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'''ACORN''', the '''Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now''', is a community-based organization that advocates for low- and moderate-income families by working on neighborhood safety, [[voter registration]], [[health care]], affordable housing, and other social issues. ACORN has over 400,000 members and more than 850 neighborhood chapters in over 100 cities across the [[United States of America|United States]], as well as in [[Argentina]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], and [[Peru]]. ACORN was founded in 1970 by [[Wade Rathke]] and Gary Delgado.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sonoma.edu/users/w/wallsd/community-organizing.shtml |last=Walls |first=David |authorlink =David Walls (academic) |title=Power to the People: Thirty-five Years of Community Organizing |work=The Workbook |month=Summer |year=1994}}</ref> Maude Hurd has been National President of ACORN since 1990.
'''ACORN''', the '''Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now''', is a community-based organization that advocates for low- and moderate-income families by working on neighborhood safety, [[voter registration]], [[health care]], affordable housing, and other social issues. ACORN has over 400,000 members and more than 850 neighborhood chapters in over 100 cities across the [[United States of America|United States]], as well as in [[Argentina]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], and [[Peru]]. ACORN was founded in 1970 by [[Wade Rathke]] and Gary Delgado.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sonoma.edu/users/w/wallsd/community-organizing.shtml |last=Walls |first=David |authorlink =David Walls (academic) |title=Power to the People: Thirty-five Years of Community Organizing |work=The Workbook |month=Summer |year=1994}}</ref> Maude Hurd has been National President of ACORN since 1990.


ACORN's priorities have included: better housing and wages for the poor, more community development investment from banks and governments, better public schools, and other social justice issues.<ref name=r8144>{{cite web|url=http://www.acorn.org/index.php?id=1139&L=0%3Fid%3D8144|publisher=ACORN (press release)|title=New Report Finds Widespread Local Use of Affordable Housing Program Being Currently Debated in Congress|date=2002-07-23}}</ref> ACORN pursues these goals through demonstration, negotiation, lobbying for legislation, and voter participation.<ref name=r8144/> ACORN is a [[Non-profit organization|non-profit]], [[nonpartisan]] organization. It is made up of numerous legally distinct parts including local non-profits, a national [[lobbying]] organization, and the ACORN Housing Corporation.
ACORN's priorities have included: better housing and wages for the poor, more community development investment from banks and governments, better public schools, and other social justice issues.<ref name=r8144>{{cite web|url=http://www.acorn.org/index.php?id=1139&L=0%3Fid%3D8144|publisher=ACORN (press release)|title=New Report Finds Widespread Local Use of Affordable Housing Program Being Currently Debated in Congress|date=2002-07-23}}</ref> ACORN pursues these goals through demonstration, negotiation, lobbying for legislation, and voter participation.<ref name=r8144/> ACORN is a [[Non-profit organization|non-profit]] organization made up of numerous legally distinct parts including local non-profits, a national [[lobbying]] organization, and the ACORN Housing Corporation.


==Issues and actions==
==Issues and actions==

Revision as of 22:00, 14 May 2009

This article is about the advocacy organization. For other uses, see Acorn (disambiguation).
Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now
AbbreviationACORN
Formation1970
TypeNon-governmental organization
HeadquartersNew Orleans, Louisiana
Region served
USA, Peru, Argentina, Mexico, India, Canada
President
Maude Hurd (1990-present)
Budget
$100 Million USD+
Websitewww.acorn.org

ACORN, the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now, is a community-based organization that advocates for low- and moderate-income families by working on neighborhood safety, voter registration, health care, affordable housing, and other social issues. ACORN has over 400,000 members and more than 850 neighborhood chapters in over 100 cities across the United States, as well as in Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and Peru. ACORN was founded in 1970 by Wade Rathke and Gary Delgado.[1] Maude Hurd has been National President of ACORN since 1990.

ACORN's priorities have included: better housing and wages for the poor, more community development investment from banks and governments, better public schools, and other social justice issues.[2] ACORN pursues these goals through demonstration, negotiation, lobbying for legislation, and voter participation.[2] ACORN is a non-profit organization made up of numerous legally distinct parts including local non-profits, a national lobbying organization, and the ACORN Housing Corporation.

