclusively including reprogramming the games that were originally programmed for the 8021 processor. The TMS1100 was a more primitive device, but offered more memory and lower power consumption than the 8021. First-revision Microvisions needed two batteries due to the 8021's higher power consumption, but later units (designed for the TMS1100) only had one active battery holder. Even though the battery compartment was designed to allow the two 9-volt batteries to be inserted with proper polarity of positive and negative terminals, when a battery was forcefully improperly oriented, while the other battery was properly oriented, the two batteries would be shorted and they would overheat. The solution was to remove terminals for one of the batteries to prevent this hazard. Due to the high cost of changing production molds, Milton Bradley did not eliminate the second battery compartment, but instead removed its terminals and called it the spare battery holder.

Problems

The uncovered LCD screen of a Microvision, showing screen damage.

Microvision units and cartridges are now somewhat rare. Those that are still in existence are susceptible to three main problems: "screen rot," ESD damage, and keypad destruction.

Screen rot

The manufacturing process used to create the Microvision's LCD was primitive by modern standards. Poor sealing and impurities introduced during manufacture has resulted in the condition known as screen rot. The liquid crystal spontaneously leaks and permanently darkens, resulting in a game unit that still plays but is unable to properly draw the screen. While extreme heat (such as resulting from leaving the unit in the sun) which can instantly destroy the screen can be avoided, there is nothing that can be done to prevent screen rot in most Microvisions.

ESD damage

A major design problem involves the fact that the microprocessor (which is inside the top of each cartridge) lacks ESD protection and is directly connected to the copper pins which normally connect the cartridge to the Microvision unit. If the user opens the protective sliding door that covers the pins, the processor can be exposed to any electric charge the user has built up. If the user has built up a substantial charge, the discharge can jump around the door's edge or pass through the door itself (dielectric breakdown). The low-voltage integrated circuit inside the cartridge is extremely ESD sensitive, and can be destroyed by an event of only a few dozen volts which cannot even be felt by the person, delivering a fatal shock to the game unit. This phenomenon was described in detail by John Elder Robison (a former Milton Bradley engineer) in his book Look Me in the Eye.

Keypad destruction

The Microvision unit had a twelve-button keypad, with the switches buried under a thick layer of flexible plastic. To align the user's fingers with the hidden buttons, the cartridges had cutouts in their bottom (over the keypad). As different games required different button functions, the cutouts were covered with a thin printed piece of plastic, which identified the buttons' functions in that game. The problem with this design is that pressing on the buttons stretched the printed plastic, resulting in the thin material stretching and eventually tearing. Having long fingernails exacerbated the condition. Many of the initial games were programmed to give feedback of the keypress when the key was released instead of when the key was pressed. As a result, users may press on the keypad harder because they are not being provided with any feedback that the key has been pressed. This resulted from a keypad used for prototyping being different from the production keypad; the prototyping keypad had tactile feedback upon key pressing that the production units lacked.

Technical specifications

The PCB of a Block Buster game cartridge, showing the TI3496 processor from the TMS1100 family.

• CPU: Intel 8021/TI TMS1100 (on cartridge)
• Screen type and resolution: 16 × 16 pixel LCD
• Register width: 4 bit (TMS1100), 8 bit (8021)
• Processor speed: 100 kHz
• RAM (integrated into CPU): 64 bytes
• ROM: 2K (TMS100), 1K (8021)
• Cartridge ROM: 2K (TMS 1100), 1K (8021) masked (integrated into CPU; each game's CPU was different)
• Video Display Processor: LCD Custom Driver (made by Hughes)
• Sound: Piezo beeper
• Input: Twelve button keypad, one paddle
• Power requirements: One or two 9 volt batteries on earlier Microvision consoles, one 9 volt battery on later Microvision consoles
• Power Dissipation: 110 mW (TMS 1100), 1 W (8021)

Games

While the game cartridge plastic cases were beige colored in the USA, in Europe they came in a variety of different colors, and the games were numbered on the Box. The age range in Europe for the console and its games was from 8 to 80 years old.

There were 12 titles known to have been released.

   Background shading indicates canceled games.

#	US Title	Overseas Titles	Game Number (EU)	Release Date	Microprocessor/s
1	Block Buster	Block Buster Block Buster Block Buster Casse Brique	1 1 1 1	November 1979	TI MP3496-N1 or TI MP3450A
2	Bowling	Bowling Bowling Bowling Bowling	2 2 2 2	November 1979	TI MP3475NLL
3	Connect Four	Connect 4 4 Gewinnt Veir Op'n Rij Puissance 4	5 5 5 5	November 1979	Signetics Intel 8021
4	Pinball	Pinball Pinball Flipper Flipper	4 4 4 4	November 1979	TI MP3455NLL
5	Mindbuster	N/A	N/A	1979	TI MP3457NLL
6	Star Trek: Phaser Strike (later just Phaser Strike)	Shooting Star Shooting Star Shooting Star Shooting Star Shooting Star	3 3 3	1979	TI MP3545
7	Vegas Slots	N/A	N/A	1979	?
8	Baseball	N/A	N/A	1980	?
9	Sea Duel	Sea Duel See-Duell Duel Duello Sul Mare Bataille Navale	6 6 6 6 6	1980	?
10	Alien Raiders	Space Blitz Blitz Blitz Blitz	7 7 7 7	1981	?
11	Cosmic Hunter	N/A	N/A	1981	?
12	N/A	Super Blockbuster Super Casse Brique	8 8	1982	?
13	Barrage	?	?	Unreleased (supposed to be released in 1982)	?

See also

• Mattel Auto Race
• Vectrex