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The Fountain

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The Fountain
The Fountain movie poster
Directed byDarren Aronofsky
Written byStory:
Darren Aronofsky
Ari Handel
Screenplay:
Darren Aronofsky
Produced byArnon Milchan
Eric Watson
Iain Smith
StarringHugh Jackman
Rachel Weisz
Ellen Burstyn
CinematographyMatthew Libatique
Music byClint Mansell
Distributed byUnited States Warner Bros. Pictures
United Nations Regency Enterprises (Sales)
United Nations 20th Century Fox (Rights in most countries)
France TFM Distribution
Germany Kinowelt
Switzerland Ascot Elite
Release dates
November 22, 2006
Running time
96 min.
CountryUSA
LanguageEnglish
Budget$35 million

The Fountain is a 2006 science fiction / fantasy film directed by Darren Aronofsky that encompasses three time periods within a millennium, beginning with 16th century conquistadors searching for the Tree of Life, followed by a modern-day search for a cancer cure, framed by a 26th century deep space voyage into a nebula. The film explores the themes of life, love, death, rebirth and immortality.

Aronofsky, who directed π and Requiem for a Dream, aimed to reinvent the science fiction genre after being inspired by The Matrix. The film stars Hugh Jackman and Rachel Weisz, who make up the emotional core of the film's millennial love story. Aronofsky incorporated visual effects using minimal computer-generated imagery. The Fountain was released on November 22, 2006.

Plot

The Fountain takes place in three interweaving narratives that stretch from 16th century Spain to the modern day to deep space in the 26th century. Template:Spoiler

On a quest for immortality, Tomas (Hugh Jackman), a 16th century conquistador, and his two men approach a lost Maya pyramid that holds the legendary Tree of Life. Maya warriors attack the conquistadors, and Tomas's men are killed in battle. Tomas's life is spared by the warriors, who force him to climb the pyramid. When Tomas reaches the temple at the top, he is stabbed in the stomach by a Maya priest.

Flashforward to the present. Research oncologist Tommy Creo (Jackman) attempts to reverse brain tumors in rhesus monkeys through animal testing; his work is motivated by his young, cancer-stricken wife Izzi (Rachel Weisz). When the tests fail on a monkey named Donovan, Tommy is inspired to break medical protocol and use an untested compound derived from a Guatemalan tree. At first, the drug fails to stop the tumor's growth, but surprisingly rejuvenates Donovan's wounds and cognitive abilities.

Flashforward to the future. A bald, meditative Tom (Jackman) is seen with a large tree inside an ecospheric spacecraft, traveling towards a nebula. Back in the present, Izzi is stargazing on the roof of her home. Through the telescope, she shows Tommy a nebula, describing it as Xibalba, the Mayan underworld. Izzi also tells Tommy about the book she has been writing with this theme, entitled The Fountain. The unfinished story describes a Spanish conquistador who is sent to the New World by Queen Isabella (Weisz) to find the immortality-granting Tree of Life.

While Izzi sleeps, Tommy begins reading her book. The story begins with the Grand Inquisitor Silecio (Stephen McHattie), who has demonized the Spanish queen Isabella as a heretic. Silecio slowly acquires territories to take Spain back from the queen, killing her followers along the way. Tomas plots to assassinate Silecio, but is stopped by Captain Ariel bearing an urgent message from the Queen. Returning to Isabella's court, Tomas is given a new mission: find the Tree of Life. The tree's location is revealed on a hidden map displayed by a Mayan dagger stolen by Father Avila (Mark Margolis), whose Franciscan order backs the Queen.

Having fallen asleep after reading the book, Tommy awakens to find that Izzi has left for the museum. When he meets her there, Izzi relates the creation myth of the Mayans: the world grows from a tree out of the First Father who sacrificed himself to create the world, with the First Father's head being hung in the sky to create Xibalba. Tommy insists on taking Izzi to her medical appointment, but she has a seizure and is rushed to the hospital. When she wakes up, she tells Tommy she is no longer afraid of death. Izzi also tells Tommy a story told to her by a Mayan guide: after the guide's father died, a seed was planted on his grave. According to the guide, his father became the tree, and part of him flew in the birds that ate from the tree.

