1914 United States Senate elections

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1914 United States Senate elections

← 1912 & 1913 November 3, 1914 1916 →

32 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate
49 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader John W. Kern[a] Jacob H. Gallinger[b]
Party Democratic Republican
Leader since March 4, 1911 March 4, 1911
Leader's seat Indiana New Hampshire
Seats before 53 42
Seats after 56 39
Seat change Increase 3 Decrease 3
Seats up 17 16
Races won 20 13

  Third party
 
Party Progressive
Seats before 1
Seats after 1
Seat change Steady
Seats up 0
Races won 0


1914 United States Senate special election in Georgia1914 United States Senate election in Alabama1914 United States Senate election in Arizona1914 United States Senate election in Arkansas1914 United States Senate election in California1914 United States Senate election in Colorado1914 United States Senate election in Connecticut1914 United States Senate election in Florida1914 United States Senate election in Georgia1914 United States Senate election in Idaho1914 United States Senate election in Illinois1914 United States Senate election in Indiana1914 United States Senate election in Iowa1914 United States Senate election in Kansas1914 United States Senate election in Kentucky1914 United States Senate election in Louisiana1914 United States Senate election in Maryland1914 United States Senate election in Missouri1914 United States Senate election in Nevada1914 United States Senate election in New Hampshire1914 United States Senate election in New York1914 United States Senate election in North Carolina1914 United States Senate election in North Dakota1914 United States Senate election in Ohio1914 United States Senate election in Oklahoma1914 United States Senate election in Oregon1914 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania1914 United States Senate election in South Carolina1914 United States Senate election in South Dakota1914 United States Senate election in Utah1914 United States Senate election in Vermont1914 United States Senate election in Washington1914 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican hold
     No election

Majority conference chairman before election

John W. Kern
Democratic

Elected Majority conference chairman

John W. Kern
Democratic

The 1914 United States Senate elections were held on November 3, 1914. These were the first regularly scheduled elections held following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913, which required that all seats up for election be popularly elected, rather than chosen by their state legislatures. Thus, it was the first time that elections were generally scheduled on Election Day to coincide with the U.S. House elections. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections in 1914. Special elections were also held to fill vacancies. These elections occurred in the middle of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's first term.

After a series of special elections, Democrats entered the election with a 53–42 majority, which they expanded to 56–39 after the elections.

This is one of five elections since 1914 in which the president's party gained Senate seats but lost House seats, something that would be repeated by Democrats in 1962 and 2022 and by Republicans in 1970 and 2018. This was the last time until 2022 that no incumbent senator lost reelection in a general election, although two lost in party primaries. This was also the first of three times in American history that the opposition party failed to flip any Senate seats, along with 1934 and 2022.[1]

Gains, losses, and holds[edit]

Retirements[edit]

Four Republicans and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election. One Democrat retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term.

State Senator Replaced by
Alabama Francis S. White Oscar Underwood
California George Clement Perkins James D. Phelan
Georgia (special) William West Thomas W. Hardwick
Kentucky Johnson N. Camden Jr. J. C. W. Beckham
Louisiana John Thornton Robert F. Broussard
New York Elihu Root James W. Wadsworth Jr.
Ohio Theodore E. Burton Warren G. Harding
Wisconsin Isaac Stephenson Paul O. Husting

Defeats[edit]

Two Republicans sought re-election but lost in the primary election.

State Senator Replaced by
Kansas Joseph L. Bristow Charles Curtis
South Dakota Coe I. Crawford Edwin S. Johnson

Deaths[edit]

One Democrat died on August 8, 1913, and his seat remained vacant until a May 11, 1914 special election.

State Senator Replaced by
Alabama (special) Joseph F. Johnston Francis S. White

Post-election changes[edit]

One Democrat died during the 64th Congress and was replaced by a Democratic appointee.