Issues and actions

Predatory lending and affordable housing

ACORN targets companies that engage in lending practices that it considers predatory. It supports strict state laws against predatory practices, organizes against foreclosure rescue scams, and steers borrowers toward loan counseling;[3] Following a three-year campaign, Household International (now owned by HSBC Holdings and renamed HSBC Finance Corporation), one of the largest subprime lenders in the country, and ACORN announced on November 25, 2003 a proposed settlement of a 2002 national class-action lawsuit brought by ACORN. The settlement created a $72 million foreclosure avoidance program to provide relief to household borrowers who are at risk of losing their homes.[3] The settlement came on the heels of an earlier $484 million settlement between Household, Attorneys General, and bank regulators from all 50 US states.[4]

ACORN and its affiliates advocate for affordable housing by urging the development, rehabilitation and establishment of housing trust funds at the local, state, and federal levels.[5] The group also pushes for enforcement of affordable-housing requirements for developers and promotes programs to help homeowners repair their homes and organize tenant demands.[5]

An ACORN official voiced support for a proposal Hillary Clinton made during the presidential primary election to create a federal fund for distressed homeowners.[6]

Living wages

Living wage ordinances require private businesses that do business with the government to pay their workers a wage that enables them to afford basic necessities. ACORN has helped pass local living wage laws in 15 cities including Chicago, Oakland, Denver, and New York City. ACORN maintains a website that provides strategic and logistical assistance to organizations nationwide.

ACORN volunteers were among those making street and traffic signs in New Orleans to replace signage lost in the Katrina disaster.

Katrina relief

ACORN members across the country, particularly in the Gulf region, have organized fundraising and organizing drives to ensure that victims of Hurricane Katrina will receive assistance and will be able to return to affected areas. ACORN's Home Cleanout Demonstration Program has gutted and rebuilt over 1,850 homes with the help of volunteers. The ACORN Katrina Survivors Association formed in the aftermath of the storm is the first nationwide organization for Katrina survivors and has been working for equitable treatment for victims. Displaced citizens were bussed into the city for the New Orleans primary and general elections. ACORN says its Housing Services have helped more than 2,000 homeowners affected by the storm and is an official planner working with the city on reconstruction.[7]

Education

ACORN pushes education reform usually in the form of organizing neighborhood groups and "community" or "ACORN schools". In Chicago, ACORN has advocated for a certified teacher to be in every classroom. In California, ACORN has documented the need for textbooks and school repairs. ACORN works with teachers unions to get money for school construction and more funding for schools.[8] ACORN also supports school reform and the "creation of alternative public schools" such as charter schools.[8][9] ACORN opposed the privatization of some NYC schools, favoring its own Charter School plan.[10] The ACORN model for schools emphasizes small classes, parent involvement, qualified teachers and "community oriented curricula".[9]

Voter registration

ACORN has conducted large-scale voter registration drives since at least the 1980s,[11] focusing primarily on poor and minority citizens.[12][13] During the 2008 election season, ACORN gathered over 1.3 million voter registration forms in 21 states. Many of these registration forms were flagged by ACORN's internal auditors for election official review, with approximately 400,000 being ultimately rejected as incomplete, duplicated or fraudulent. 450,000 of the registrations were for first-time voters, with the remainder being address change forms.[14] ACORN has fired employees for fraudulent registration practices and turned them over to authorities. Discovery of fraudulent registrations are investigated at local, state and federal levels, sometimes resulting in felony convictions. ACORN continues to improve its fraud detection and reporting procedures, and cooperates with authorities in efforts to prosecute violators to the fullest extent of the law. [15][16][17][18] In Lake County, Indiana many of the 5,000 new voter registration forms from an ACORN registration drive were deemed problematic by ACORN quality control workers, but were still turned in to election officials as required by state law. These forms were rejected by the election officials, who believed the names had been found and signatures forged based on a local telephone book. Jeff Ordower, ACORN's Midwest Director, observed, "There is no scenario where those people on problematic cards would show up at the polls." [19][20] Of 26,513 registrations submitted by ACORN over a nine month period in San Diego County, California, 4655 were initially flagged, a 17 percent error rate, compared to usually less than five percent for voter drives by other organizations, according to county officials. Upon further review, the registrar was able to validate 2806 of the flagged submissions, reducing the error rate to seven percent.[21] In a case in Washington state, ACORN agreed to pay King County $25,000 for its investigative costs and acknowledged that the national organization could be subject to criminal prosecution if fraud occurs again. According to the prosecutor, the misconduct was done "as an easy way to get paid [by ACORN], not as an attempt to influence the outcome of elections."[16][22]

