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astounding bias, using contemporary ottoman terms when appropriate rather than arabizations, "jabal quds" is not listed as a subdistrict of the must. of jerusaelm and the term is only used by wp, needs cite "all muslims" gets redundant.
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'''Hizma''' ({{lang-ar|<big>حزما</big>}}; {{lang-he-n|חיזמה}}) is a [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian]] town in the [[Jerusalem Governorate]], seven kilometer from Jerusalem's [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]]. The town, located in [[Area B]], borders the Israeli settlements [[Neve Yaakov]], [[Pisgat Ze'ev]] located in [[East Jerusalem]] and the settlements [[Geva Binyamin]] and [[Almon, Mateh Binyamin|Almon]]. A small eastern neighbourhood of Hizma is called Hizmah.<ref>[http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/hizmah-located.html ''Where is Hizmah in Palestine Located?'']</ref> Since 1967, Hizma is occupied by Israel. The village is cut off from Jerusalem by the Separation Wall in the west, which was built in 2005 on confiscated Palestinian land.<ref name=ARIJ_Hizma/> As of 2007, Hizma had a population of about 5650 residents.<ref name=ARIJ_Hizma/> Hizma is cut off from the West Bank by a chain of [[Israeli settlements]] in the east.
'''Hizma''' ({{lang-ar|<big>حزما</big>}}; {{lang-he-n|חיזמה}}) is a [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian]] town in the [[Jerusalem Governorate]], seven kilometer from Jerusalem's [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]]. The town, located in [[Area B]], borders the Israeli settlements [[Neve Yaakov]], [[Pisgat Ze'ev]] located in [[East Jerusalem]] and the settlements [[Geva Binyamin]] and [[Almon, Mateh Binyamin|Almon]]. A small eastern neighbourhood of Hizma is called Hizmah.<ref>[http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/hizmah-located.html ''Where is Hizmah in Palestine Located?'']</ref> Since 1967, Hizma is occupied by Israel. The village is cut off from Jerusalem by the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]] in the west, controversially built after a wave of suicide bombings from the occupied West Bank.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37032014 Israel to reinforce West Bank barrier]</ref> As of 2007, Hizma had a population of about 5650 residents.<ref name=ARIJ_Hizma/> Hizma is cut off from the West Bank by a chain of [[Israeli settlements]] in the east.{{cite-needed}}


==History==
==History==
[[William F. Albright|Albright]] and others identified Hizma with the biblical town of Azmawt of the tribe of Benjamin.<ref>Albright (1922/3), pp. 156–157.</ref> However, [[Shimon Gibson|Gibson]] more recently questioned this identification, citing the lack of archaeological remains from the necessary time period.<ref>Gibson (1983), p. 176</ref> Towards the end of the Second Temple period, there was an industry here making fine stoneware from the local limestone.<ref name=Gibson>Gibson (1983), ''passim''.</ref> Products included vases and bowls turned on a lathe, and mugs carved by hand.<ref name=Gibson/> Examples of stoneware that may have originated here have been found in many places in the Jerusalem region, mostly dating from the first and second centuries CE.<ref name=Gibson/>
[[William F. Albright|Albright]] and others identified Hizma with the biblical town of Azmawt of the [[Israelites|Israelite tribe]] of [[Tribe of Benjamin|Benjamin]].<ref>Albright (1922/3), pp. 156–157.</ref> However, [[Shimon Gibson|Gibson]] more recently questioned this identification, citing the lack of archaeological remains from the necessary time period.<ref>Gibson (1983), p. 176</ref> Towards the end of the [[Second Temple period]], there was an industry here making fine stoneware from the local limestone.<ref name=Gibson>Gibson (1983), ''passim''.</ref> Products included vases and bowls turned on a lathe, and mugs carved by hand.<ref name=Gibson/> Examples of stoneware that may have originated here have been found in many places in the Jerusalem region, mostly dating from the first and second centuries CE.<ref name=Gibson/>