State Senator Replaced by
Indiana
(Class 3)
Benjamin F. Shively Thomas Taggart
Maine
(Class 2)
Edwin C. Burleigh Bert M. Fernald

Change in composition[edit]

Before the elections[edit]

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28
D38
Ariz.
Ran
D37
Ala. (sp)
Died
Ala. (reg)
Retired
D36 D35 D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29
D39
Ark.
Ran
D40
Colo.
Ran
D41
Fla.
Ran
D42
Ga. (reg)
Ran
D43
Ga. (sp)
Retired
D44
Ind.
Ran
D45
Ky. (sp)
Ran
Ky. (reg)
Retired
D46
La.
Retired
D47
Md.
Ran
D48
Mo.
Ran
Majority → D49
Nev.
Ran
R39
Utah
Ran
R40
Vt.
Ran
R41
Wash.
Ran
R42
Wisc.
Ran
P1 D53
S.C.
Ran
D52
Ore.
Ran
D51
Okla.
Ran
D50
N.C.
Ran
R38
S.D.
Ran
R37
Pa.
Ran
R36
Ohio
Retired
R35
N.D.
Ran
R34
N.Y.
Retired
R33
N.H.
Ran
R32
Kan.
Ran
R31
Iowa
Ran
R30
Ill.
Ran
R29
Idaho
Ran
R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27
Calif.
Retired
R28
Conn.
Ran
R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8

Elections results[edit]

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28
D38
Ariz.
Re-elected
D37
Ala. (sp)
Hold
Ala. (reg)
Hold
D36 D35 D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29
D39
Ark.
Re-elected
D40
Calif.
Gain
D41
Colo.
Re-elected
D42
Fla.
Re-elected
D43
Ga. (reg)
Re-elected
D44
Ga. (sp)
Hold
D45
Ind.
Re-elected
D46
Ky. (sp)
Elected[c]
Ky. (reg)
Hold
D47
La.
Hold
D48
Md.
Re-elected
Majority → D49
Mo.
Re-elected
R39
Wash.
Re-elected
P1 D56
Wisc.
Gain
D55
S.D.
Gain
D54
S.C.
Re-elected
D53
Ore.
Re-elected
D52
Okla.
Re-elected
D51
N.C.
Re-elected
D50
Nev.
Re-elected
R38
Vt.
Re-elected
R37
Utah
Re-elected
R36
Pa.
Re-elected
R35
Ohio
Hold
R34
N.D.
Re-elected
R33
N.Y.
Hold
R32
N.H.
Re-elected
R31
Kan.
Hold
R30
Iowa
Re-elected
R29
Ill.
Re-elected
R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27
Conn.
Re-elected
R28
Idaho
Re-elected
R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8

Beginning of the next Congress[edit]

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28
D38 D37 D36 D35 D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29
D39 D40 D41 D42 D43 D44 D45 D46 D47 D48
Majority → D49
R39 R40
Gain[d]
D56 D55 D54 D53 D52 D51 D50
R38 R37 R36 R35 R34 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29
R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28
R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
Key
D# Democratic
P# Progressive
R# Republican
V# Vacant

Summary of races[edit]

Special elections during the 63rd Congress[edit]

In these special elections, the winners were seated once elected and qualified; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Alabama
(Class 3)
Vacant Joseph F. Johnston (D) died August 8, 1913.
New senator elected May 11, 1914.
Democratic hold.
Georgia
(Class 2)
William West Democratic 1914 (Appointed) Appointee retired.
New senator elected November 3, 1914.
Democratic hold.
Kentucky
(Class 3)
Johnson N. Camden Jr. Democratic 1914 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected November 3, 1914.
Winner did not run for the next term, see below.

Races leading to the 64th Congress[edit]