Gun control

In 2006, ACORN intervened on behalf of Jersey City, New Jersey in a lawsuit brought against the city challenging a local ordinance that limited individuals' handgun purchases to one gun a month.[23] The Hudson County Superior Court struck down the ordinance on the grounds that it violated the New Jersey Constitution's Equal Protection clause, and a state statute prohibiting towns and municipalities from enacting firearms legislation.[23]

On September 29, 2008, the New Jersey Appellate Court denied ACORN's appeal of the Hudson County Superior Court's decision striking down Jersey City's ordinance.[24]

Home Defender program

In 2009, ACORN advocated allowing homeowners delinquent in their mortgage payments to remain in their homes pending a government solution to the housing foreclosure crisis. ACORN introduced a program called the Home Defender Program, intended to mobilize people to congregate at homes faced with foreclosure to "defend a family's right to stay in their homes."[25][26] One ACORN Web page advocated civil disobedience against foreclosure evictions stating that people in foreclosed homes should refuse to leave, and in some cases, move back in.[27]

History

1970-1975: Founding

ACORN was founded by Wade Rathke when he was sent to Little Rock, Arkansas by the National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO) in 1970 as an organizer.[28] Gary Delgado and George A. Wiley were also instrumental to its founding. ACORN's first campaign was to help welfare recipients attain their basic needs, such as clothing and furniture. This drive, inspired by a clause in the Arkansas welfare laws, began the effort to create and sustain a movement that would grow to become the Arkansas Community Organizations for Reform Now, the beginnings of ACORN.[29]

ACORN's goal was to unite welfare recipients with needy working people around issues such as school lunches, unemployment, Vietnam veterans' rights, and emergency room care. The organization expanded to organize farmers for confronting environmental issues concerning sulfur emissions.[citation needed]

1975-1980: Growth beyond Arkansas

In 1975, ACORN created branches in Texas and South Dakota. On December 13, 1975, sixty leaders from the three ACORN states elected the first associate Executive Board and the first ACORN president, Steve McDonald, to deal with matters beyond the scope of the individual city and state boards. Each year thereafter saw three or more states join ACORN, building to a total of 20 states by 1980. This expansion led to multi-state campaigns beginning with a mass meeting of 1,000 members in Memphis in 1978. At the end of the conference, ACORN convention delegates marched on the Democratic Party conference with the outline of a nine-point "People’s Platform" which would go on to become the foundation of ACORN's platform when it was ratified in 1979.

ACORN was active in the 1980 Election with the "People's Platform" serving as its standard.[30] It led demonstrations aimed at both major party candidates; demanded to meet with President Jimmy Carter; marched on the president's campaign finance committee chair's home; and presented its platform to the Republican Party platform committee.

1980-1988: Reagan era

By 1980, ACORN’S staff was stretched thin by the demands of meeting its expansion goals. Much of its resources and energy had been dedicated to the presidential primaries and national party conventions. ACORN launched squatting campaigns in an attempt to obtain affordable housing, and encouraged squatters to refit the premises for comfortable living.

In June 1982 ACORN sponsored "Reagan Ranches" in over 35 cities believing the president's focus to be on military as opposed to social spending. These tent cities were erected for two days and were met with resistance from the National Park Service, which tried repeatedly to evict the tenters. The protesters remained and then marched on the White House and testified before a Congressional committee about what they described as the housing crisis in America. The last Reagan Ranch was held at the Republican Convention in Dallas in 1984.

In addition to protesting, ACORN also developed and strengthened its political action committees and encouraged its members to run for office. For the 1984 election ACORN wanted to endorse a candidate, setting a 75% support in polls among members as its requirement. No candidate reached that level, though there was strong support for Jesse Jackson. ACORN also established a legislative office that year in Washington, DC. During this period ACORN also focused on local election reform in a number of cities, including Pittsburgh, Columbia, South Carolina, and Sioux Falls, South Dakota, encouraging the change of at-large legislative bodies to district representation.

