Baloch Students Organization

The Baloch Students Organization (BSO; Urdu: بلوچ اسٹوڈنٹس آرگنائزیشن) is an student organisation that campaigns for the students of Pakistan's Balochistan Province. It was founded as a student movement on 26 November 1967 in Karachi and remains the largest ethnic Baloch student body in the country. It got divided due to ideological differences. BSO Pajjar and BSO Mangal affiliated itself with the parliamentary framework of Pakistan. Dr Allah Nazar, founder of separatist wing, In 2002 while he was studying in college, he created a breakaway faction — BSO–Azad — that advocated armed struggle for "Greater Baluchistan" based on Iran Afghanistan and Pakistani Baloch areas. The Pakistani government banned the BSO Azad on 15 March 2013, as a terrorist organisation, an action severely condemned by the Asian Human Rights Commission.

Inception

Baloch Students Organization (BSO) has its origins in Warna Warinda Gal (Youth Educational Forum) launched in 1961, three years after the Pakistan Army arrested the Khan of Kalat giving rise to Baloch nationalism. Abdul Hakeem Baloch was its first president. The stated objectives of the organization included "promoting Balochi language and literature and debating political conditions."

Another organization called Baloch Students Educational Organization (BSEO) was founded by Baloch students in Karachi in 1962.

On 26 November 1967, after a three day convention in Karachi, the two organizations merged into one forming the Baloch Students Organization. Nadeem Paracha, senior columnist at Dawn, characterises it as a "left wing" organisation. In addition to the original aims of Warna, BSO also aimed to campaign for the abolition of the One Unit system and limited provincial autonomy for Balochistan. The group initially campaigned for improved educational facilities in Balochistan. Its demonstrations led to many arrests and closure of student hostels. By 1969-70, the BSO was sweeping elections in the Baloch majority areas of Balochistan and it was allied with the National Student Federation in Karachi's universities and colleges.

Rise of nationalism (1970–1977)

Soon the organization got involved in the growing Baloch national movement, protesting against Ayub Khan's policies of political restriction and functional inequality which gave rise to widespread antagonism in the Baloch population. Spearheading the movement were the tribal elites, professional classes such as lawyers and doctors, and students. The student movement was supported by the "progressive" tribal leaders, Ataullah Mengal, Khair Bakhsh Marri and Ghous Bakhsh Bizenjo, who were also leading members of the National Awami Party (NAP). In early 1969, the organization conducted many demonstrations in Quetta, protesting the One Unit system and the tribal jirga system. They called for the release of political prisoners. Several leaders later went on to become guerrilla leaders during the 1970s. BSO leader Abdul Hayee Baloch contested the 1970 elections and got elected to the the Pakistan National Assembly, as a member of the NAP.

Whereas the mainstream organization collaborated with the progressive tribal leaders, a faction was opposed to all forms of tribal privileges of the Sardars. They broke off into a separate splinter group Baloch Students Organization – Awami, and allied themselves to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party.

During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Bhutto formed a tripartite alliance with the NAP and Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Islam (JUI). The NAP and BSO, being supporters of provincial autonomy, called for the release of Mujibur Rahman and the restoration of democracy, which earned the ire of the military government in Islamabad. After Bhutto came to power at the end of the war, he let the NAP-JUI coalition form a provincial government in Balochistan in April 1972. This was the first time that a `national' government was allowed to function in Balochistan. However, Bhutto dismissed it ten months later on what are seen as "trumped up" charges. Among the long list of reasons cited for the dismissal was the allegation that the government was allowing the `lawless behaviour' of the BSO. The dismissal was followed by the arrest of NAP leaders and the unleashing of military on the province.

The Bhutto government actions set off a four-year insurgency (1973–77) in Balochistan. Many of the former BSO members participated in the guerrilla warfare against the state. One of the guerrilla bands was led by the former BSO leader Khair Jan Baloch. BSO activists in schools supplied guerrillas with money and materiel. The more militant members joined the Balochistan Liberation Front (BLF). After four years of bloodshed, the insurgency came to end when Zia ul Haq came to power and declared a general amnesty. However, no meaningful change towards provincial autonomy occurred.

