Wadi Qana: Difference between revisions

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'''Wadi Qana''' ({{Lang-ar|وادي قانا}}), also known as '''Nahal Qana''' ({{lang-he|נחל קנה}}),{{efn| ''qānāh'' comes from a [[Semitic root|Canaanite root]] (''qāneh''), cf. [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''qanū'', signifying 'reed', [[Ancient Greek]] ''κάννα''(pole reed). In the programmatic [[Judaization of Jerusalem|Judaization]] of [[toponym]]s that became policy after the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|foundation of the State of Israel]], traditional Arabic place names are replaced by Hebrew names. Thus, for example, ''Wadi al-Qana'' ('wadi of reeds') was altered to ''Nahal Elkana'', where [[Elkana]] is a [[ proper name]], as in the [[Israeli settlement]] of that name. {{sfn|Benvenisti|2000|pp=11-53,39}}}} is a [[wadi]], with an [[intermittent stream]] meandering westwards from [[Huwara]] south of [[Nablus]] in the [[West Bank]] down to [[Jaljulia]] in [[Israel]] where it flows into the [[Yarkon River]], of which it is a [[tributary]].{{sfn|Sharif|2017|p=135,n.51}}{{sfn|B'Tselem|2015a}}
'''Wadi Qana''' ({{Lang-ar|وادي قانا}}), also known as '''Nahal Qana''' ({{lang-he|נחל קנה}}),{{efn| ''qānāh'' comes from a [[Semitic root|Canaanite root]] (''qāneh''), cf. [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''qanū'', signifying 'reed', [[Ancient Greek]] ''κάννα''(pole reed). In the programmatic Judaization of [[toponym]]s that became policy after the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|foundation of the State of Israel]], traditional Arabic place names are replaced by Hebrew names. Thus, for example, ''Wadi al-Qana'' ('wadi of reeds') was altered to ''Nahal Elkana''{{Dubious |reason=not what the stream is called}}, where [[Elkana]] is a [[proper name]], as in the [[Israeli settlement]] of that name. {{sfn|Benvenisti|2000|pp=11-53,39}}}} is a [[wadi]], with an [[intermittent stream]] meandering westwards from [[Huwara]] south of [[Nablus]] in the [[West Bank]] down to [[Jaljulia]] in [[Israel]] where it flows into the [[Yarkon River]], of which it is a [[tributary]].{{sfn|Sharif|2017|p=135,n.51}}{{sfn|B'Tselem|2015a}}
[[File:Nahal kana israel.JPG|thumb|250px|Wadi Qana]]
[[File:Nahal kana israel.JPG|thumb|250px|Wadi Qana]]
[[File:Wadi Qana.jpg|thumb|350px]]
[[File:Wadi Qana.jpg|thumb|350px]]