Suffering from the thought of losing his beloved wife, Tommy drives himself to the brink trying to find a cure for Izzi's brain tumor. In parallel, the future Tom is afraid to face visions of Izzi and focuses on reaching the nebula. Tom reassures the living tree that it will be reborn.

In the present, a bedridden Izzi goes into cardiac arrest, and Tommy is forced to leave the room. In the hall, Dr. Lillian Guzetti (Ellen Burstyn) informs Tommy that the medical testing was sucessful: Donovan's tumor has begun shrinking. With this news, Tommy races back into his wife's room only to find that Izzi could not be resuscitated. Simultaneously, the future Tom is faced with the death of the tree, still beyond the reach of the nebula. During Izzi's funeral, Tommy tells Dr. Guzetti that "Death is a disease, like any other. And there is a cure. And I will find it."

The future Tom is haunted by visions of his wife asking him to finish writing her book. Tom confronts his fear of death and accepts dying, releasing him from the fear that held him back, giving him the ability to conceive the story's ending.

Flashback to the Mayan temple guard, who briefly sees the future Tom appear in place of Tomas. The priest addresses Tomas as 'First Father,' apologizes for not recognizing him, and presents himself as a sacrifice. After slitting the Mayan's throat, Tomas reaches the Tree of Life and extracts some sap for application to his abdominal wound. Seeing the stab-wound heal, Tomas drinks the sap, only to find leaves and flowers bursting from his body, burying him beside the tree. The future Tom finally passes into the heart of the nebula and enters Xibalba at peace with his imminent death as the star explodes. The present day Tommy is seen planting a tree seed over Izzi's grave.

A deep exhale is heard as the frame fades to white. Tommy's disembodied voice whispers, "I finished it." Izzi's voice asks, "Is everything all right?" and Tommy's voice responds, "Yes, everything's all right." Template:Endspoilers

Production

In 1999, Darren Aronofsky and actor Jared Leto saw The Matrix together. Aronofsky said he had mused after seeing the film, "What kind of science fiction movie can people make now?" Aronofsky began to consider new ideas for a science fiction film with his friend from college, Ari Handel.[1] In April 2001, Aronofsky entered negotiations with Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow to direct an untitled sci-fi epic with actor Brad Pitt in the lead role. Aronofsky had been writing the film with Handel, who had a Ph.D in neuroscience. The director said the film would explore new territory similar to how Star Wars, 2001: A Space Odyssey, and The Matrix had redefined the genre. Aronofsky wanted to go beyond typical science fiction films that were plot-driven by technology and science. "We've seen it all. It's not really interesting to audiences anymore. The interesting things are the ideas; the search for God, the search for meaning," said Aronofsky. The director said that the film would be "the most ambitious thing I've done to date and the biggest challenge".[2] Aronofsky travelled with a crew to Central America to consult with Mayan experts like Moises Morales Marquez and to explore the ruins of Palenque. The group also made a visit to Tikal, a jungle location that had been featured in the original Star Wars.[1] To design a rainforest set, the films Aguirre, the Wrath of God and The Holy Mountain were screened for the crew for inspiration.[3] In June 2001, actress Cate Blanchett entered talks to join Aronofsky's project.[4] Production on the film, whose working title was The Last Man,[5] was postponed to improve the script and wait for Blanchett, pregnant at the time of signing on board, to give birth to her child that December. The start date for production was set to begin in summer 2002.[6]

Production was set for late October 2002 in Queensland and Sydney, Australia. The film, now called The Fountain, was greenlighted with a budget of $70 million, co-financed by Warner Bros. and New Regency, the latter filling the gap after Village Roadshow's withdrawal from the project. Actress Ellen Burstyn, who starred in Aronofsky's Requiem for a Dream, had also been cast alongside Pitt and Blanchett.[7] Preparation for production of The Fountain cost $18 million.[8] Abruptly, Pitt left the project to star as Achilles in director Wolfgang Petersen's Troy. Jeff Robinov, President of Production at Warner Bros. Pictures, announced that due to Pitt's departure, The Fountain would cease production.[9] Pitt had requested extensive script revisions and, not happy with the screenplay, left seven weeks prior to the first day of shooting.[1] By the end of August, sets built for the production of the film, including a 10-story Aztec temple, were auctioned off, in addition to props and other items.[10] Pitt said that he was disappointed to leave and added, "I remain encouraged that The Fountain will yet have its day."[9]