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1915; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Alabama Francis S. White Democratic 1914 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Arizona Marcus A. Smith Democratic 1912 Incumbent re-elected.
Arkansas James P. Clarke Democratic 1903
1909
Incumbent re-elected.
California George C. Perkins Republican 1893 (Appointed)
1895 (special)
1897
1903
1909
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
Colorado Charles S. Thomas Democratic 1913 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut Frank B. Brandegee Republican 1905 (special)
1909
Incumbent re-elected.
Florida Duncan U. Fletcher Democratic 1909 (Appointed)
1909 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
Georgia Hoke Smith Democratic 1911 (special). Incumbent re-elected.
Idaho James H. Brady Republican 1913 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Illinois Lawrence Y. Sherman Republican 1913 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Indiana Benjamin F. Shively Democratic 1909 Incumbent re-elected.
Iowa Albert B. Cummins Republican 1908 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Kansas Joseph L. Bristow Republican 1909 Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.[16]
Republican hold.
Kentucky Johnson N. Camden Jr. Democratic 1914 (Appointed)
1914 (special)
Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Louisiana John Thornton Democratic 1910 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator had already been elected early May 21, 1912.
Democratic hold.
Maryland John W. Smith Democratic 1908 (special)
1908
Incumbent re-elected.
Missouri William J. Stone Democratic 1903
1909
Incumbent re-elected.
Nevada Francis G. Newlands Democratic 1909 Incumbent re-elected.
New Hampshire Jacob Gallinger Republican 1891
1897
1903
1909
Incumbent re-elected.
New York Elihu Root Republican 1909 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
North Carolina Lee S. Overman Democratic 1903
1909
Incumbent re-elected.
North Dakota Asle Gronna Republican 1911 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio Theodore E. Burton Republican 1909 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
Oklahoma Thomas Gore Democratic 1907 (New state)
1909
Incumbent re-elected.
Oregon George E. Chamberlain Democratic 1909 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania Boies Penrose Republican 1897
1903
1909
Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina Ellison D. Smith Democratic 1909 Incumbent re-elected.
South Dakota Coe I. Crawford Republican 1909 Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
Utah Reed Smoot Republican 1903
1909
Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont William P. Dillingham Republican 1900 (special)
1902
1908
Incumbent re-elected.
Washington Wesley L. Jones Republican 1909 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin Isaac Stephenson Republican 1907 (special)
1909
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.

Closest races[edit]

Nineteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:

State Party of winner Margin
Nevada Democratic 0.19%
Wisconsin Democratic (flip) 0.31%
Kansas Republican 0.77%
Colorado Democratic 1.31%
Illinois Republican 1.70%
Utah Republican 2.75%
California Democratic (flip) 2.78%
South Dakota Democratic (flip) 3.85%
New York Republican 4.98%
Idaho Republican 5.75%
New Hampshire Republican 7.03%
Indiana Democratic 7.04%
Maryland Democratic 7.10%
Connecticut Republican 7.69%
Missouri Democratic 8.83%[e]
Iowa Republican 9.03%
Kentucky (regular) Democratic 9.36%
Oregon Democratic 9.55%
Ohio Republican 9.57%

Alabama[edit]

Democrat Joseph F. Johnston died August 8, 1913. Democrat Henry D. Clayton was appointed August 12, 1913, but his appointment was challenged and withdrawn. Democrat Franklin P. Glass was appointed November 17, 1913, but the Senate refused to seat him.[36]

Alabama (special)[edit]

Alabama special election

← 1907 May 11, 1914 1914 →
 
Nominee Francis S. White
Party Democratic
Popular vote 102,326
Percentage 99.94%

U.S. senator before election

Joseph F. Johnston
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Francis S. White
Democratic

Democrat Francis S. White was elected May 11, 1914, to finish the current term that would end in 1915.

Alabama special election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Francis S. White 102,326 99.94
Others 58 0.06
Majority 102,268 99.89
Total votes 102,384 100.00
Democratic hold

Alabama (regular)[edit]

Alabama election

 
Nominee Oscar Underwood Alex C. Birch
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 163,338 12,320
Percentage 90.20% 6.80%

County results
Underwood:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%
Birch:      40–50%      60–70%
Longshore:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Francis S. White
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Oscar Underwood
Democratic

After White retired, House Majority Leader Oscar Underwood was elected to a new term.

Alabama election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Oscar Underwood 163,338 90.20
Republican Alex C. Birch 12,320 6.80
Progressive Adolphus P. Longshore 4,263 2.35
Socialist S. F. Hinton 1,159 0.64
Majority 151,018 83.40
Total votes 181,080 100.00
Democratic hold

Arizona[edit]

Arizona election

← 1912
1920 →
 
Nominee Marcus A. Smith Don Lorenzo Hubbell
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 25,800 9,183
Percentage 53.23% 18.95%

 
Nominee Eugene W. Chafin Bert Davis
Party Prohibition Socialist
Popular vote 7,293 3,582
Percentage 15.05% 7.39%

 
Nominee J. Bernard Nelson
Party Progressive
Popular vote 2,608
Percentage 5.38%

County results
Smith:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Marcus A. Smith
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Marcus A. Smith
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Marcus A. Smith was elected in 1912 with 50% of the vote and sought re-election. Although he easily defeated his primary challenger, he faced a large field of candidates in the general election. State Senator and trader Don Lorenzo Hubbell was the Republican nominee. Third-party candidates included Eugene W. Chafin of the Prohibition Party, who ran for president under the party's nomination, as well as Socialist Bert Davis and Progressive J. Bernard Nelson.