== Geography and population ==
== Geography and population ==
Wadi Qana begins south of [[Mount Gerizim]] near the village of [[Burin, Nablus|Burin]],{{sfn|Conder|Kitchener|1882|p=280}} in the [[West Bank]]. Lined by steep cliffs on either side, the wadi waters flow in a general ENE-WSW direction and reach the [[Sharon plain]] near Jaljulia, Israel, where it empties into the Yarkon just west of the [[Highway 5 (Israel–Palestine)|Yarkon interchange]]. The area of the West Bank portion of the drainage basin encompasses approximately {{convert|229|km2|mi2}}.{{sfn|Naser|Ghanem|2018|p=2}} Harsh rocky [[limestone]] and [[karst]] terrain is characteristic of that sector of its northern border with [[Kafr Thulth]].{{efn|The study area that we selected is the territory of Kufr Thulth in western Samaria where offshoot settlements existed in Roman-Byzantine times as well as in the modern era ... Kufr Thulth is located on the western margins of the Samaria Mountains near their line of contact with the Sharon Plain. Most of the area is in the mountains and is bounded by Wadi Isla on the north and by Wadi Kana on the south. {{harv|Grossman|Safrai|1980|pp=447-448}}}}
Wadi Qana begins south of [[Mount Gerizim]] near the village of [[Burin, Nablus|Burin]],{{sfn|Conder|Kitchener|1882|p=280}} in the [[West Bank]]. Lined by steep cliffs on either side, the wadi waters flow in a general ENE-WSW direction and reach the [[Sharon plain]] near Jaljulia, Israel, where it empties into the Yarkon just west of the [[Highway 5 (Israel–Palestine)|Yarkon interchange]]. The area of the West Bank portion of the drainage basin encompasses approximately {{convert|229|km2|mi2}}.{{sfn|Naser|Ghanem|2018|p=2}} Harsh rocky [[limestone]] and [[karst]] terrain is characteristic of that sector of the wadi.{{efn|The study area that we selected is the territory of Kufr Thulth in western Samaria where offshoot settlements existed in Roman-Byzantine times as well as in the modern era ... Kufr Thulth is located on the western margins of the Samaria Mountains near their line of contact with the Sharon Plain. Most of the area is in the mountains and is bounded by Wadi Isla on the north and by Wadi Kana on the south. {{harv|Grossman|Safrai|1980|pp=447-448}}}}


As of 2018, the population of the area of the wadi in the West Bank has been estimated at 176,580 Palestinians in 56 communities and 58,195 Israelis in 15 [[Israeli settlements|settlements]].{{sfn|Naser|Ghanem|2018|p=2}}
As of 2018, the population of the area of the wadi in the West Bank has been estimated at 176,580 Palestinians in 56 communities and 58,195 Israelis in 15 [[Israeli settlements|settlements]].{{sfn|Naser|Ghanem|2018|p=2}}

Revision as of 13:41, 12 May 2020

32°7′37.32″N 34°53′43.48″E / 32.1270333°N 34.8954111°E / 32.1270333; 34.8954111

Wadi Qana (Arabic: وادي قانا), also known as Nahal Qana (Hebrew: נחל קנה),[a] is a wadi, with an intermittent stream meandering westwards from Huwara south of Nablus in the West Bank down to Jaljulia in Israel where it flows into the Yarkon River, of which it is a tributary.[2][3]

Wadi Qana

Geography and population

Wadi Qana begins south of Mount Gerizim near the village of Burin,[4] in the West Bank. Lined by steep cliffs on either side, the wadi waters flow in a general ENE-WSW direction and reach the Sharon plain near Jaljulia, Israel, where it empties into the Yarkon just west of the Yarkon interchange. The area of the West Bank portion of the drainage basin encompasses approximately 229 square kilometres (88 sq mi).[5] Harsh rocky limestone and karst terrain is characteristic of that sector of the wadi.[b]

As of 2018, the population of the area of the wadi in the West Bank has been estimated at 176,580 Palestinians in 56 communities and 58,195 Israelis in 15 settlements.[5]

Early history

In 1922 the French biblical scholar and geographer Félix-Marie Abel identified stone structures, some consisting of piles seven courses high, in Wadi Qana as megaliths forming a dolmen necropolis (nécropole dolménique).[6]

By the fourth millenium, human use of the wadi is attested by prehistorical artifacts found in a karstic cave lying high on a slope in the wadi some 25 kms east of the Mediterranean[7][8] on the western fringe of the Samaria hills. The existence of the cave came to the attention of speleologists from the Israel Cave Research Center (ICRC) of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel when some villagers from Kafr Laqif told them of a deep cave in the wadi, which they then discovered after a two day search the following year.[9] Placing mortuary sites at a distance from settlements is a characteristic innovation of the Levantine Chalcolithic period,[10] and this one was could be accessed only by crawling through a 15 metre long tunnel, which then opened up into a 500 square metre subterranean hall.[11]