ACORN grew to 27 states, adding chapters in New York City, Washington, DC, and Chicago, Illinois by the end of Reagan's first term.[29]

During the 1988 Election ACORN held its National Convention in the same city as the Democratic Convention — Atlanta, Georgia. During the preceding four years ACORN had strengthened its ties with Jesse Jackson and accounted for 30 Jackson delegates. It also sponsored a march at the convention.

ACORN's membership grew to 70,000 plus in 28 states during this time. It increased its legislative lobbying efforts in Washington, DC, and strengthened its Political Action Committees (PACs). It also developed what it called the Affiliated Media Foundation Movement (AM/FM). Starting with station KNON in Dallas, AM/FM moved on to establish radio stations, UHF television and cable television programming. It also sought and received appointments to the Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) which was formed to dissolve the assets of failed Savings and Loans resulting from the Savings and Loan crisis.

1988-1998: Focus on housing

ACORN member demonstrating against predatory lending

While some of ACORN’s most notable efforts were in the area of housing, it has counted health, public safety, education, representation, work and workers’ rights and communications concerns among its victories.

The 1990 ACORN convention in Chicago focused on the fast-breaking housing campaign. It featured a squatting demonstration at an RTC house. Later, ACORN members demanded cooperation from banks about providing loan data on low- and moderate-income communities and compliance with the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA).

ACORN fought weakening of the CRA in 1991, staging a two-day takeover of the House Banking Committee hearing room. It also established ACORN Housing Corporation to service people moving into homes under the housing campaign, rehabilitated hundreds of houses addressed by CRA.

The ACORN convention in New York in 1992, called the "ACORN-Bank Summit", was organized to make deals with giant banks. When Citibank, the nation’s largest bank, did not participate conventioneers protested at its downtown Manhattan headquarters, and won a meeting to negotiate for similar programs.

ACORN supported and lobbied for the "Motor Voter" Act. After its passage, ACORN members attended President Clinton’s signing ceremony. ACORN then pursued new registration laws in Arkansas and Massachusetts and filed suit in Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania as a result of the act.

In 1993, ACORN also began a national campaign to fight insurance redlining, a practice that put the gains made in other housing campaigns at risk. The campaign targeted Allstate, hitting sales offices in 14 cities and a stockholders meeting. Allstate agreed to negotiate and signed an agreement in 1994 for a $10 million partnership with ACORN and NationsBank for below-market mortgages to low-income homebuyers. Travelers Insurance agreed to a Neighborhood and Home Safety Program, linking access to insurance and lower rates to public safety programs.

1998-2004: Building capacity

ACORN's subsequent activities have included its "Living Wage" programs, voter registration, and grassroots political organization.

In 1998 ACORN helped form the Working Families Party in New York which counts increasing the minimum wage as its centerpiece issue.

Dale Rathke, the brother of ACORN's founder Wade Rathke, was found to have embezzled $948,607.50 from the group and affiliated charitable organizations in 1999 and 2000. ACORN executives did not inform the board or law enforcement, but signed an enforceable restitution agreement with the Rathke family to repay the amount of the embezzlement. Wade Rathke stated to the New York Times that "the decision to keep the matter secret was not made to protect his brother but because word of the embezzlement would have put a “weapon” into the hands of [...] conservatives who object to [ACORN]'s often strident advocacy on behalf of low- and moderate-income families and workers." A whistleblower revealed the fraud in 2008, leading to the departure of both Dale and Wade Rathke.[31]

A March 27, 2003 decision of the National Labor Relations Board found that ACORN attempted to thwart union organizing efforts within its own organization by laying off two workers who were attempting to organize.[32] The two workers, both field organizers with ACORN, began discussions with the Service Employees International Union and later sought to organize under Industrial Workers of the World in response to their $20,200 annual salary for a 54-hour work week.[33] The NLRB ordered the two employees be reinstated in their former jobs and ACORN cease from interrogating employees about organizing activity.[32] ACORN has since strengthened its ties with the Service Employees International Union, which donated $2.1 million to ACORN in 2005,[34] often working collaboratively on issues (including health insurance costs and the minimum wage) and sharing office space.