Smith received over half of the vote, defeating each candidate by a wide margin. He was elected to his second term.

Arizona election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Marcus A. Smith (incumbent) 25,800 53.23
Republican Don Lorenzo Hubbell 9,183 18.95
Prohibition Eugene W. Chafin 7,293 15.05
Socialist Bert Davis 3,582 7.39
Progressive J. Bernard Nelson 2,608 5.38
Majority 16,617 34.29
Total votes 48,466 100.00
Democratic hold

Arkansas[edit]

Arkansas election

 
Nominee James P. Clarke Harry H. Myers
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 33,449 11,222
Percentage 74.88% 25.12%

U.S. senator before election

James P. Clarke
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

James P. Clarke
Democratic

Arkansas general election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic James P. Clarke (incumbent) 33,449 74.88
Republican Harry H. Myers 11,222 25.12
Majority 22,227 49.76
Total votes 44,671 100.00
Democratic hold

California[edit]

California election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee James Duval Phelan Francis J. Heney
Party Democratic Progressive
Popular vote 279,896 255,232
Percentage 31.59% 28.81%

 
Nominee Joseph R. Knowland Ernest Untermann
Party Republican Socialist
Popular vote 254,159 56,805
Percentage 28.69% 6.41%

County results
Phelan:      <40%      40-50%      50-60%
Heney:      <40%
Knowland:      <40%      40-50%

U.S. senator before election

George Clement Perkins
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

James Duval Phelan
Democratic

Incumbent Republican George Clement Perkins was first elected in an 1895 special election and was re-elected for three more terms. He did not seek re-election.

U.S. Representative Joseph R. Knowland was the Republican nominee for this seat in 1914. He was challenged by the Democratic nominee, former mayor of San Francisco James Duval Phelan, and the Progressive nominee Francis J. Heney, the former attorney general of the Arizona Territory.

Phelan defeated Heney and Knowland by slim margins and less than a third of the vote.

California election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic James Duval Phelan 279,896 31.59
Progressive Francis J. Heney 255,232 28.81
Republican Joseph R. Knowland 254,159 28.69
Socialist Ernest Untermann 56,805 6.41
Prohibition Frederick F. Wheeler 39,921 4.51
Majority 24,664 2.78
Total votes 886,013 100.00
Democratic gain from Republican

Colorado[edit]

Colorado election

 
Nominee Charles S. Thomas Hubert Work
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 102,037 98,728
Percentage 40.30% 38.99%

 
Nominee Benjamin Griffith James C. Griffiths
Party Progressive Socialist
Popular vote 27,072 13,943
Percentage 10.69% 5.51%

County results
Thomas:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%
Work:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Charles S. Thomas
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Charles S. Thomas
Democratic

Colorado election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Charles S. Thomas (incumbent) 102,037 40.30
Republican Hubert Work 98,728 38.99
Progressive Benjamin Griffith 27,072 10.69
Socialist James C. Griffiths 13,943 5.51
Independent George J. Kindel 11,433 4.52
Majority 3,309 1.31
Total votes 253,213 100.00
Democratic hold

Connecticut[edit]

Connecticut election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee Frank B. Brandegee Simeon Eben Baldwin
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote 89,983 76,081
Percentage 49.77% 42.08%

County results
Brandegree:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Frank B. Brandegee
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Frank B. Brandegee
Republican

Connecticut election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Frank B. Brandegee (incumbent) 89,983 49.77
Democratic Simeon Eben Baldwin 76,081 42.08
Progressive Herbert Smith 6,853 3.79
Socialist George Spiess 5,890 3.26
Prohibition Frederick Platt 1,356 0.75
Socialist Labor Clarence Warner 650 0.36
Majority 13,902 7.69
Total votes 180,813 100.00
Republican hold

Florida[edit]

Florida election

 
Nominee Duncan U. Fletcher
Party Democratic
Popular vote 22,761
Percentage 100.00%

U.S. senator before election

Duncan U. Fletcher
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Duncan U. Fletcher
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Duncan Fletcher was elected in a special election after being appointed when William Hall Milton retired after a year in office. He sought re-election to a full term, facing competition only in the primary.