Over several years, a team of Israeli archaeologists led by Avi Gopher excavated the site. Three strata were brought to light, indicating it had undergone successive occupation from the 6th millennium BCE, beginning with the Yarmukian culture, through to the Chalcolithic, down to the early Bronze Age1.[7] The Chalcolithic remains were particularly rich, with a cemetery yielding up, aside from ossuaries, pithoi, churns and varieties of creamware, 8 ring-shaped objects, mostly cast from electrum, with a 70% gold and 30% silver content.[12] The archaeologists opined that the most probable source for the gold ingots was Egypt where ring-shaped metallic valuables are attested from pictograms of imperial trade. Those in the Qadi Qana cave are the first known examples from the Levant. A further significant feature from the find was that the person buried with such objects, suggestive of status symbols,[13] probably had a high rank, which would mean that social development in the area was more advanced than hitherto thought.[14]

According to the biblical narrative of the allotment of territories, following Joshua's conquest of Canaan, Wadi Qana (naḥal qānāh, 'the brook Kanah' Joshua 16:8, 17:9) - translated as φάραγγα Καρανὰ (the gully of Kanah) in the Septuagint -served as the boundary running between the northern Manasseh and the southern Ephraim.[15][c] The description of the border is somewhat complicated,[d] since they overlap[16] with the former Amorite Tappuah[e] being Ephraimite but in Manasseh territory.[17][18]

A tradition among the population of the Wadi Qana ecosystem, covering the area to the north of the gully itself, which has a scant 139 hectares of arable land,[19] holds that their ancestors once occupied Zakur (itself now abandoned). It has been suggested that this dispersion may have had its roots in a strong blood feud, and that the people of Zakur moved first to Kafr Thulth and, finding no good land, then spread out to dwell in five hamlets adjacent to Wadi Qana. The dominant group at Kafr Thulth itself, those with the best pastures, are the Gharaba family, who also own the best land in Wadi Qana's tributaries.[20] Down to the mid 1980s, 50 families lived in the wadi itself, in a hamlet with rock structures adjacent to the stream known as Wadi Qana.[21]

Area development history

The West Bank part of Wadi Qana, surrounded by Palestinian villages such as Deir Istiya, Qarawat Bani Hassan, Biddya, Sanniriya, Kafr Thulth, Azzun, Kafr Laqif and Jinsafut,[22] runs through a fertile valley and constituted one of the most notable natural attractions in terms of the beauty of its landscape in Palestine, given its abundance of springs, extent of its well-watered land, and plentiful trees.[22] The area has traditionally furnished local Palestinians with important land for grazing livestock, harvesting agricultural products, especially citrus, and for leisure (bathing). Many families also used it to dwell along the wadi's reaches. Its water was drawn in order to irrigate vegetable plots.[3] It afforded rich grazing for flocks, carrying an estimated 50,000 sheep down to the early 1980s, compared to the 3,000 Palestinians still manage to tend in the wadi in recent years(2017).[23] The wadi runs between the Palestinian administrative zones of the Salfit and Qalqilya Governorates.[3]

It is estimated that approximately 200 local farmers worked in their fields inside the Wadi Qana valley down to 1967.[24] In that year the area came under Israeli occupation in the wake of the Six-Day War. In the succeeding 33 years, the number of farmers shrunk to 14.[24]

In the 1970s Israel began deep drilling in the wadi area with its rich groundwater resources and one consequence was that many springs and wells used by local Palestinians dried up.[3][25] In 1978 it began to establish Israeli settlements on the high banks on either side of the wadi. According to B'Tselem, Karnei Shomron was set up in that year on lands confiscated from four Palestinian villages: Jinsafut, Deir Istiya, Kafr Laqif and Hajjah, while Immanuel (1983) was established on lands taken from Deir Istiya and Immatain.[failed verification] To the south, both Yaqir (1981) and Nofim were established on territory which according to B'Tselem was appropriated from Deir Istiya.[3][26] The central sector of the wadi, east of Qalqiliya and designated as Area C after the Oslo Accords, was mostly owned by the villagers of Deir Istiya.[3] Later, further illegal outposts such as Alonei Shilo (1999), Yair Farm (1999) and El Matan (2000) were set up in the wadi zone.[3]