File:Fountain conquistador.jpg
The conquistador (Jackman) is carried by Mayan warriors

In February 2004, Warner Bros. resurrected Aronofsky's project and began to court actor Hugh Jackman to replace Pitt in the lead role. The film received a second greenlight with a budget of $35 million, in part due to the director's willingness to leave costly set pieces out of the screenplay.[11] In August, actress Rachel Weisz joined Hugh Jackman for the project, filling the vacancy left by Blanchett. The Fountain was set to begin production in November 2004.[12] By March 2005, filming was underway at a sound stage in Montreal.[13] The film's locations, with the exception of scenes filmed at a museum and at a farmhouse, were built on the Montreal sound stage.[14] Aronofsky, influenced by Bernal Díaz del Castillo's The Conquest of New Spain, applied the narrative in designing the film's conquistador scenes.[15] 70 extras were cast as Maya warriors, and 20 of the extras were actually Mayan, flown in from Guatemala. An actual Maya spiritual leader was cast as the Maya spiritual leader in the film.[13] To create the scene of the conquistador's death upon drinking the sap from the Tree of Life, Aronofsky drew from Maya mythology the description of when valiant warriors die, flowers and butterflies emerge from their bodies. Aronofsky excluded butterflies from the death scene to minimize the film's computer-generated imagery but kept the effect of flowers bursting from the conquistador's body.[16]

In The Fountain, the Tree of Life was a central design and part of the film's three periods. The tree was based on Kabbalah's Sefirot, which depicts a "map" of Creation to understand the nature of God and how he created the world ex nihilo (out of nothing). The Sefirot Tree, being two or three hundred feet tall in lore, had to be resized for The Fountain to fit in the camera's frame.[16] Production designer James Chinlund said that the tree, part of an enormous set surrounded by green screens, and other sets presented difficult logistical problems due to the small budget provided for the resurrected project. The tree set itself had been a collaboration between Chinlund, Aronofsky, and cinematographer Matthew Libatique to create the appropriate design, particularly the palette in comparison to the biospheric ship that carries the tree in the astronaut period.[17] Aronofsky described the astronaut period as a homage to David Bowie's "Space Oddity"; the protagonist's name "Tom" originating from the Major Tom of the popular song.[15] Co-writer Ari Handel researched biospherics, such as the failed Biosphere 2, to help design the ship that carried the protagonist and the tree through space.[17] About the goal to the glass-sphered ship's design, Aronofsky argued, "There is no reason a spaceship would be built like a giant truck in space."[3]

The Fountain originally received an R rating for "Some violence" from the MPAA. The film was edited by the studio and re-rated PG-13 for "Intense sequences of violent action, some sensuality and language".[18]

Cast

Director Darren Aronofsky was originally not familiar with Hugh Jackman until the actor was cast as Wolverine in X-Men. Aronofsky went to see Jackman perform as Peter Allen in the Broadway musical The Boy from Oz. The director was impressed with Jackman's performance and met with the actor, who had been looking for "a role that could show a lot of dimension". In addition to Jackman's casting, Aronofsky wrote into the script roles for Ellen Burstyn and Mark Margolis, who had appeared in the director's previous film, Requiem for a Dream.[15]

Jackman researched and prepared for his role by practicing yoga and tai chi. It took 14 months for Jackman to achieve the lotus position, which is seen in the film. Jackman also watched a woman undergo brain tumor surgery and had been shaken to see the woman have similar blond hair to his wife: "All I could think of was my wife on that table. As much as I'd read the script and theorized and practiced philosophy, I knew in that moment that I was so not ready for death."[19] The actor portrayed his various characters in The Fountain by physically acting differently for each persona. As the conquistador, Jackman was upright and forward-leaning to evoke an unstoppable nature. As the scientist, the actor hunched over with a dedicated focus on his character's work, being weighed down by the "world on his shoulders". As the astronaut, Jackman practiced the state of zen but also exhibited a continued persistence in his endeavour.[20] Of his time filming The Fountain, Hugh Jackman described his experience: "It is the hardest job I've worked and by far the most satisfying. Darren wants blood. As a director, he is very much inside my head."[13]