===Ottoman era===
===Ottoman era===
In 1517, the village was included in the [[Ottoman empire]] with the rest of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and in the 1596 [[daftar|tax-records]] it appeared as ''Hamza'', located in the ''[[Nahiya]]'' of Jabal Quds of the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa]]'' of [[Al-Quds]]. The population was 28 households, all Muslim. They paid a tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, vineyards and fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 2800 [[Akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 119</ref><ref>Toledano, 1984, p. 293, gives the location of Hizma as 35°15′40″E 31°50′15″N</ref>
In 1517, the village was incorporated into the [[Ottoman empire]] with the rest of [[Ottoman Syria]], and in the 1596 [[daftar|tax-records]] it appeared as ''Hamza'', located in the ''[[Nahiye (Ottoman)|Nahiye]]'' of Jerusalem in the ''[[Sanjak]]'' of the [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem]]. The population was 28 households, all Muslim according to census records. They paid a tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, vineyards and fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 2800 [[Akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 119</ref><ref>Toledano, 1984, p. 293, gives the location of Hizma as 35°15′40″E 31°50′15″N</ref>


In 1832, [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]] found the village had been deserted for two months, as the villagers had "fled across the [[Jordan River|Jordan]]" to escape conscription.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n133/mode/1up 111]-112</ref> In 1863 [[Victor Guérin]] found the village to have 200 inhabitants. He further noted that some of the houses, particularly the lower part, seemed to be built from ancient materials, and some [[cistern]]s also looked ancient.<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n87/mode/1up 74]-75</ref>
In 1832, [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]] found the village had been deserted for two months, as the villagers had "fled across the [[Jordan River|Jordan]]" to escape conscription.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n133/mode/1up 111]-112</ref> In 1863 [[Victor Guérin]] found the village to have 200 inhabitants. He further noted that some of the houses, particularly the lower part, seemed to be built from ancient materials, and some [[cistern]]s also looked ancient.<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n87/mode/1up 74]-75</ref>
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===British Mandate era===
===British Mandate era===
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], conducted by the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Hizma had a population of 515, all Muslims,<ref>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n16/mode/1up 14]</ref> increasing slightly in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 521, still all Muslim, in 91 inhabited houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://ia800304.us.archive.org/18/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf 39]</ref>
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], conducted by the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Hizma had a population of 515<ref>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n16/mode/1up 14]</ref> increasing slightly in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 521 in 91 inhabited houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://ia800304.us.archive.org/18/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf 39]</ref>


In 1945 the population of Hizma was 750, all Muslims,<ref name=1945p24>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p24.jpg 24]</ref> and the total land area was 10,438 [[dunam]]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jerusalem/Page-057.jpg 57]</ref> Of this, 200 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,338 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jerusalem/Page-102.jpg 102]</ref> while 45 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jerusalem/Page-152.jpg 152]</ref>
In 1945 the population of Hizma was 750, all Muslims,<ref name=1945p24>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p24.jpg 24]</ref> and the total land area was 10,438 [[dunam]]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jerusalem/Page-057.jpg 57]</ref> Of this, 200 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,338 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jerusalem/Page-102.jpg 102]</ref> while 45 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jerusalem/Page-152.jpg 152]</ref>


===1948-1967===
===1948-1967===
In the wake of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and after the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], Hizma came under [[Jordan]]ian rule.
In the wake of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and after the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], Hizma came under [[Jordanian occupation]].


===1967-present===
===1967-present===
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[[File:Barrier north Jerusalem.jpg|thumbnail|Map of northern Jerusalem, with Hizma on the right.]]
[[File:Barrier north Jerusalem.jpg|thumbnail|Map of northern Jerusalem, with Hizma on the right.]]


Under the [[Oslo II Accord]], about 9% of the village area was assigned as [[Area B]]; the remaining 91% became Area C. Israel has confiscated thousands of dunums of land for construction of Jewish-only settlements, bypass roads and the [[Israeli West Bank barrier|Israeli segregation wall]]. 19% of the village's total area was used to establish the illegal settlements of Neve Ya'akov, Pisgat Ze'ev and Pisgat Amir.
In the 1970s 19% of the village's total area was used to establish the settlements of Neve Ya'akov, Pisgat Ze'ev and Pisgat Amir, which are considered illegal by the international community. Under the [[Oslo II Accord]], about 9% of the village area was assigned as [[Area B]]; administered by both the PA and Israel, and the remaining 91% became Area C, administered by Israel.