In 2004, Florida ACORN helped to raise Florida's minimum wage by $1.00 an hour by lobbying for a minimum wage amendment to be placed on the ballot. Over 1 million Florida employees were affected by the raise, which is adjusted annually for inflation. That year, ACORN become an international organization, opening offices in Canada, Peru, and beginning work in Dominican Republic. Since then offices have opened in Mexico and Argentina.

In September 2008, following revelations of Dale Rathke's embezzlement, two members of ACORN's national board of directors filed a lawsuit seeking to obtain financial documents and to force the organization to sever ties with Rathke's brother Wade.[35] The two were subsequently ousted by ACORN's executive board.[36]

ACORN in political discourse

ACORN is a nonpartisan social justice organization, but its legally separate political action arm frequently champions liberal causes, and endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama in 2008.[37][38][39][40] ACORN has lobbied in every Democratic National Convention since 1980,[41] and has had members elected as delegates to those conventions;[41] ACORN has also lobbied at Republican conventions.[41] ACORN has been criticized by Republicans for its support of a Democratic candidate, and for its general support of liberal political positions that are more often favored by Democrats.[37]

In a report released in October 2008, the US Department of Justice Inspector General concluded that former U.S. Attorney David Iglesias was fired for political reasons by Attorney General Alberto Gonzales after Iglesias declined to prosecute a New Mexico ACORN chapter. The report said claims Iglesias was fired for poor performance were not credible, and the "real reason for Iglesias’s removal were the complaints from New Mexico Republican politicians and party activists about how Iglesias handled voter fraud [cases]."[42]

During the debate on the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, some conservative commentators claimed that a draft provision (omitted in the adopted bill) to give money to funds run by the US Department of the Treasury could potentially lead to money flowing to groups like ACORN.[43][37] When asked how much money ACORN or other community groups would get, a spokesman for Financial Services Committee chairman Barney Frank, said, "Absolutely none. All funds would go to state and local governments."[44] Conservative critics have claimed that ACORN's complex organizational structure allows it to escape public scrutiny.[45]

The 2008 presidential campaign

ACORN was a political issue in the 2008 United States Presidential Election over allegations of conflict of interest and voter registration fraud. During the 2008 Democratic Presidential Primary ACORN Votes, ACORN's national political action committee, endorsed Barack Obama. Obama, with several other attorneys, had served as local counsel for ACORN in a 1995 voting rights lawsuit joined by the Justice Department and the League of Women Voters.[46][47] Obama's campaign hired an ACORN affiliate for $800,000 to conduct a get-out-the-vote effort during that primary,[48][49] but did not retain ACORN for the general presidential election.[48][49]

