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== Launch ==
== Launch ==
[[File:Satish Dhawan Space Centre, India by Planet Labs.jpg|thumb|right|The Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India, imaged by a Dove cubesat two days before the scheduled, record-setting PSLV-C37 launch]]
[[File:Satish Dhawan Space Centre, India by Planet Labs.jpg|thumb|right|The Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India, imaged by a Dove cubesat two days before the scheduled, record-setting PSLV-C37 launch]]
The PSLV-C37 was launched from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|First Launch Pad]] of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in Sriharikota at 09:28 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 15 February 2017. It carried a total of 104 satellites including the primary payload [[Cartosat-2D]].<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="HT">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/final-countdown-isro-hours-away-from-record-launch-of-104-satellites-into-space/story-yfC70LKVupmiagGxWvnW0I.html|title=ISRO sets space record: Highlights of successful launch of Cartosat-2 and 103 other satellites|accessdate=15 February 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=15 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ISRO-launches-104-satellites-in-one-go-creates-history/article17305373.ece |title= ISRO launches 104 satellites in one go, creates history |access-date=15 February 2017 |work=The Hindu |publication-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> The launcher started placing the satellites into a polar Sun-synchronous orbit one after another after a flight of 16 minutes and 48 seconds.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="isro.gov.in" /> It first injected the satellite Cartosat-2D at an altitude of {{convert|510.383|km}}, with 97.46 degrees inclination,<ref name="PSLV-C37 Brochure" /> followed by the two ISRO [[nanosatellite]]s INS-1A and INS-1B.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="isro.gov.in" /> It then took 11 minutes for the PSLV C-37 to place the remaining 101 "co-passenger" satellites into their intended orbits.<ref name="thehindu" />
PSLV-C37 was launched from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|First Launch Pad]] of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in Sriharikota at 09:28 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 15 February 2017. It carried a total of 104 satellites including the primary payload [[Cartosat-2D]].<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="HT">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/final-countdown-isro-hours-away-from-record-launch-of-104-satellites-into-space/story-yfC70LKVupmiagGxWvnW0I.html|title=ISRO sets space record: Highlights of successful launch of Cartosat-2 and 103 other satellites|accessdate=15 February 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=15 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ISRO-launches-104-satellites-in-one-go-creates-history/article17305373.ece |title= ISRO launches 104 satellites in one go, creates history |access-date=15 February 2017 |work=The Hindu |publication-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> The launcher started placing the satellites into a polar Sun-synchronous orbit one after another after a flight of 16 minutes and 48 seconds.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="isro.gov.in" /> It first injected the satellite Cartosat-2D at an altitude of {{convert|510.383|km}}, with 97.46 degrees inclination,<ref name="PSLV-C37 Brochure" /> followed by the two ISRO [[nanosatellite]]s INS-1A and INS-1B.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="isro.gov.in" /> It then took 11 minutes for PSLV C-37 to place the remaining 101 "co-passenger" satellites into their intended orbits.<ref name="thehindu" />