Democratic primary
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Duncan U. Fletcher (incumbent) 32,042 59.59
Democratic J. N. C. Stockton 21,733 40.42
Majority 10,309 19.17
Total votes 53,775 100.00

Georgia[edit]

There were two elections due to the February 14, 1914, death of Democrat Augustus Octavius Bacon. It was the first time that both of Georgia's Senate seats have been up for election at the same time.

Georgia (special)[edit]

Georgia special election

← 1913
1918 →
 
Nominee Thomas W. Hardwick Rufe G. Hutchens
Party Democratic Progressive
Popular vote 62,589 28,169
Percentage 68.96% 31.04%

County results
Hardwick:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%
Hutchens:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
No Vote:      

U.S. senator before election

William S. West
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Thomas W. Hardwick
Democratic

Democrat William West was appointed to continue the term pending a special election, in which he was not a candidate.

Democrat Thomas W. Hardwick was elected November 3, 1914, to finish the term that would end in 1919 and served until losing renomination in 1918.

Georgia election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Thomas W. Hardwick 62,589 68.96
Progressive Rufe G. Hutchens 28,169 31.04
Majority 34,420 37.93
Total votes 90,758 100.00
Democratic hold

Georgia (regular)[edit]

Georgia election

 
Nominee M. Hoke Smith C. W. McClure
Party Democratic Progressive
Popular vote 61,789 28,441
Percentage 68.48% 31.52%

County results
Smith:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%
McClure:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
No Vote:      

U.S. senator before election

M. Hoke Smith
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

M. Hoke Smith
Democratic

Democrat M. Hoke Smith, who had first won in a 1911 special election, was re-elected and would serve until his 1920 renomination loss.

Georgia election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic M. Hoke Smith (incumbent) 61,789 68.48
Progressive C. W. McClure 28,441 31.52
Majority 33,348 36.96
Total votes 90,230 100.00
Democratic hold

Idaho[edit]

Idaho election

 
Nominee James H. Brady James H. Hawley
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote 47,486 41,266
Percentage 43.89% 38.14%

 
Nominee Paul Clagstone Calistus Cooper
Party Progressive Socialist
Popular vote 10,321 7,888
Percentage 9.54% 7.29%

County results
Brady:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Hawley:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

James H. Brady
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

James H. Brady
Republican

Idaho election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican James H. Brady (incumbent) 47,486 43.89
Democratic James H. Hawley 41,266 38.14
Progressive Paul Clagstone 10,321 9.54
Socialist Calistus Cooper 7,888 7.29
Prohibition W. M. Duthie 1,237 1.14
Majority 6,220 5.75
Total votes 108,198 100.00
Republican hold

Illinois[edit]

Illinois election

 
Nominee Lawrence Y. Sherman Roger C. Sullivan Raymond Robins
Party Republican Democratic Progressive
Popular vote 390,661 373,403 203,027
Percentage 38.46% 36.76% 19.99%

Results by county
Sherman:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Sullivan:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%
Robins:      30–40%      40–50%
Tie:      40-50%

U.S. senator before election

Lawrence Y. Sherman
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Lawrence Y. Sherman
Republican

1914 United States Senate election in Illinois[37]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Lawrence Y. Sherman (incumbent) 390,661 38.46
Democratic Roger C. Sullivan 373,403 36.76
Progressive Raymond Robins 203,027 19.99
Socialist Adolph Germer 39,889 3.93
Prohibition George W. Woolsey 6,750 0.67
Socialist Labor John M. Frances 2,078 0.21
Majority 17,258 1.70
Total votes 1,015,808 100.00
Republican hold

Indiana[edit]