Throughout the election season, supporters of Republican candidates portrayed ACORN's submission of invalid voter registration applications as widespread vote fraud. Republican presidential candidate John McCain claimed in the last presidential debate that ACORN was "on the verge of maybe perpetrating one of the greatest frauds in voter history in this country, maybe destroying the fabric of democracy." Factcheck.org called the claim "breathtakingly inaccurate".[50] In October 2008, Sen. McCain's campaign released a Web-based advertisement suggesting ACORN was partly responsible for the 2008 economic crisis. [citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Walls, David (1994). "Power to the People: Thirty-five Years of Community Organizing". The Workbook. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b "New Report Finds Widespread Local Use of Affordable Housing Program Being Currently Debated in Congress". ACORN (press release). 2002-07-23.
  3. ^ a b "ACORN Annual Report 2003". ACORN. 2003. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  4. ^ "Household Finance Settlement". Washington State Office of the Attorney General. 2003-12-05. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-11-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ a b "Affordable Housing". ACORN.
  6. ^ | Clinton calls for $30 billion in mortgage aid to home-owners | McClatchy, March 24 2008
  7. ^ "Two years after Katrina, still fighting and winning". ACORN. 2005. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  8. ^ a b "School Overview". ACORN. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  9. ^ a b "Detailed History of ACORN:New Victories, 1995 - 2002". ACORN.
  10. ^ Mark Walsh (2001-03-14). "N.Y.C. Parents To Vote on Edison Charter Plan". Education Week.
  11. ^ http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080901/hayes
  12. ^ "ACORN controversy: Voter fraud or mudslinging?". The Associated Press. 2008-10-18.
  13. ^ "Furor over ACORN allegations gaining momentum" Miami Herald, 10-24-2008
  14. ^ "Groups Tally of New Voters Was Vastly Overstated". New York Times. October 23, 2008.
  15. ^ "ACORN Workers Indicted For Alleged Voter Fraud". KMBC=TV. 2006-11-01.
  16. ^ a b Ervin, Keith (2007-07-28). "Felony charges filed against 7 in state's biggest case of voter-registration fraud". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-11-12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ "Voter registration workers admit fraud." St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 2, 2008.
  18. ^ Sheffield, Reggie. "Former temp worker accused of bogus registrations." The Patriot-News (Harrisburg, Penn.), July 24, 2008
  19. ^ Bill Dolan (2008-10-02). "County rejects large number of invalid voter registrations". The Times Media Company.
  20. ^ Bill Dolan (2008-10-23). "ACORN defends fraudulent Lake voter drive". The Times Media Company.
  21. ^ Hiram Soto and Helen Gao (October 16, 2008). "ACORN active in voter registration in county". San Diego Union-Tribune.
  22. ^ Rachel La Corte (2007-02-23). "Reform group turned in 2000 suspicious voter registrations: County may make criminal inquiry". Seattle Post Intelligencer. Retrieved 2007-11-12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ a b Toutant, Charles (2006-12-20). "N.J. Judge Voids City's Gun Control Law". New Jersey Law Journal. Retrieved 2007-11-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ "Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division, No. A-4443-06T2 and A-4708-06T2". September 29, 2008.
  25. ^ "ACORN Home Defender Program".
  26. ^ Bill Dolan (2009-02-19). "ACORN plans local action to stem NWI mortgage foreclosures". The Times Media Company.
  27. ^ "Refusing to Leave: ACORN Members Step up Fight to Stay in Homes". February 13, 2009.
  28. ^ Stern, Sol (Spring 2003). "ACORN's Nutty Regime for Cities". City Journal. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  29. ^ a b Delgado, Gary (1986). Organizing the Movement: The Roots and Growth of ACORN. Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-393-9. OCLC 12134922 59256995. {{cite book}}: Check |oclc= value (help)
  30. ^ "WESTERN HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION". UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ST. LOUIS. 1980. Retrieved 2007-11-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  31. ^ Strom, Stephanie (2008-08-09). "Funds Misappropriated at 2 Nonprofit Groups". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ a b "Decisions of the NLRB, 338-129" (PDF). National Labor Relations Board. 2003-03-27. Retrieved 2006-10-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ Willamette Week | “The ACORN that imploded” | March 6th, 2002
  34. ^ "The Wal-Mart Posse". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  35. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/10/us/10acorn.html
  36. ^ http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_606173.html
  37. ^ a b c Williamson, Elizabeth (July 31, 2008). "Democratic Ally Mobilizes In Housing Crunch". The Wall Street Journal. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ http://www.acorn.org/index.php?id=12342
  39. ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel (2008-02-23). "ACORN: Obama Gets It". The Nation. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  40. ^ "ACORN's Political Action Committee Endorses Obama" (Press release). ACORN.
  41. ^ a b c "Detailed History of ACORN: The ACORN 80 Plan". ACORN.
  42. ^ US Department of Justice Inspector General. "An Investigation into the Removal of Nine U.S. Attorneys in 2006, pgs 156-167 and 190" (PDF).
  43. ^ "Draft bill". US House of Representatives.
  44. ^ Ryan Grim (September 27, 2008). "ACORN Issue Fueling Bailout Opposition". CBS News.
  45. ^ Peter Overby. "ACORN Has Long Been In Republicans' Cross Hairs".
  46. ^ Stephanie Strom (2008-10-08). "On Obama, Acorn and Voter Registration". New York Times.
  47. ^ Barabak, Mark Z. (2008-10-16). "McCain, Obama duel in caustic debate finale". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-10-17. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ a b David M. Brown (2008-08-22). "Obama to amend report on $800,000 in spending". Pitsburgh Tribune Review.
  49. ^ a b Bill Draper (2008-10-08). "Missouri officials suspect fake voter registration". Associated Press.[dead link]
  50. ^ Novak, Viveca (2008-10-31). "The Whoppers of 2008 -- The Sequel". factcheck.org. Retrieved 2009-1-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

Bibliography

External links

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