Water pollution and settlement

All of these settlements discharged their sewage waste waters into the Wadi Qana stream, contaminating its use for Palestinian irrigation. In 1995 it was estimated that Yaqir, Karnei Shomron, and Immanuel alone annually generated approximately 908,700 cubic meters of wastewater directly into the Wadi.[27] This combination of polluting discharges from settlements, which was only partially resolved in 2006 when the settlements were brought in to the formal sewage system,[3] and the reduced water flow caused by Israeli drilling undermined the traditional exploitation of its waters for irrigating vegetable crops, and forced some 50 families resident in the wadi to shift out, moving to Deir Istiya.[3] The plan of Israel's "Separation Barrier" cuts out Deir Istiya from the wadi, leaving it on the 'Israeli' side of that sector of the West Bank. When the Kana Stream Restoration Authority (2006) was inaugurated, one of its purposes, according to leaders of the settlement councils, was to block what they regarded as attempts by 'Palestinian elements' to assume control of the wadi's stream.[3] The Israel Nature and Parks Authority set aside 1,500 hectares of the wadi floor for a park called the Nahal Qana Reserve. Since 2005 an annual spring walk takes place under the auspices of the Karnei Shomron Council. During the walk, local Palestinians, including landowners, are not permitted to access the wadi. Further projects, with large investments from the Israeli government and the Jewish National Fund, aim at developing it as a major Israeli tourist site.[3] That part of the wadi's village lands lying in Area C may not, under the Israeli dispensation, be used for Palestinian commercial or industrial projects: The one remaining option of using it for agricultural purposes - planting olive trees, for example, is, however, hampered by severe restrictions imposed by the Israeli authorities on the grounds that such activities damage the wadi's natural flora, the topography, and the character of the habitat.'[3]

Nature reserve

The Israeli military order (IMO) regarding Nature Protection (Judea and Samaria) (No. 363), 5730 – 1969, governs use of areas designated as nature reserves, based on similar Israeli laws.[28][29] From 1979 to 1982 the area was declared a closed military zone.[30][unreliable source?]. On 3 May 1983 it was declared a nature reserve in accordance with the IMO.[31] The nature reserve was established on the agricultural lands of the Palestinian village of Deir Istiya. As of 2006, the area around the West Bank area of Wadi Qana has been designated a nature reserve by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority. A hundred Jewish homes have been built inside the park.[32] Alonei Shilo was built as an Israeli outpost within the reserve and then subsequently gained Israeli authorization by reclassifying it as part of the Karnei Shomron settlement. Land from the reserve was also allocated to the El Matan outpost. Amira Hass cites the Wadi Qana reserve as an example of Israeli efforts to "narrow the Palestinian expanse" by creating nature reserves and that the goal of the reserves is "to dispossess Palestinians".[33]

In 2011 the Israeli National Parks Authority uprooted 1,000 olive trees planted by Wadi Palestinians and issued a directive for the grubbing up of a further 1,400. The reason given was ecological. On appeal, the Supreme Court of Israel handed down a judgement that the directive could apply only to saplings younger than 3 years. The following year Israeli park wardens nonetheless marked for destruction 2,100 olive trees, many of them older than the 3 year limit. On 23 January 2014, rangers with bulldozers under military escort ripped out from 500 to 800 olive trees which were then transported to an unknown location. Tear canisters were fired at the Palestinians protesting the measure. In August of that year, settlers constructed a new road, using bulldozers, through the wadi, without any permit. The master plan envisages a ring road connecting all the outposts and settlements, while blocking the one existing access road Palestinians may use.[32][3]