Indiana election

 
Nominee Benjamin F. Shively Hugh Thomas Miller Albert J. Beveridge
Party Democratic Republican Progressive
Popular vote 272,249 226,766 108,581
Percentage 42.14% 35.10% 16.81%

County results
Shively:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Miller:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%
Beveridge:      30-40%

U.S. senator before election

Benjamin F. Shively
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Benjamin F. Shively
Democratic

Indiana election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Benjamin F. Shively (incumbent) 272,249 42.14
Republican Hugh Thomas Miller 226,766 35.10
Progressive Albert J. Beveridge 108,581 16.81
Socialist Stephen N. Reynolds 21,719 3.36
Prohibition Sumner W. Haynes 13,860 2.15
Socialist Labor James Matthews 2,884 0.45
Majority 45,483 7.04
Total votes 646,059 100.00
Democratic hold

Iowa[edit]

Iowa election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee Albert B. Cummins Maurice Connolly Otis Spurgeon
Party Republican Democratic Independent
Popular vote 205,832 167,251 24,490
Percentage 48.19% 39.16% 5.73%

Results by county
Cummins:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%
Connolly:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election

Albert B. Cummins
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Albert B. Cummins
Republican

Iowa election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Albert B. Cummins (incumbent) 205,832 48.19
Democratic Maurice Connolly 167,251 39.16
Independent Otis Spurgeon 24,490 5.73
Progressive Casper Schenk 15,058 3.53
Socialist I. S. McCullis 8,462 1.98
Prohibition M. L. Christian 6,009 1.41
Majority 36,581 9.03
Total votes 427,102 100.00
Republican hold

Kansas[edit]

Kansas election

← 1908
1920 →
 
Nominee Charles Curtis George A. Neeley Victor Murdock
Party Republican Democratic Progressive
Popular vote 180,823 176,929 116,755
Percentage 35.53% 34.77% 22.94%

Results by county
Curtis:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%
Neeley:      30–40%      40–50%
Murdock:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Joseph Little Bristow
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Charles Curtis
Republican

Kansas election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Charles Curtis 180,823 35.53
Democratic George A. Neeley 176,929 34.77
Progressive Victor Murdock 116,755 22.94
Socialist Christian B. Hoffman 24,502 4.82
Prohibition Earle R. Delay 9,885 1.94
Majority 3,894 0.77
Total votes 508,894 100.00
Republican hold

Kentucky[edit]

There were 2 elections to the same seat due to the May 23, 1914, death of one-term Republican William O. Bradley.

Kentucky (special)[edit]

Kentucky special election

← 1908
1914 →
 
Nominee Johnson N. Camden Jr. William Marshall Bullitt
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 177,797 133,139
Percentage 53.99% 40.43%

County results
Camden:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%
Bullitt:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%

U.S. senator before election

Johnson N. Camden Jr.
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Johnson N. Camden Jr.
Democratic

Democrat Johnson N. Camden was appointed June 16, 1914, to continue Bradley's term, pending a special election. He was challenged by U.S. Solicitor General William Marshall Bullitt.

Camden was elected in November to finish the term ending 1915.

Kentucky special election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Johnson N. Camden Jr. (incumbent) 177,797 53.99
Republican William Marshall Bullitt 133,139 40.43
Progressive George Nicholas 13,641 4.14
Socialist Frank E. Seeds 4,770 1.45
Majority 44,658 13.56
Total votes 329,347 100.00
Democratic hold

Kentucky (regular)[edit]

Kentucky election

 
Nominee John C. W. Beckham Augustus E. Willson
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 176,605 144,758
Percentage 51.89% 42.53%

County results
Beckham:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
Willson:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%

U.S. senator before election

Johnson N. Camden Jr.
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

John C. W. Beckham
Democratic

Democratic appointee Johnson N. Camden was not a candidate for the next term, instead returning to agricultural activities on a farm.

In this race, two former governors of Kentucky fought for the seat. The Democratic nominee was John C. W. Beckham, who was sworn in after the assassination of William Goebel in 1900. The Republican nominee was Augustus E. Willson, who flipped the seat in 1907 after Beckham's term ended.

Beckham won the election, and would continue to serve until his re-election loss.

