Krill oil: Difference between revisions

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Considering the much higher price for krill oil, the potentially small increase in bioavailability may not be worth it. Until data exists comparing fish oil to krill oil on intermediate markers of risk and actual disease endpoints it will be difficult to say one is better than the other.<ref>Krill Oil Makes a Splash. Chris Mohr. Supplements A to Z. 2001</ref>
Considering the much higher price for krill oil, the potentially small increase in bioavailability may not be worth it. Until data exists comparing fish oil to krill oil on intermediate markers of risk and actual disease endpoints it will be difficult to say one is better than the other.<ref>Krill Oil Makes a Splash. Chris Mohr. Supplements A to Z. 2001</ref>


===Supplement Quality and Concerns===
{{advert|section|date=December 2012}}
[http://consumerlab.com ConsumerLab.com] noted in its 2010 and 2012 fish oil and marine oil supplements reviews that products tradenamed “Krill Oil” may actually be a blend of different sources of omega-3s, such as fish oil. ConsumerLab.com has spotted this on krill oil supplements where the “Other Ingredients” section of the label (which is in order of amount) lists “fish oil.” In fact, even the astaxanthin (naturally found in real krill oil, giving it its red color) is sometimes added from an algal source, although this is not disclosed on the label. <ref>{{cite web|title=Quality Problems with Nearly Thirty Percent of Fish Oil Supplements Reviewed|url=https://www.consumerlab.com/news/fish_oil_supplements_reviewed/9_28_2010/|publisher=ConsumerLab.com|accessdate=22 October 2012|date=28 September 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Contamination and Other Problems Found in Fish Oil Supplements|url=https://www.consumerlab.com/news/Review%20of%20Fish%20Oil%20and%20Omega-3%20Supplments%20by%20ConsumerLab.com/8_22_2012/|publisher=ConsumerLab.com|accessdate=22 October 2012|date=22 August 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Fish Oil Supplement Review|url=https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/fish_oil_supplements_review/omega3/|publisher=ConsumerLab.com|accessdate=22 October 2012|date=13 October 2012}}</ref>


==Ecological concerns==
==Ecological concerns==

Revision as of 11:27, 8 December 2012

Krill oil is made from a species of krill [Euphausia superba]. Three of the most important nutrients in krill oil are: (1) omega-3 fatty acids similar to those of fish oil, (2) Phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFA), mainly phosphatidylcholine (alternatively referred to as marine lecithin) and (3) astaxanthin, an antioxidant.[1] The fatty acid composition in the phospholipids in krill oil has been described in two papers.[2][3]

A clinical study conducted at the University of Montreal using a branded krill oil concluded that it can significantly reduce dysmenorrhea, a gynecological medical condition characterized by severe uterine pain during menstruation, and the emotional symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.[4]

Other suppliers claim to offer comparable or more potent complexes using similar fractions of the krill complex, produced through a different process altogether.[citation needed]

Several studies have shown toxic residues in Antarctic krill and fish.[5][6]

A double blind study conducted in Canada tested the effects of Neptune Krill Oil (NKO) on arthritic symptoms. The results showed that a short treatment of 300 mg daily of NKO significantly reduces arthritic symptoms and prevents inflammation.[7]

Krill Oil vs. Fish Oil

A study conducted by McGill University compared the effects of fish oil and krill oil on cholesterol. Daily doses of 1-3g of krill oil are significantly more effective in the treatment of hyperlipidemia than the same daily dose of fish oil.[8]

Considering the much higher price for krill oil, the potentially small increase in bioavailability may not be worth it. Until data exists comparing fish oil to krill oil on intermediate markers of risk and actual disease endpoints it will be difficult to say one is better than the other.[9]


Ecological concerns

The harvesting of Antarctic krill is relatively new. The vast majority is harvested for feed for fish farms. A small percentage (2 percent in the 2009-2010 season)[citation needed] is harvested for human consumption.

Krill is considered by many scientists to be the largest biomass in the world. Antarctic krill is fundamental to the survival of almost every species of animal that lives in the Antarctic or sub-Antarctic waters and island groups.[10] Because Antarctic krill are so important, in 1982, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, Chile, European Community, Germany and Japan formed a treaty organization to ensure that krill were being harvested sustainably. Named the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources [11] (CCAMLR-pronounced camel-lahr), it now manages the fin fish (mostly toothfish) and krill fisheries in the Southern Ocean. Scientists from some of the CCAMLR member nations, including Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom, conduct research in the Southern Ocean and make recommendations to CCAMLR that enable the organization to make management decisions. Currently there are 25 Members of CCAMLR, 24 member states and the European Community.

CCAMLR has successfully implemented a precautionary and ecosystem approach in managing the krill fishery. The krill fishery is considered by some of those scientists to be among the best managed fisheries in the world, providing strict catch limits on licensed vessels, and scientific observers on board. CCAMLR scientists are working to take into account the possible effects of climate change on the ecosystem as well as effects of changes in technology and operational pattern of krill fishing vessels on the fishery when making management decisions.

References

  1. ^ Astaxanthin - Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals
  2. ^ Grandois LG, Marchioni E, Zhao M, Giuffrida F, Ennahar S, Bindler F (2009). "Investigation of natural phosphatidylcholine sources: separation and identification by liquid chromatography - electronspray ionization - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS2) of molecular species". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57 (14): 6014–6020. doi:10.1021/jf900903e. PMID 19545117. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Winther B, Hoem N, Berge K, Reubsaet L (2010). "Elucidation of phosphatidylcholine composition in krill oil extracted from Euphausia Superba". Lipids. 46 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3472-6. PMC 3024512. PMID 20848234. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, Kowalski O, Duguet N, Dupuis S (2003). "Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea" (PDF). Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic. 8 (2): 171–9. PMID 12777162. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Corsolini S, Covaci A, Ademollo N, Focardi S, Schepens P (2006). "Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their enantiomeric signatures, and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Adélie penguin food web, Antarctica". Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 140 (2): 371–82. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.039. PMID 16183185. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Vetter W; et al. (2007). "Anthropogenic and naturally occurring organobrominated compounds in fish oil dietary supplements". Environmental Science & Technology. 41 (15): 5237–44. doi:10.1021/es070239g. PMID 17822085. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Deutsch L. Evaluation of the effect of Neptune Krill Oil on chronic inflammation and arthritic symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26:39–48
  8. ^ Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemia. R Bunea, K El Farrah, L Deutsch. Altern Med Rev. 2004; 9: 420-428
  9. ^ Krill Oil Makes a Splash. Chris Mohr. Supplements A to Z. 2001
  10. ^ The Antarctic Krill Conservation Project
  11. ^ http://www.ccamlr.org/

Further reading

  • "Krill oil sustainability". Wellwise. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
  • Venkatraman JT, Chandrasekar B, Kim JD, Fernandes G (1994). "Effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on the activities and expression of hepatic antioxidant enzymes in autoimmune-prone NZBxNZW F1 mice". Lipids. 29 (8): 561–8. doi:10.1007/BF02536628. PMID 7990663. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Bunea R, El Farrah K, Deutsch L. (2004). "Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemia". Altern Med Rev. 9 (4): 420–8. PMID 15656713.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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