Soon after separation from the launch vehicle, the two solar arrays on board Cartosat-2D satellite were automatically deployed. Afterwards, [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISRO's Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] at [[Bengaluru]] took over control of the satellite. "In the coming days, the satellite will be brought to its final operational configuration following which it will begin to provide [[remote sensing]] services using its panchromatic (black and white) and multispectral (colour) cameras," said ISRO, in a statement. The mission lasted for 29 minutes.<ref name="isro.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/pslv-c37-successfully-launches-104-satellites-single-flight|title=PSLV-C37 Successfully Launches 104 Satellites in a Single Flight|accessdate=15 February 2017|publisher=ISRO|date=15 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C37 Brochure" /><ref name="thehindu" />
Soon after separation from the launch vehicle, the two solar arrays on board Cartosat-2D satellite were automatically deployed. Afterwards, [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISRO's Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] at [[Bengaluru]] took over control of the satellite. "In the coming days, the satellite will be brought to its final operational configuration following which it will begin to provide [[remote sensing]] services using its panchromatic (black and white) and multispectral (colour) cameras," said ISRO, in a statement. The mission lasted for 29 minutes.<ref name="isro.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/pslv-c37-successfully-launches-104-satellites-single-flight|title=PSLV-C37 Successfully Launches 104 Satellites in a Single Flight|accessdate=15 February 2017|publisher=ISRO|date=15 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C37 Brochure" /><ref name="thehindu" />
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Eight Lemur-2 satellites belonging to [[Spire Global]] are to provide vessel tracking and weather measurement services. These satellites have a short lifetime of about two to three years requiring replacement at regular intervals.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="business-standard">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-launches-record-104-satellites-into-orbit-117021500134_1.html |title=Isro launches record 104 satellites into orbit |last=Narasimhan |first=T E |access-date=16 February 2017 |work=Business Standard |last2=Krishnan |first2=Raghu |publication-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>
Eight Lemur-2 satellites belonging to [[Spire Global]] are to provide vessel tracking and weather measurement services. These satellites have a short lifetime of about two to three years requiring replacement at regular intervals.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="business-standard">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-launches-record-104-satellites-into-orbit-117021500134_1.html |title=Isro launches record 104 satellites into orbit |last=Narasimhan |first=T E |access-date=16 February 2017 |work=Business Standard |last2=Krishnan |first2=Raghu |publication-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>


The PSLV-C37 used the [[rocket engine nozzle]] manufactured by [[Vijayawada]], from Andhra Pradesh based company [[Resins and Allied Productions]] (RAP). This is the 100th nozzle manufactured by RAP to be used in a PSLV.<ref name="100th">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/PSLV-C-37-scheduled-for-launch-on-January-27/article16895637.ece|title=PSLV-C 37 scheduled for launch on January 27|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 December 2016|location=Vijayawada|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com"/> Several components of the PSLV-C37 were manufactured by [[Larsen & Toubro]] at its advanced composite facility in [[Vadodara]], Gujarat. The honeycomb deck panels used for mounting the heat shield and electronic packages on the upper stage of the PSLV, the antenna mount structure, and the {{convert|13|m|yd}} diameter bull gear were all manufactured by L&T.<ref name="profit.ndtv">{{Cite news |url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-l-t-aerospace-unit-plays-role-in-isro-launch-of-104-satellites-1660334 |title=L&T Aerospace Unit Plays Role In ISRO Launch Of 104 Satellites |access-date=17 February 2017 |work=NDTV |agency=Press Trust of India |publication-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>
PSLV-C37 used the [[rocket engine nozzle]] manufactured by [[Vijayawada]], from Andhra Pradesh based company [[Resins and Allied Productions]] (RAP). This is the 100th nozzle manufactured by RAP to be used in a PSLV.<ref name="100th">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/PSLV-C-37-scheduled-for-launch-on-January-27/article16895637.ece|title=PSLV-C 37 scheduled for launch on January 27|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 December 2016|location=Vijayawada|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com"/> Several components of the PSLV-C37 were manufactured by [[Larsen & Toubro]] at its advanced composite facility in [[Vadodara]], Gujarat. The honeycomb deck panels used for mounting the heat shield and electronic packages on the upper stage of the PSLV, the antenna mount structure, and the {{convert|13|m|yd}} diameter bull gear were all manufactured by L&T.<ref name="profit.ndtv">{{Cite news |url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-l-t-aerospace-unit-plays-role-in-isro-launch-of-104-satellites-1660334 |title=L&T Aerospace Unit Plays Role In ISRO Launch Of 104 Satellites |access-date=17 February 2017 |work=NDTV |agency=Press Trust of India |publication-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>