Fragmentation and reunification (1977–2006)

After his release from prison Ataullah Mengal went into exile and the remainder of the NAP split into several factions. The armed struggle against the Pakistani state was called off, leading the BSO to turn against the NAP. In 1978, it even dismissed its chairman Mueem Kahan Baloch on the grounds that he supported the NAP.

The BSO remained the leading student organisation in Balochistan's campuses, protesting against the Zia ul Haq's dictatorship. It also denounced the Islamist Afghan resistance against the Soviet troops backed by the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1981, it joined the United Students Movement, an alliance of left-wing ethno-nationalist student groups opposing the Zia regime and the Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba. Large numbers of BSO activists were imprisoned during this period, said to be 60% of all prisoners in Balochistan.

In 1984, the BSO–Awami merged back into the main BSO, following the request of Hameed Baloch, who was given death sentence for an attempted assassination of an Omani colonel. However, fragmentation of the Baloch political parties gave rise to parallel fragmentation in the BSO as well. Some of the groups arising through the fragmentation were:

• BSO–Sohb, led by Kahwar Baloch (1986–1990), allied to Progressive Youth Movement (PYM).
• BSO–Yaseen, led by Yaseen Baloch (1988–1990), allied to Balochistan National Movement (BNM).
• BSO–Mengal (1990–2006), allied to BNM–Mengal and Balochistan National Party (BNP).
• BSO–Hayee (1990–2002), allied to BNM–Hayee.
• BSO–Aman (1998–2006), allied to BNP–Mengal.
• BSO–Star (1998–2002).
• BSO–Nadir Quddus (2002–2006), allied to the National Party.
• BSO–Azad, later renamed BSO–Muttahida after merger with BSO-Star, led by Allah Nazar Baloch and Imdad Baloch (2002–2006)

In February 2006, noticing the fragmentation arising from political party affiliations, all the factions came together and united into a single organization. The resulting BSO eventually came to be called BSO–Azad ("free BSO"), signifying that it is not affiliated to any political party. However, the organization does support Khair Bakhsh Marri, the Baloch Liberation Army and the armed struggle of Brahamdagh Bugti.

The National Party and Balochistan National Party then started their own student wings and gave them the name of BSO. They are referred to as BSO–Pajjar and BSO–Mohiuddin respectively.

BSO–Azad is now considered the most influential political group in Balochistan.

Current factions

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the ending of Soviet sponsorship of Leftist movements is believed to have led to further fragmentation of the Baloch national movement. The BNP fractured into several factions, along with the BSO. In addition to the BSO Awami, that broke away in the 1970s, there are further three factions currently operating: BSO Pajjar, BSO Mangal and BSO Azad. BSO Pajjar remains the largest group whereas the BSO Azad is the most radical. All the factions define themselves as being socialist and strictly secular in orientation. They also collaborate on a number of issues.

BSO Pajjar

BSO Pajjar, led by Ameen Baloch, has the largest following among the Baloch students. It represents a mainstream viewpoint and concentrates on ideological and educational aspects of Baloch national movement. It attempts to get as many Baloch youth educated as possible and holds regular `study circles' in which it imparts education in the history and ideology of Baloch nationalist movement. Its main objectives are advancing the rights of the Baloch people and the termination of military operations. This group has affiliated itself with the National Party (NP), the ruling party in Baluchistan. NP wants more provincial rights and greater autonomy for Baluchistan province within the parliamentary framework of Pakistan.

BSO Mangal

BSO Mangal, led by Muhiudeen Baloch, was formed in the early 2000s. Though it subscribes to the radical nationalist ideology of Balochistan's secession from Pakistan, it has affiliated itself with the main stream Balochistan National Party (Mengal) (BNP–M), which is the largest opposition party in the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan. The group has gathered enough support from the student body since its split from the united BSO and demands "total autonomy" for Balochistan. It promotes the rights of Brahui speaking Balochs in central Balochistan within the parliamentary framework of Pakistan.