Jackman suggested to Darren Aronofsky the possibility of casting Rachel Weisz as his protagonist's wife. The director, who was in a relationship with the actress and living with her, had previously hesitated to show the studio signs of favoritism in casting Weisz. With Jackman's earnest recommendation, the actress was cast as Isabel.[21] Weisz prepared for her role by reading books and first-person accounts about people who had terminal illnesses.[20] The actress also went to hospitals to visit young people who were dying and under hospice care. "There were a few days where I was in the headspace where I could say: 'I could go now'," said Weisz.[22]

  • Hugh Jackman as Tomas / Tommy / Tom Creo. Tomas is a Spanish conquistador who serves his Queen Isabella. Tommy is a modern-day scientist who desperately seeks a cure for his cancer-stricken wife. Tom is an astronaut who journeys to a nebula in an ecospheric bubble.
  • Rachel Weisz as Isabella / Izzi Creo. Isabella is the queen of Spain who sends her conquistador, Tomas, on a mission. In modern times, Izzi, who is the wife of Tommy, slowly succumbs to her cancer. In the future, Isabella and Izzi haunt astronaut Tom in his visions.
  • Ellen Burstyn as Dr. Lilian Guzetti. The scientist is Tommy's superior in his research.
  • Stephen McHattie as Grand Inquistor Silecio. The inquistor makes it his mission to dethrone Queen Isabella of Spain, whom he seems as a heretic.
  • Cliff Curtis as Captain Ariel. The conquistador is Tomas' second-in-command.
  • Donna Murphy as Betty. She is a lab technician who assists Tommy.
  • Ethan Suplee as Manny. He is a lab technician who assists Tommy.
  • Sean Patrick Thomas as Antonio. He is a lab technician who assists Tommy.
  • Mark Margolis as Father Avila. The friar provides clues to help the conquistador Tomas in his mission under the queen.

Themes

The Fountain begins with a quote from Genesis 3:24, the Biblical passage that reflects the fall of man. Hugh Jackman emphasizes the importance of the fall in the film: "The moment Adam and Eve ate of the tree of knowledge, or good and evil, humans started to experience life as we all experience it now, which is life and death, poor and wealthy, pain and pleasure, good and evil. We live in a world of duality. Husband, wife, we relate everything. And much of our lives are spent not wanting to die, be poor, experience pain. It's what the movie's about."[19] Darren Aronofsky had also interpreted the story of Genesis as the definition of mortality for humanity. He inquired of the fall, "If they had drank from the tree of life [instead of the tree of knowledge] what would have separated them from their maker? So what makes us human is actually death. It's what makes us special."[23]

File:Fountain tree of life.jpg
Thomas (Jackman) and Isabel (Weisz) beside the Tree of Life

The theme of thanatophobia is described by Aronofsky as a "movement from darkness into light, from black to white", tracing the journey of a man scared of death and moving toward it.[24] The theme is highlighted by Aronofsky's use of visual language, such as shooting Jackman's characters in shadows until the story's light-saturated conclusion, while Weisz's characters are awash with light in each period.[25] Along these lines, Aronofsky made use of the color of gold, as gold was the sought-after treasure of the conquistadors. "When you see gold, it represents materialism and wealth and all these things that distract us from the true journey that we’re on," Aronofsky said.[24] The director also used similar geometric constructs in the film to distinguish the three chronological narratives. The 16th century conquistador's tale reflected triangles through pyramids and constellations, the 21st century researcher's period reflected rectangles through doors, windows, and computer screens, and the 26th century contemplative reflected circles and spheres through the spacecraft and stellar bodies.[26]

Darren Aronofsky emphasized that the narratives in their time periods and their respective convergences were open to interpretation. The director maintained that the film's intricacy and underlying message is "very much like a Rubik's cube, where you can solve it in several different ways, but ultimately there's only one solution at the end".[27] Critics have observed recurring, mythological references to themes of enlightenment, redemption, and rebirth, such as the Biblical Tree of Life,[28] the Buddha,[28] and the world-tree Yggdrasil.[29] In the same vein, Jackman views the story as a modern myth that helps people to understand the meaning of life, explaining the unexplainable, and fostering understanding: "These fables may not make scientific sense, but somehow they explain the world to us."[30]