== Cost ==
== Cost ==
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== Usage ==
== Usage ==
Imagery from the primary satellite, [[Cartosat-2D]], will be used for various [[land information system]] and [[geographical information system]] applications in India. The two Indian nanosatellites, INS-1A and INS-1B, will be used for future science and experimental payloads. The DOVE satellites from the US will be used to photograph the earth for commercial, environmental, and humanitarian purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global|first=IndraStra|title=NEWS {{!}} India's ISRO Successfully Launched 104 Satellites in a Single Mission|url=http://www.indrastra.com/2017/02/NEWS-India-s-ISRO-Successfully-Launched-104-Satellites-Single-Rocket-PSLC-C37-003-02-2017-0045.html|journal=IndraStra|issn=2381-3652}}</ref> The LEMUR satellites will be used for vessel tracking and carry weather measurement instruments using [[GNSS radio occultation|GPS radio occultation]]. Al Farabi-1 from Kazakhstan, Nayif-1 from the United Arab Emirates, and PEASSS from The Netherlands are technology demonstrator satellites whereas [[DIDO-2]] from Switzerland is a micro research satellite. [[BGUSAT]] from Israel will be used primarily for research and avionic systems.<ref name="PSLV-C37 Brochure" />
Imagery from the primary satellite, [[Cartosat-2D]], will be used for various [[land information system]] and [[geographical information system]] applications in India. The two Indian nanosatellites, INS-1A and INS-1B, will be used for future science and experimental payloads. The DOVE satellites from the US will be used to photograph the earth for commercial, environmental, and humanitarian purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global|first=IndraStra|title=NEWS {{!}} India's ISRO Successfully Launched 104 Satellites in a Single Mission|url=http://www.indrastra.com/2017/02/NEWS-India-s-ISRO-Successfully-Launched-104-Satellites-Single-Rocket-PSLC-C37-003-02-2017-0045.html|journal=IndraStra|issn=2381-3652}}</ref> The LEMUR satellites will be used for vessel tracking and carry weather measurement instruments using [[GNSS radio occultation|GPS radio occultation]]. Al Farabi-1 from Kazakhstan, Nayif-1 from the United Arab Emirates, and PEASSS from The Netherlands are technology demonstrator satellites whereas [[DIDO-2]] from Switzerland is a micro research satellite. [[BGUSAT]] from Israel will be used primarily for research and avionic systems.<ref name="PSLV-C37 Brochure" />

==See also==
* [[Space debris]]


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 12:47, 8 April 2017

PSLV-C37
Model of a rocket
Model of the PSLV rocket
Mission typeDeployment of 104 satellites
OperatorISRO
WebsiteISRO website
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftPolar Satellite Launch Vehicle
Spacecraft typeExpendable launch vehicle
ManufacturerISRO
Launch mass320,000 kilograms (710,000 lb)
Payload mass1,378 kilograms (3,038 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date09:28:00, 15 February 2017 (2017-02-15T09:28:00) (IST)
RocketPolar Satellite Launch Vehicle
Launch siteSriharikota Launching Range
ContractorISRO
Payload
List of Satellites:
  • India Cartosat-2D
  • India INS-1A
  • India INS-1B
  • United Arab Emirates Nayif-1
  • Kazakhstan Al Farabi-1
  • Netherlands PEASSS
  • Israel BGUSAT
  • Switzerland DIDO-2
  • United States Doves (Flock 3p)
  • United States LEMUR Nano
Mass1,378 kilograms (3,038 lb)
 

PSLV-C37 (also known as Cartosat-2 series satellite) was the 39th mission of the PSLV program and its 16th mission in XL configuration.[1] The PSLV-C37 successfully carried and deployed a record 104 satellites in Sun-synchronous orbit.[2] Launched on 15 February 2017 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, it broke the earlier record of launching 37 satellites by a Russian Dnepr rocket on 19 June 2014,[3] and of 29 satellites by NASA's Minotaur rocket on 19 November 2013.[4][5][6] The cost of the launch was US$15 million. According to ISRO, the 101 international satellites were launched as part of a commercial arrangement between several countries and Antrix Corporation Limited, a company run by the Indian government under the Department of Space, the commercial arm of ISRO.[7]