Kentucky election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic J. C. W. Beckham 176,605 51.89
Republican Augustus E. Willson 144,758 42.53
Progressive Burton Vance 14,108 4.15
Socialist H. J. Robertson 4,890 1.44
Majority 31,847 9.36
Total votes 340,361 100.00
Democratic hold

Louisiana[edit]

Louisiana election

 
Nominee Robert F. Broussard
Party Democratic

U.S. senator before election

John Thornton
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Robert F. Broussard
Democratic

Senator Robert F. Broussard had already been elected on May 21, 1912, indirectly by the state legislature.

Maryland[edit]

Maryland election

← 1908
1920 →
 
Nominee John Walter Smith Edward Carrington
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 110,204 94,864
Percentage 50.99% 43.89%

County results
Carrington:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Smith:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

John Walter Smith
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

John Walter Smith
Democratic

Maryland elections
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John Walter Smith (incumbent) 110,204 50.99
Republican Edward Carrington 94,864 43.89
Progressive V. Milton Reichard 3,697 1.71
Socialist Charles E. Develin 3,255 1.51
Prohibition Richard Henry Holme 3,144 1.46
Labor Robert W. Stevens 969 0.45
Majority 15,340 7.10
Total votes 216,133 100.00
Democratic hold

Missouri[edit]

Missouri election

 
Nominee William J. Stone Thomas Akins
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 311,616 257,054
Percentage 50.41% 41.58%

County results
Stone:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
Akins:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election

William J. Stone
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

William J. Stone
Democratic

Missouri election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William J. Stone (incumbent) 311,616 50.41
Republican Thomas Akins 257,054 41.58
Progressive Arthur N. Sager 27,609 4.47
Socialist Thomas E. Greene 17,061 2.76
Prohibition Orange J. Hill 3,636 0.59
Socialist Labor J. W. Molineaux 1,251 0.20
Majority 54,562 8.83
Total votes 618,227 100.00
Democratic hold

Nevada[edit]

Nevada election

 
Nominee Francis G. Newlands Samuel Platt Ashley Miller
Party Democratic Republican Socialist
Popular vote 8,078 8,038 5,451
Percentage 37.46% 37.27% 25.28%

County results
Newlands:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%
Platt:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%
Miller:      30–40%      40–50%

U.S. senator before election

Francis G. Newlands
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Francis G. Newlands
Democratic

Nevada election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Francis G. Newlands (incumbent) 8,078 37.46
Republican Samuel Platt 8,038 37.27
Socialist Ashley G. Miller 5,451 25.28
Majority 40 0.19
Total votes 21,567 100.00
Democratic hold

New Hampshire[edit]

New Hampshire election

 
Nominee Jacob H. Gallinger Raymond B. Stevens
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote 42,113 36,382
Percentage 51.66% 44.63%

County results
Gallinger:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Jacob H. Gallinger
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Jacob H. Gallinger
Republican

New Hampshire election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jacob Harold Gallinger (incumbent) 42,113 51.66
Democratic Raymond Bartlett Stevens 36,382 44.63
Prohibition Benjamin F. Grier 1,938 2.38
Socialist William H. Wilkins 1,089 1.34
Majority 5,731 7.03
Total votes 81,522 100.00
Republican hold

New York[edit]

New York election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee James W. Wadsworth James W. Gerard
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote 639,112 571,419
Percentage 47.04% 42.06

County Results
Wadsworth:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Gerard:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Elihu Root
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

James W. Wadsworth
Republican

New York election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. 639,112 47.04
Democratic James Watson Gerard 571,419 42.06
Progressive Bainbridge Colby 61,977 4.56
Socialist Charles Edward Russell 55,266 4.07
Prohibition Francis E. Baldwin 27,813 2.05
Socialist Labor Erwin A. Aucher 3,064 0.23
Majority 67,693 4.98
Total votes 1,358,651 100.00
Republican hold

North Carolina[edit]

North Carolina election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee Lee S. Overman A. A. Whitener
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 121,342 87,101
Percentage 58.10% 41.70%

County Results:

Overman:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%
     80-90%      >90%

Whitener:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%

U.S. senator before election

Lee S. Overman
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Lee S. Overman
Democratic