According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Israel has destroyed Palestinian irrigation channels in the Wadi Qana area "under the pretext of environmental protection".[34] B'Tselem reported that while the wadi area was actively being developed into a tourist site, Israeli authorities were issuing orders prohibiting any Palestinian development of the land.[35] Friends of the Earth International reported that Palestinian agricultural projects have been destroyed by the Israeli authorities "under the guise of nature protection", calling the creation of such nature reserves "a significant tool of ethnic cleansing for the Israeli occupying forces."[36]

Notes

  1. ^ qānāh comes from a Canaanite root (qāneh), cf. Akkadian qanū, signifying 'reed', Ancient Greek κάννα(pole reed). In the programmatic Judaization of toponyms that became policy after the foundation of the State of Israel, traditional Arabic place names are replaced by Hebrew names. Thus, for example, Wadi al-Qana ('wadi of reeds') was altered to Nahal Elkana[dubious – discuss], where Elkana is a proper name, as in the Israeli settlement of that name. [1]
  2. ^ The study area that we selected is the territory of Kufr Thulth in western Samaria where offshoot settlements existed in Roman-Byzantine times as well as in the modern era ... Kufr Thulth is located on the western margins of the Samaria Mountains near their line of contact with the Sharon Plain. Most of the area is in the mountains and is bounded by Wadi Isla on the north and by Wadi Kana on the south. (Grossman & Safrai 1980, pp. 447–448)
  3. ^ "Mit dem 'Bach Kana' ist zweifellos das heutige Wādī Kānah gemeint." (Neef 1995, p. 138)
  4. ^ Josephus at Antiquities 5:83 apparently contradicts Joshua 16:8, in stating that the northern boundary of Ephraimite settlement was the 'Great plain', which is normally taken to mean the Jezreel Valley. One interpretation has it that the passage only makes sense if in this context, the 'great plain' must be understood as the Plain of Sharon east of Wadi Qana. (Sharon 2017, p. 130)
  5. ^ Identified by Israel Finkelstein as the present Tel Abu Zarad (Van Der Steen 2004, pp. 96–97)

Citations

  1. ^ Benvenisti 2000, pp. 11–53, 39.
  2. ^ Sharif 2017, p. 135,n.51.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m B'Tselem 2015a.
  4. ^ Conder & Kitchener 1882, p. 280.
  5. ^ a b Naser & Ghanem 2018, p. 2.
  6. ^ Fraser 2018, pp. 14, 68–69.
  7. ^ a b Gopher et al. 1990, p. 437.
  8. ^ Levy 2003, p. 60.
  9. ^ Gopher & Tsuk 1996, p. 1.
  10. ^ Gopher et al. 1990, p. 440.
  11. ^ Gopher et al. 1990, pp. 436–437.
  12. ^ Gopher et al. 1990, p. 438.
  13. ^ Levy 2003, p. 51.
  14. ^ Gopher et al. 1990, p. 441.
  15. ^ Woudstra 1981, p. 262.
  16. ^ Neef 1995, pp. 155–158, 319–320.
  17. ^ Crowley 1992, p. 237.
  18. ^ Abel 1938, pp. 475–476.
  19. ^ Grossman & Safrai 1980, p. 459.
  20. ^ Grossman & Safrai 1980, pp. 455–458.
  21. ^ Baltzer 2019, p. 251.
  22. ^ a b ARI–J 2013, p. 20.
  23. ^ Naser & Ghanem 2018, p. 5.
  24. ^ a b ARI–J 2013, p. 22.
  25. ^ ARI–J 2013, pp. 20–21.
  26. ^ ARI–J 2013, pp. 20–22.
  27. ^ Isaac, Qumsieh & Owewi 1995, p. 8.
  28. ^ Benvenisti 2019, pp. 61–.
  29. ^ Hareuveni 2011, p. 23.
  30. ^ FoEI 2013, p. 14.
  31. ^ POICA 2016.
  32. ^ a b Gorney 2016, pp. 339–340.
  33. ^ Hass 2020.
  34. ^ UNOCoHA 2010.
  35. ^ B'Tselem 2015b.
  36. ^ FOTE 2013.

Sources

External links

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