Columnist Victoria Alexander attributes Tommy Creo's divergent storyline to grief-induced hallucination[31], a notion seconded by the Kansas City Star's Robert Butler, who cites visions inspired by ingesting the bark of the tree.[32] Brian Orndorf describes the visual artifacts of Creo's struggle as "the mental breakdown of a man who is looking for hope in all the wrong places."[33] A subset of analyses offer the film's central ("real") essence as "the final three days of... two people very believably and relatably in love,"[28], suggesting its abstract and futuristic elements to be non-literal representations akin to "astral projection"[34] or "the psychology of survivor's guilt."[35] At least two correspondents (Anderson and Brussat) take the Izzy-tree comparisons more directly, asserting that Creo's wife has transformed into[36] or become part of the tree.[37] More middle-of-the-road interpretations posit the notion of three distinct storylines to be "sort of true and yet not true"[28], introducing an in-between possibility wherein the narratives might exist on multiple levels.

Visual effects

Jeremy Dawson and Dan Schrecker, who had provided visual effects for Darren Aronofsky's Pi and Requiem for a Dream returned to The Fountain to help the director with the film's effects. The pair were assigned with the task of creating as little computer-generated imagery as possible, a difficult task with a third of the film taking place in deep space. Aronofsky chose to avoid effects that would make the film look dated in several decades but instead hold up as well as a film like 2001: A Space Odyssey. Dawson said, "Using CG is really the easy route because it's so prevalent and the tools are great. What it did was really force us to come up with creative solutions to solve a lot of our problems." One creative solution was uncovering Peter Parks, a specialist in macro photography, who had retrieved deep-sea microorganisms and photographed them in 3-D under partial funding from the Bahamas government. Parks brewed chemicals and bacteria together to create reactions of which Schrecker and Dawson shot 20,000 feet worth of film in the course of eight weeks for The Fountain.[17] To create the effects, Peter Parks had taken advantage of fluid dynamics, which affected the behavior of the substances that he photographed. "When these images are projected on a big screen, you feel like you're looking at infinity. That's because the same forces at work in the water—gravitational effects, settlement, refractive indices—are happening in outer space," Parks said. The specialist's talent convinced the film's creative department to go beyond computer-generated imagery and follow Parks' lead. Instead of millions of dollars for a single special effects sequence, Parks generated all the footage for the film for just $140,000.[1]

The visual effects company Look Effects worked on 87 shots for The Fountain that included major set extensions, digital mattes, image enhancement, face replacement and blemish removal, as well as animating key elements to the film's story. Henrik Fett, the visual effects supervisor of Look Effects, said, "Darren was quite clear on what he wanted and his intent to greatly minimize the use of computer graphics... [and] I think the results are outstanding."[38]

Musical score

Clint Mansell, who scored for Aronofsky's first two films, π and Requiem for a Dream, reprised his role as composer for The Fountain. The San Francisco-based string quartet Kronos Quartet, who had previously performed for the Requiem for a Dream soundtrack, and Scottish post-rock band Mogwai also contributed to the film score.[39] Darren Aronofsky hoped that David Bowie, whose song "Space Oddity" helped influence the film's astronaut period, would record a "third Tom song" as the musical artist worked briefly with composer Clint Mansell during production, but the song was not recorded.[15]

Mansell, a member of the band Pop Will Eat Itself, researched possible scores to tie together the three different time periods that spanned The Fountain. Mansell said of the overall feel of the score, "My sense is that it needs to be something that's going to be quite organic." The composer also considered implementing orchestral and electronic elements that would still keep "a real human element to them that breathes".[17] The score was designed parallel to the film's production instead of in the post-production phase. For the score, Mansell created a mood that flourished as the film progressed. Mansell described the process of composing the music, "It’s instinct and listening to what the film is telling you it needs."[3]

Clint Mansell has received a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score in The Fountain.[40] He has also received a nomination for a Critics' Choice Award for Best Composer.[41]

Marketing

At Comic-Con International in July 2005, director Darren Aronofsky and actress Rachel Weisz presented a panel for The Fountain in which they screened 10 minutes of the film that received positive reception from the audience.[42] The official website for The Fountain was launched in August 2005.[43] An Internet-only teaser trailer was launched on the website in November 2005.[44] In July 2006, the full-length trailer was launched at Apple.[45] The Fountain originally had a release date of October 13, 2006, but the film was delayed to create a "long-lead campaign" and generate anticipation via word of mouth. The final release date of The Fountain was set for November 22, 2006.[46]

