2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum

President Chávez voting

A constitutional referendum was held in Venezuela on December 2, 2007 to amend 69 articles of the 1999 Constitution. Reform was needed, according to Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, to implement his socialist agenda; detractors said he was using the reforms to become a dictator.

The referendum was narrowly defeated, giving Chávez the first election loss of his nine-year presidency. University student protests and opposition from former allies helped fuel the defeat, but the referendum results and the 44% abstention rate suggest that support also waned among Chávez's traditional base of Venezuela's poor. Chávez conceded defeat by saying "for now, we couldn't" ("por ahora no pudimos"), echoing the phrase he used after the failure of the 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts.

Proposal

On August 15 2007, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez proposed an amendment to 33 articles of Venezuela's 350-article Constitution. A constitutional provision allows the president, the National Assembly of Venezuela or a constituent assembly to ask for changes; reform should be approved by a national referendum. The 1999 constitution was promoted by Chávez and adopted by popular referendum. The proposed constitutional reforms were needed, according to Chávez, to complete the transition to a socialist republic and implement his socialist agenda; detractors said he was using the reforms to become a dictator. The proposal was hailed by government supporters as "the start of a new era towards socialism", but Podemos, a pro-government party, expressed disagreement and claimed Chávez was seeking lifelong power.

Venezuela's constitutional procedures require three debates before the National Assembly, in which all 167 seats are held by pro-Chávez parties, to reform the constitution. The first debate was successfully held on August 21, 2007 and gave initial approval to the general purpose of the reform. During the second successful vote on September 11, 2007, the National Assembly added amendments to the original Chávez reform proposal, again angering the Podemos party, which said that the National Assembly had infringed the Constitution. The third vote on October 25, 2007 approved the proposal, enlarged from 33 articles to 69. Final parliamentary approval for the referendum was given on 2 November 2007.

The final proposal included 69 constitutional amendments to be voted on in two blocks: 33 that were originally proposed by President Chávez plus another 13 articles introduced by the National Assembly (Proposal A) and 23 more reform articles proposed by the National Assembly (Proposal B). Proposed changes included:

• abolish presidential term limits, allowing for indefinite re-election of the president (not allowed for any other political post)
• increase the presidential term from six to seven years,
• reorganize the country's administrative districts and allow the president to choose provincial and municipal leaders,
• allow the president to declare an unlimited state of emergency,
• prohibit large land estates, while "allowing the state to provisionally occupy property slated for expropriation before a court has ruled"
• prohibit foreign funding for political associations,
• end the autonomy of the central bank, giving control to the president, and place the president in charge of administering the country's international reserves,
• reduce the maximum working week from 44 to 36 hours and reduce the workday from eight to six hours,
• lower the voting age from 18 to 16,
• expand social security benefits to workers in the informal economy.

The proposal also included the creation of a "popular power" which "is not born of suffrage nor any election", changing the principles of Venezuela from "social justice, democracy" to "socialist, anti-imperialist", and changing the army from "National Armed Force" to "Bolivarian Armed Force"; this army would be "patriotic, popular and anti-imperialist". The proposal also added sexual orientation to the list of categories protected under human rights in the constitution.

Referendum

Results

Voters narrowly defeated the proposal, 51 to 49 percent, in the first major electoral defeat for Chávez in the nine years of his presidency. Chávez conceded defeat, saying, "I congratulate my adversaries for this victory", and "for now, we could not do it."

Preparations for the referendum

People wait in line to vote in Caracas

Response

In conceding defeat, Chávez insisted that he would "continue in the battle to build socialism". Manuel Rosales, a 2006 Venezuelan presidential candidate, said, "Tonight, Venezuela has won". Leopoldo López, a popular opposition mayor, said "Venezuela won today, democracy won today".

Latin American media responses included special reports that highlighted Chávez's first electoral setback in nine years and his ethical acceptance of defeat. According to a Mercosur press release, the general Latin American response was praise for the "democratic maturity" evidenced by the Venezuelan people. Brazil's Foreign Affairs Minister, Celso Amorin, said "The president accepted the result in a very calm and elegant manner." President Felipe Calderón of Mexico said Chávez had shown " ... enormous valor to admit such results". Spain's Foreign Affairs minister, Miguel Angel Moratin, said that "free expression of people’s sovereignty has been accepted by all sides including those who had promoted the referendum". Nestor Kirchner, Argentine President described Chávez as a "great democrat". A response characterized by Mercosur as "blunt" came from Cuban Foreign Affairs minister Felipe Perez Roque: "those who have organized plots to destabilize Venezuela, to abolish its democratically elected government and even attempt a coup against President Chávez are active and we hope that they quit and let the Venezuelan people build their future in peace". He added that "the only thing that has been rejected, by a narrow margin, is a reform project. Chavez is president and has been elected until the year 2013." President Evo Morales of Bolivia praised Chavez "because he submits his thinking, his feelings, and his ideas to the decision of the people. And that is democracy."