Launch

The Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India, imaged by a Dove cubesat two days before the scheduled, record-setting PSLV-C37 launch

PSLV-C37 was launched from the First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota at 09:28 IST on 15 February 2017. It carried a total of 104 satellites including the primary payload Cartosat-2D.[2][8][9] The launcher started placing the satellites into a polar Sun-synchronous orbit one after another after a flight of 16 minutes and 48 seconds.[2][10] It first injected the satellite Cartosat-2D at an altitude of 510.383 kilometres (317.137 mi), with 97.46 degrees inclination,[1] followed by the two ISRO nanosatellites INS-1A and INS-1B.[2][10] It then took 11 minutes for PSLV C-37 to place the remaining 101 "co-passenger" satellites into their intended orbits.[9]

Soon after separation from the launch vehicle, the two solar arrays on board Cartosat-2D satellite were automatically deployed. Afterwards, ISRO's Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network at Bengaluru took over control of the satellite. "In the coming days, the satellite will be brought to its final operational configuration following which it will begin to provide remote sensing services using its panchromatic (black and white) and multispectral (colour) cameras," said ISRO, in a statement. The mission lasted for 29 minutes.[10][1][9]

Originally, PSLV-C37 was set to launch on 27 January 2017 with 83 satellites. With the addition of twenty more satellites to the payload, the schedule was changed to 15 February 2017.[5][11]

Payload and other parameters

  • Mass:
    • Total liftoff weight: 320,000 kilograms (710,000 lb)
    • Payload weight: 1,378 kilograms (3,038 lb)
  • Overall height: 44.4 metres (145.7 ft)
  • Propellant:
  • Altitude: 505 kilometres (314 mi)
  • Maximum velocity: 7,809.52 metres per second (25,622 ft/s) (recorded at time of Cartosat-2D separation)
  • Inclination: 97.46°
  • Period: 94.72 minutes[1]

The rocket launched Cartosat-2D and 103 nanosatellites: three from India, one each from Kazakhstan, Israel, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Arab Emirates, along with 96 from the United States of America - 88 Dove satellites and 8 LEMUR satellites.[1] The three Indian satellites launched were Cartosat-2D, INS-1A, and INS-1B.[12] Arrangements for the launch of the 104 satellites were were made between the ISRO's commercial arm Antrix Corporation Limited, under the auspices of the Indian Government's Department of Space, and the international customers.[7]

The Cartosat-2D weighs 714 kilograms (1,574 lb), and its design life is five years.[1] The two Indian nanosatellites, designated INS-1A and INS-1B, each carried two payloads from ISRO's Space Applications Centre and the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems. INS-1A carried a Surface Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Radiometer (SBR) and a Single Event Upset Monitor (SEUM). INS-1B carried an Earth Exosphere Lyman-Alpha Analyzer (EELA) and Origami Camera as payloads.[1] They weigh 8.4 kilograms (19 lb) and 9.7 kilograms (21 lb) respectively and have been designed with a mission life of six months.[1][10] An ISRO official said: "The nano satellites are an experimental class of satellites introduced by ISRO because there are requests from academic institutions to use them for data collection. The universities do not have the knowledge to build satellites and tend to take a long time… We want them to focus on the instruments as we can provide the nano satellite bus."[13]

The 103 co-passenger satellites weighed approximately 664 kilograms (1,464 lb) making a total payload of 1,378 kilograms (3,038 lb).[1] The total launch mass of the rocket was 320,000 kilograms (710,000 lb).[1] Among the 96 satellites belonging to US companies, 88 CubeSats were owned by Planet Labs, a private Earth imaging company based in San Francisco, California.[2] Weighing roughly 5 kilograms (11 lb), each separated from the rocket in different directions to avoid collision.[14] With the launch of PSLV-C37, Planet Labs increased its fleet of satellites to 143, which is the largest private satellite fleet in operation.[2][15]

Eight Lemur-2 satellites belonging to Spire Global are to provide vessel tracking and weather measurement services. These satellites have a short lifetime of about two to three years requiring replacement at regular intervals.[2][16]