To further promote his film, Aronofsky sent his screenplay to a group of eleven artists: Phil Hale, Martin Wilner, Jason Shawn Alexander, Kostas Seremetis, Dave Gibbons, Barron Storey , James Jean, Jim Lee, Olivier Bramanti, Seth Fisher, and Bill Sienkiewicz. The director invited them to interpret the screenplay in each one's chosen medium, and the interpretations would become available on the website for The Fountain.[47] Darren Aronofsky also published a book in November 2006 based on The Fountain that contains production stills, the original script, original art, and observations by the film's creators.[48]

Nonesuch Records, the home of The Fountain musical contributor Kronos Quartet, released the film's musical collaborations between composer Clint Mansell, Kronos Quartet, Mogwai, and Antony Hegarty titled The Fountain: Music from the Motion Picture on November 21, 2006.[49] The content and research agency Ramp Industry launched The Fountain Remixed, a website driven by user-generated content. Users could download freely provided audio parts from The Fountain's film score, remix the music, and upload the work onto the website to be evaluated by other users.[50]

Reception

The Fountain held its world premiere at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival on September 2, 2006.[51] While several critics booed the film at the festival's press screening, The Fountain received a 10-minute standing ovation at the public screening the following evening.[8] The Fountain was commercially released in the United States on Wednesday, November 22, 2006, a day before Thanksgiving. The film domestically earned $3,768,702 during the opening weekend of November 24. As of December 17, 2006, The Fountain has earned $9,776,258 in the United States.[52]

Leslie Felperin of Variety described the switching between time periods throughout the film as being abrupt and considered the visual effects to be similar to the "remake of the wormhole section of '2001: A Space Odyssey,' as produced by makers of instructional videos for beginning yoga students".[53] IGN's Filip Vukcevic described The Fountain as "a film that is not easily accessible", and commended Aronofsky's direction and Jackman's performance to shape the emotional core of the film.[54] The Fountain also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, the AFI Fest, the Sitges Film Festival, the Atlantic Film Festival, Fantastic Fest, and the Chicago International Film Festival.[55] On Rotten Tomatoes, The Fountain has a 50% overall approval out of 149 reviews from critics.[56]

The Fountain won the $25,000 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Feature Film Prize in Science and Technology for its unique approach, and the award was presented at the Hamptons International Film Festival in October 2006.[57]

Graphic novel

Main article: The Fountain (graphic novel)

When actor Brad Pitt left director Darren Aronofsky's project in 2002, the director preserved the rights to printing a comic book. Aronofsky said, "I knew it was a hard film to make, and I said at least if Hollywood fucks me over at least I'll make a comic book out of it."[58] He shopped the story to Vertigo Comics and was impressed by the illustrations of comic book artist Kent Williams. Aronofsky hired Williams to create the graphic novel for The Fountain based on the script that was originally intended to be used for the project involving Pitt and Cate Blanchett. Ari Handel, co-writer for the film, provided Williams with research, photographs, and images on "Mayans, astronomy, pulsars, and all kinds of cool stuff" to help with the graphic novel's design. Aronofsky gave Williams the freedom to interpret the story as the artist saw fit.[58]