⚫
The bypass road is used to connect the settlements established on the village's land with the neighboring settlements. There is also a buffer zone of 75 meters along the roads on each side. Palestinians are prohibited from using these roads.<ref name="ARIJ_Hizma" />


⚫
There is a bypass road connecting the settlements with the neighboring Israeli settlements. There is also a buffer zone of 75 meters along the roads on each side. Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank are prohibited from using these roads, only Israelis and foreign nationals can use them, the status purpose being security concerns.<ref name="ARIJ_Hizma" />
==== West Bank barrier ====
==== West Bank barrier ====
The wall isolates 40% of the village's area, the isolated area includes forests, agricultural lands, open spaces, the Israeli settlements and a small part of the Palestinian residential area. An Israeli checkpoint located west of the village at an opening in the Segregation Wall controls the passage to and from Hizma. Palestinians who wish to access Jerusalem City must have a special permit that is hard to obtain. Israelis settlers are allowed to pass in and out without any permits.<ref name=ARIJ_Hizma>[http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/Hizma_EN.pdf ''Hizma Village Profile'']. Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem, August 2012. On [http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/vdata.php Jerusalem → community data]</ref>
The Israel-West Bank barrier cuts off 40% of the village's area, with the Israeli side incorporating the settlements and surrounding forests, agricultural lands, open spaces, and a small part of the Palestinian residential area. As of 2012, An Israeli checkpoint located west of the village at an opening in the controls the passage to and from Hizma. Palestinians living outside Jerusalem, Israel's self-declared and unrecognized capital, must have a special permit that is reportedly hard to obtain.<ref name=ARIJ_Hizma>[http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/Hizma_EN.pdf ''Hizma Village Profile'']. Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem, August 2012. On [http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/vdata.php Jerusalem → community data]</ref>
Israeli citizens (including settlers) and permanent residents (including Palestinians in East Jerusalem) are allowed to pass in and out without any permits.

==== Israeli attacks ====
====Israeli administration====
Hizma is constantly targeted by the Israeli authorities, aiming to displace Palestinians from their homes and lands in interest of using the land for the Israeli settlements. Israeli authorities demolishes homes of Palestinians under the pretext that they were built without permits. Strict conditions for Palestinians applying for permits must be fulfilled and the permits are usually denied.<ref name="ARIJ_Hizma" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrn.org/img/violation/Continuing%20Demolitions%20in%20Hebron.doc|title=Continuing Demolitions: Hebron and Jerusalem under Attack|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
Israeli authorities demolish the homes of Palestinians built without permits. Strict conditions for Palestinians applying for permits must be fulfilled and the permits are usually denied.<ref name="ARIJ_Hizma" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrn.org/img/violation/Continuing%20Demolitions%20in%20Hebron.doc|title=Continuing Demolitions: Hebron and Jerusalem under Attack|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

In May, 2016, the Israeli authorities closed down the village by constructing three checkpoints at Hizma’s major roads, paralyzing the life of Palestinians, which is considered a form of [[Collective punishment#Israel|collective punishment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poica.org/details.php?Article=9430|title=Monitoring Israeli Colonization Activities in the Palestinian Territories|website=www.poica.org|access-date=2016-06-05}}</ref>


The village has on occasion been sealed off with road blocks in response to reported stone-throwing and rioting, characterized by many rights groups as a form of [[collective punishment]].<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement/20150414_siege_on_hizma Btselem: Siege on Hizma]</ref>
==Economy==
==Economy==
In 2010, more than half of the workforce was working in the government or private employees sector; 22% depended on the Israeli labor market, 14% on [[agriculture]], and 7% worked in the trade sector.
In 2010, more than half of the workforce was working in the government or private employees sector; 22% was working in the Israeli labor market, 14% on [[agriculture]], and 7% worked in the trade sector.


Hizma village is known for the cultivation of olives; 112 dunums of land were cultivated with olive trees in 2010. Cereals were grown on 233 dunums.<ref name=ARIJ_Hizma/>
Hizma village is known for the cultivation of olives; 112 dunums of land were cultivated with olive trees in 2010. Cereals were grown on 233 dunums.<ref name=ARIJ_Hizma/>

Revision as of 17:34, 15 September 2016

Template:Infobox Palestinian Authority municipality

Hizma (Arabic: حزما; Template:Lang-he-n) is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate, seven kilometer from Jerusalem's Old City. The town, located in Area B, borders the Israeli settlements Neve Yaakov, Pisgat Ze'ev located in East Jerusalem and the settlements Geva Binyamin and Almon. A small eastern neighbourhood of Hizma is called Hizmah.[1] Since 1967, Hizma is occupied by Israel. The village is cut off from Jerusalem by the Israeli West Bank barrier in the west, controversially built after a wave of suicide bombings from the occupied West Bank.[2] As of 2007, Hizma had a population of about 5650 residents.[3] Hizma is cut off from the West Bank by a chain of Israeli settlements in the east.[citation needed]