PSLV-C37 used the rocket engine nozzle manufactured by Vijayawada, from Andhra Pradesh based company Resins and Allied Productions (RAP). This is the 100th nozzle manufactured by RAP to be used in a PSLV.[17][11] Several components of the PSLV-C37 were manufactured by Larsen & Toubro at its advanced composite facility in Vadodara, Gujarat. The honeycomb deck panels used for mounting the heat shield and electronic packages on the upper stage of the PSLV, the antenna mount structure, and the 13 metres (14 yd) diameter bull gear were all manufactured by L&T.[18]

Cost

The total cost of the mission was ₹1.5 Crore (US$15 million).[19] The ISRO said it will recover half of the mission's cost from the foreign countries whose satellites it launched.[20]

Usage

Imagery from the primary satellite, Cartosat-2D, will be used for various land information system and geographical information system applications in India. The two Indian nanosatellites, INS-1A and INS-1B, will be used for future science and experimental payloads. The DOVE satellites from the US will be used to photograph the earth for commercial, environmental, and humanitarian purposes.[21] The LEMUR satellites will be used for vessel tracking and carry weather measurement instruments using GPS radio occultation. Al Farabi-1 from Kazakhstan, Nayif-1 from the United Arab Emirates, and PEASSS from The Netherlands are technology demonstrator satellites whereas DIDO-2 from Switzerland is a micro research satellite. BGUSAT from Israel will be used primarily for research and avionic systems.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "PSLV-C37 Brochure". Indian Space Research Organisation website. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Tejonmayam, U (15 February 2017). "Isro creates history, launches 104 satellites in one go". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  3. ^ Graham, William (19 June 2014). "Russian Dnepr rocket lofts record haul of 37 satellites". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  4. ^ Rao, Joe (18 November 2013). "Nighttime Rocket Launch Tuesday Visible from US East Coast". SPACE.com. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  5. ^ a b "ISRO's PSLV-C37 launch scheduled for 15 February at 9:00 am". Firstpost. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  6. ^ "Isro's launch of record 104 satellites". The Times of India. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  7. ^ a b "PSLV-C37 / Cartosat −2 Series Satellite". ISRO. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  8. ^ "ISRO sets space record: Highlights of successful launch of Cartosat-2 and 103 other satellites". Hindustan Times. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  9. ^ a b c "ISRO launches 104 satellites in one go, creates history". The Hindu. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d "PSLV-C37 Successfully Launches 104 Satellites in a Single Flight". ISRO. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  11. ^ a b "PSLV-C 37 scheduled for launch on January 27". The Hindu. 18 December 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  12. ^ Sinha, Amitabh; T A, Johnson (16 February 2017). "Indian Space Research Organisation scales 104 heights". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  13. ^ TA, Johnson (9 March 2017). "ISRO nano twins stabilise in space". The Indian Express. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  14. ^ Balasubramani, M (15 February 2017). "ISRO sets record, launches 104 sats at one go". News Today. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  15. ^ Whitwam, Ryan (15 February 2017). "India sets world record with 104 satellites in a single rocket launch". ExtremeTech. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  16. ^ Narasimhan, T E; Krishnan, Raghu (16 February 2017). "Isro launches record 104 satellites into orbit". Business Standard. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  17. ^ "PSLV-C 37 scheduled for launch on January 27". The Hindu. Vijayawada. 17 December 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  18. ^ "L&T Aerospace Unit Plays Role In ISRO Launch Of 104 Satellites". NDTV. Press Trust of India. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  19. ^ Mathur, Swapnil (15 February 2017). "Five reasons why ISRO is a force to be reckoned with". The Indian Express. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  20. ^ "ISRO to recover half the cost of record breaking PSLV-C37 launch from foreign customers". Firstpost. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  21. ^ Global, IndraStra. "NEWS | India's ISRO Successfully Launched 104 Satellites in a Single Mission". IndraStra. ISSN 2381-3652.

External links

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