References

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  9. ^ a b Brian Linder (2002-09-13). "Brad Pitt: Achilles Heel". IGN. Retrieved 2006-11-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Brian Linder (2003-08-26). "The Fountain Auctioned Off". IGN. Retrieved 2006-11-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  16. ^ a b Peter Sciretta (2006-11-20). "Interview: Darren Aronofsky, director of The Fountain". /FILM. Retrieved 2006-11-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ a b c d Jonah Weiland (2005-04-11). "Talking with the Makers of "The Fountain"". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2006-11-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ MPAA (2006-11-01). "Latest MPAA Ratings: #30". RopeofSilicon.com. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ a b Johanna Schneller (2006-08-31). "Hugh Jackman: Cover Story". Empire. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ a b David Server (2006-11-17). "CD Exclusive: 'The Fountain' Cast and Crew Q&A!". CountingDown.com. Retrieved 2006-12-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ Sheila Roberts (2006-11-17). "Hugh Jackman Interview, The Fountain". MoviesOnline.ca. Retrieved 2006-12-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ ""The Fountain" makes a splash at Venice". Channel NewsAsia. 2006-09-05. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Peter Sciretta (2006-11-21). "Interview: Darren Aronofsky, director of The Fountain, Part 2". /FILM. Retrieved 2006-12-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ a b Rebecca Murray (2006-10-20). "Darren Aronofsky Talks About "The Fountain"". About.com. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ^ Devin Faraci (2006-11-22). "Devin's Exclusive Interview: Darren Aronofsky (The Fountain)". CHUD.com. Retrieved 2006-11-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ "Capone and Darren Aronofsky Discuss THE FOUNTAIN!!!"". Ain't It Cool News. 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2006-11-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ "Director Darren Aronofsky: A 'Fountain' Quest Fulfilled". Washington Post. 2006-11-24. Retrieved 2006-11-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ a b c d Devin Faraci (2006-07-13). "Review: The Fountain". CHUD.com. Retrieved 2006-11-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ J. Hoberman (2006-11-21). "Fountain of Shame". Village Voice. Retrieved 2006-11-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ "Hugh's New Movie!". The Insider. 2006-11-13. Retrieved 2006-11-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ Victoria Alexander. "I've taken the same entheogens many times. But I never cried". FilmsInReview.com. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  32. ^ Robert Butler (2006-11-22). "Drifting in Murky Waters". Kansas City Star. Retrieved 2006-11-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ Brian Orndorf (2006-11-21). "Film Review -- 'The Fountain'". Collider.com. Retrieved 2006-11-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ J. Hoberman (2006-11-21). "Fountain of Shame". Village Voice. Retrieved 2006-11-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ "Director Darren Aronofsky: A 'Fountain' Quest Fulfilled". Washington Post. 2006-11-24. Retrieved 2006-11-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ Jeffrey M. Anderson. "Youth or Dare". Combustible Celluloid. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  37. ^ Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat. "Film Review: The Fountain". Spirituality and Practice. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  38. ^ "Look Effects Does More With Less CG on The Fountain". VFXWorld. 2006-10-23. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ "Mogwai Contribute to Film Score on Aronofsky Film 'The Fountain'". Spacelab Music News. 2006-08-01. Retrieved 2006-11-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ "Hollywood Foreign Press Association Announced the Nominations for the 64th Golden Globe Awards". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. 2006-12-14. Retrieved 2006-12-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ "Nominees 2006". Broadcast Film Critics Association. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
  42. ^ Quint (2005-07-16). "The Fountain panel with Darren Aronofsky and Rachel Weisz". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 2006-11-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ "The Fountain Flows Online". IGN. 2005-08-08. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ^ Warner Bros. Pictures (2005-11-10). "Teaser for The Fountain Flows Online". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ Warner Bros. Pictures (2006-07-21). "New Trailer for Aronofsky's The Fountain!". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ Stax (2006-08-01). "Fountain, Accepted Shift". IGN. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ George Gene Gustines (2006-11-05). "Six Ways of Looking at 'The Fountain'". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ "Rizzoli New York - Catalog - The Fountain by Darren Aronofsky". Rizzoli. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
  49. ^ Amy Phillips (2006-10-13). "Stream: The Fountain Clips Ft. Mogwai, Antony". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ "Ramp to create UGC site for launch of Fox's 'The Fountain'". Brand Republic. 2006-11-07. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ "Programme for pass holders and the public" (PDF). Venice International Film Festival. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  52. ^ "The Fountain (2006)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
  53. ^ Leslie Felipern (2006-09-04). "Reviews - The Fountain". Variety. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ Filip Vukcevic (2006-09-15). "The Fountain Review". IGN. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ^ "Release dates for The Fountain (2006)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
  56. ^ "The Fountain". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
  57. ^ Jeff Sneider (2006-10-22). "Hamptons lauds 'Man'". Variety. Retrieved 2006-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ^ a b Jonah Weiland (2005-04-06). "Talking "The Fountain" Graphic Novel with Darren Aronofsky and Ari Handel". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2006-11-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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