History

Albright and others identified Hizma with the biblical town of Azmawt of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin.[4] However, Gibson more recently questioned this identification, citing the lack of archaeological remains from the necessary time period.[5] Towards the end of the Second Temple period, there was an industry here making fine stoneware from the local limestone.[6] Products included vases and bowls turned on a lathe, and mugs carved by hand.[6] Examples of stoneware that may have originated here have been found in many places in the Jerusalem region, mostly dating from the first and second centuries CE.[6]

Ottoman era

In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman empire with the rest of Ottoman Syria, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as Hamza, located in the Nahiye of Jerusalem in the Sanjak of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. The population was 28 households, all Muslim according to census records. They paid a tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, vineyards and fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 2800 Akçe.[7][8]

In 1832, Edward Robinson found the village had been deserted for two months, as the villagers had "fled across the Jordan" to escape conscription.[9] In 1863 Victor Guérin found the village to have 200 inhabitants. He further noted that some of the houses, particularly the lower part, seemed to be built from ancient materials, and some cisterns also looked ancient.[10]

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed 51 houses and a population of 150, though the population count included only the men.[11] In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Hizma as a "small stone village, standing high on a prominent hill, the slopes of which are covered with olives. It has a well to the west."[12]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Hizma had a population of 515[13] increasing slightly in the 1931 census to 521 in 91 inhabited houses.[14]

In 1945 the population of Hizma was 750, all Muslims,[15] and the total land area was 10,438 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[16] Of this, 200 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,338 for cereals,[17] while 45 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[18]

1948-1967

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Hizma came under Jordanian occupation.

1967-present

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Hizma has been under Israeli occupation.

Map of northern Jerusalem, with Hizma on the right.

In the 1970s 19% of the village's total area was used to establish the settlements of Neve Ya'akov, Pisgat Ze'ev and Pisgat Amir, which are considered illegal by the international community. Under the Oslo II Accord, about 9% of the village area was assigned as Area B; administered by both the PA and Israel, and the remaining 91% became Area C, administered by Israel.

There is a bypass road connecting the settlements with the neighboring Israeli settlements. There is also a buffer zone of 75 meters along the roads on each side. Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank are prohibited from using these roads, only Israelis and foreign nationals can use them, the status purpose being security concerns.[3]

West Bank barrier

The Israel-West Bank barrier cuts off 40% of the village's area, with the Israeli side incorporating the settlements and surrounding forests, agricultural lands, open spaces, and a small part of the Palestinian residential area. As of 2012, An Israeli checkpoint located west of the village at an opening in the controls the passage to and from Hizma. Palestinians living outside Jerusalem, Israel's self-declared and unrecognized capital, must have a special permit that is reportedly hard to obtain.[3] Israeli citizens (including settlers) and permanent residents (including Palestinians in East Jerusalem) are allowed to pass in and out without any permits.

Israeli administration

Israeli authorities demolish the homes of Palestinians built without permits. Strict conditions for Palestinians applying for permits must be fulfilled and the permits are usually denied.[3][19]

The village has on occasion been sealed off with road blocks in response to reported stone-throwing and rioting, characterized by many rights groups as a form of collective punishment.[20]

Economy

In 2010, more than half of the workforce was working in the government or private employees sector; 22% was working in the Israeli labor market, 14% on agriculture, and 7% worked in the trade sector.

Hizma village is known for the cultivation of olives; 112 dunums of land were cultivated with olive trees in 2010. Cereals were grown on 233 dunums.[3]

Panorama of Hizma

References

  1. ^ Where is Hizmah in Palestine Located?
  2. ^ Israel to reinforce West Bank barrier
  3. ^ a b c d e Hizma Village Profile. Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem, August 2012. On Jerusalem → community data
  4. ^ Albright (1922/3), pp. 156–157.
  5. ^ Gibson (1983), p. 176
  6. ^ a b c Gibson (1983), passim.
  7. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 119
  8. ^ Toledano, 1984, p. 293, gives the location of Hizma as 35°15′40″E 31°50′15″N
  9. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. 111-112
  10. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 74-75
  11. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 155
  12. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III; p. 9
  13. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  14. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 39
  15. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 24
  16. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  17. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 102
  18. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 152
  19. ^ "Continuing Demolitions: Hebron and Jerusalem under Attack".
  20. ^ Btselem: Siege on Hizma

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hizma.

External links

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