BSO Azad

BSO Azad was formed in the late 1990s by the most militant sections of the BSO. It advocates radical struggle for `national liberation' and stands for full independence for Balochistan. After its consolidation by Allah Nazar Baloch around 2002, when he was a medical student, the group is said to have wide support among the Baloch students. Senior columnist of Dawn, Nadeem F. Paracha, states that it was directly involved in the formation of insurgency groups such as the Balochistan Liberation Army and Baloch Republican Army.

The Pakistani state is said to view the organization with such concern as to ban it in 2013, a month before the elections. The Asian Human Rights Commission condemned the ban and severely castigated the Pakistan government. It said that "in an effort to show the international community that it is taking action against the fundamentalist and religious terrorist organizations," the government has banned three secular and nationalist organizations instead, while it showed "continued loyalties towards the Taliban and similar terrorist groups."

Its leader Zahid Baloch was abducted in March 2014. His whereabouts are not known. 29 year-old Karima Baloch, a psychology student, then became the leader. Karima insists that the organization uses peaceful means by carrying out demonstrations and marches. It aims to raise the political awareness of the people. However, she has also added that any struggle against injustice is legitimate, whether "peaceful or armed." Malik Siraj Akbar, a Harvard-based political analyst, calls it a "very unique organization that does not have any parallels in Pakistan." It is one of the very few organizations that have managed to mobilize women at a social and political level.

Allah Nazar, the one time founder of the organization is now the commander of the Baloch Liberation Front, which wages an armed struggle for the state's liberation. The former leader Zahid Baloch was abducted in Quetta in March 2014 in front of eye witnesses by men who arrived in SUVs used by the Pakistan Army. Zahid was made to squat on the road and hit on the head several times, after which he was blindfolded and taken away. The Police have refused to register a complaint. The organization has been protesting his abduction ever since. The organization also called for a nation-wide strike in April 2014, which was supported by all Baloch nationalist parties. Many towns in Balochistan observed a shut down. Activist Latif Johar went on a hunger strike, which he called off after 46 days at the behest of human rights activist Mir Mohammad Ali Talpur. The organization has also approached the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights asking him to intervene with the Pakistan government and secure the release of Zahid Baloch. According to Al Jazeera, Zahid's abduction is only the latest among a long list of abductions of BSO–Azad's leadership, which represent the Pakistani state's attempt to suppress the independence movement. Most that are abducted remain missing, others are tortured and killed before the corpses are dumped in the country.

In November 2015, Karima Baloch went to Canada as a refugee. She said that she escaped a Pakistani military attack on the town of Tump and stayed underground for nearly a year before arriving in Toronto. It is reported that she intends to apply for refugee status in Canada. Karima attended the Amnesty International's `Rights for Rights' event to raise awareness of the world community on the abductions and disappearances in Balochistan.

See also

• 1970s operation in Balochistan

Bibliography

• Ali, Imtiaz (April 2005), "The Balochistan Problem", Pakistan Horizon, 58 (2): 41–62, JSTOR 41394092
• Maxwell, Alexander (2014), The Comparative Approach to National Movements: Miroslav Hroch and Nationalism Studies, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-97916-6
• Muhammad, Sh. B. (2014), "Dynamics of the Nationalist Insurgency in the Balochistan Province of Pakistan", Pathways to Peace and Security, 1(46), Institute of world Economy and International Relations: 50–74
• Samad, Yunas (2014), "Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan", Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 52 (2): 293–320, doi:10.1080/14662043.2014.894280 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
• Titus, Paul; Swidler, Nina (2000), "Knights, not Pawns: Ethno-Nationalism and Regional Dynamics in Post-Colonial Balochistan", International Journal Middle East Studies, 32 (1): 47–69, JSTOR 259535

External links

• Official web site of the BSO Azad
• Balochistan National Party website
• Exclusive Interview of Brahmdagh Bugti by Qurat ul ain Siddiqui
• Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature by Albert J. Jongman, Alex Peter Schmid, ISBN 1-4128-0469-8