The U.S. administration of President George W. Bush hailed the defeat as a victory for democracy. Bush said, "The Venezuelan people rejected one-man rule. They voted for democracy." A National Security Council spokesman said, "We congratulate the people of Venezuela on their vote and their continued desire to live in freedom and democracy". A State Department Undersecretary said, "We felt that this referendum would make Chávez president for life, and that’s not ever a welcome development. In a country that wants to be a democracy, the people spoke, and the people spoke for democracy and against unlimited power." Florida Republican Connie Mack warned that Chávez's remaining five years in office provided "a long window for him to continue to make mischief in Venezuela and around the world".

The Organization of American States Secretary-General José Miguel Insulza called the results of the referendum an "exemplary development" on the part of the Venezuelan government and people, saying that democracy in the Americas "passed a difficult test and emerged stronger, showing clearly its consolidation." Reporters without Borders expressed hope that the result of the vote would end the "media war" in Venezuela.

The day after the referendum, financial markets were buoyed by Chávez's defeat; Venezuelan bonds rose and the stock index in Caracas surged 4% following a year-to-date 24% decline.

Continued plans for reform

Chávez said on December 5 that he intended to launch a second attempt to change the Constitution. According to El Universal newspaper, he said:

Watch out, US lovers, celebrate. You have no dignity anyhow. Where could you have it? I recommend you to administer your victory wisely, because we will launch a renewed offensive for the great constitutional reform. ... You have a second offensive left for the constitutional reform. I cannot say that we did not make it."

Responding to George W. Bush's remarks, he said:

They say Chávez was blown away. Yes, but I moved not even a millimeter. Yes, I was blown away, but I am weaker not even a millimeter. Be worried, empire; be worried, unpatriotic oligarchy. Strike as many times as you want. But, beware! Do not provoke!

During a press conference with the military high command, he expressed on Venezolana de Televisión the possibility of bringing the proposal back in "the same form, transformed or simplified" in a future referendum and the creation of the bolivarian militias by modifying the laws regarding the armed forces. He also described the opposition's reaction to victory as "full of shit" and his defeat as "full of courage, valor and dignity".

Pre-referendum

Chávez supporters hang a pro reform poster

In November 2007, demonstrations arose in Caracas and six other cities, along with rioting by opposition students over the proposed constitutional changes. Opposition TV stations reported masked gunmen fired on a crowd of rioters outside the Central University of Venezuela.

On November 29, an estimated "tens of thousands" marched for the "No" vote in the final mass march by the opposition before the election, though an opposition politician estimated the crowd at 160,000.

Raúl Baduel, former Minister of Defense and one of the four founding members of Chávez's Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200, expressed his concern by describing the reform as "nothing less than an attempt to establish a socialist state in Venezuela ... [which] is contrary to the beliefs of Simón Bolívar and it is also contrary to human nature and the Christian view of society, because it grants the state absolute control over the people it governs". Other leaders and former Chávez supporters who distanced themselves from the proposal were Ismael García, a deputy in the National Assembly, and Ramón Martínez, governor of Sucre State. Marisabel Rodríguez, Chávez's ex-wife, has called the proposed changes an attempt to achieve "an absolute concentration of power".

CIA allegations

On November 9,2007, Venezuelan authorities said they had obtained an internal memorandum from the US Embassy in Caracas detailing the CIA's role in the run up to the December election. It claims offering over $8 million in aid to the opposition, transferred through USAID, and details disruptive actions across the nation. Chávez threatened to cut off oil exports to the United States if violence resulted from the referendum. The U.S. has responded by calling the allegations "ridiculous" and "a fake". Independent analysts doubt the authenticity of the document, noting both the lack of an original document in English and that "the timing of its release is strange." Chávez declared to the media at his campaign's closing that "whoever voted 'Yes' was voting for Hugo Chávez, but whoever voted 'No' was voting for George W. Bush".

Polls

November 29 rally by the supporters the "No" vote

Polls from November saw very close results. In mid-November, a Hinterlaces poll found that 51% of decided voters supported the change, while Mecanálisis said 64% of decided voters would vote against reform. A poll by Keller & Asociados concluded defeat for the proposal with 45% "No" to 31% "Yes" votes; about 65% of eligible people planned to vote. A late-November poll by Datanalisis of 1,854 likely voters indicated 49% were opposed, with 39% in favor. Reportedly, some moderate Chávez backers were likely to vote "No"; it was the first Datanalisis survey to project a loss, contrasted with earlier surveys that showed a win for Chávez "amid low turnout and despite widespread skepticism of his proposal".

External links

• Forero, Juan (November 30 2007). "Chavez Opposition Swells Ahead of Referendum". NPR. Retrieved 2007-12-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Gould, Jens Erik (November 29 2007). "Venezuela's Fateful Coice". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Gould, Jens Erik (November 29 2007). "Venezuelan President's Power Extends to His Family". NPR. Retrieved 2007-12-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)