North Carolina election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lee S. Overman (incumbent) 121,342 58.10
Republican Adolphus A. Whitener 87,101 41.70
Socialist Henry J. Oliver 425 0.20
Majority 34,241 16.39
Total votes 208,868 100.00
Democratic hold

North Dakota[edit]

North Dakota election

 
Nominee Asle Gronna William E. Purcell W. H. Brown
Party Republican Democratic Socialist
Popular vote 48,732 29,640 6,231
Percentage 55.82% 33.95 7.14

County results
Gronna:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%
Purcell:      50–60%
No Vote:      

U.S. senator before election

Asle Gronna
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Asle Gronna
Republican

North Dakota election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Asle Gronna (incumbent) 48,732 55.82
Democratic William E. Purcell 29,640 33.95
Socialist W. H. Brown 6,231 7.14
Independent Sever Serumgard 2,707 3.10
Majority 19,092 21.87
Total votes 87,310 100.00
Republican hold

Ohio[edit]

Ohio election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee Warren G. Harding Timothy S. Hogan Arthur L. Garford
Party Republican Democratic Progressive
Popular vote 526,115 423,742 67,509
Percentage 49.16% 39.60% 6.31%

County results
Harding:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Hogan:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Theodore E. Burton
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Warren G. Harding
Republican

Republican nominee Warren G. Harding, future President of the United States, defeated Democratic nominee Timothy S. Hogan to succeed retiring incumbent Republican Senator Theodore E. Burton.[38]

Initially, Harding was not interested in running for U.S. Senate, due to the divisive remnants of the 1912 elections between the conservative and progressive factions of the Republican party. Harry Daugherty, an Ohio political boss, was interested in running for the seat himself upon learning of incumbent Senator Theodore Burton's plans to retire upon the expiration of his term, but party leaders advised him not to run. Instead, Daugherty unsuccessfully attempted to stage a draft movement to convince Harding to run for the seat. After the death of Amos Kling, the father of Harding's wife Florence, she encouraged her husband to run. The precise reasoning for this is unknown, but some in Marion, the Hardings' home town, believe that Harding had agreed not to seek higher office as part of a reuniting "truce" between Florence and her father, or that Kling had convinced Harding that it would behoove him to further his business rather than run for public office.[39]

Although Daugherty claimed it was him who had convinced Harding to run for the Senate, Harding's friend and attorney Hoke Donithen, who eventually became Harding's campaign manager, may have played a role in his decision to run. Retiring Senator Theodore Burton also claimed credit, saying to his biographer that Daugherty did not agree to throw his support behind Harding until after learning he had backed him.[39]

The Republican primary was a three-way contest between Harding, former U.S. Senator and ex-mentor Joseph B. Foraker[40] and Ralph Cole. Rather than antagonizing his opponents, Harding notably tried to keep and make friends within the Republican party, to the frustration of those running against him. Ralph Cole, in his frustration, said, "If he is not going to fight someone, why did he enter the contest?"[39] Harding eventually defeated both of his opponents in the primary, garnering 88,540 votes. Foraker finished in second with 76,817 votes, ahead of Cole with 52,237.[39]

In the general election campaign, Harding faced Democratic nominee Timothy Hogan and Progressive candidate Arthur Garford. Hogan was subject to anti-Catholic sentiment among voters, which Harding himself did not exhibit during the course of the election. Harding's supporters accused Hogan of wanting to "deliver Ohio to the Pope."[41] Harding downplayed the issue of World War I, despite the fact that the election took place just after the outbreak of the war, due to the high German immigrant population. Harding ultimately won the election and subsequently became the first United States Senator from Ohio to be popularly elected, following the passage of the 17th Amendment to the Constitution.[40]

Harding's victory in his bid for the Senate seat raised speculation that he would seek higher office, specifically the Presidency, although Harding himself did not show any interest in doing so at the time. He told family and friends after being elected to the Senate that he would return to his previous career in newspaper publishing at The Marion Daily Star after serving in the Senate.[39]

Ohio election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Warren G. Harding 526,115 49.16
Democratic Timothy S. Hogan 423,742 39.60
Progressive Arthur Lovett Garford 67,509 6.31
Socialist F. K. Hitchens 52,803 4.93
Majority 102,373 9.57
Total votes 1,070,169 100.00
Republican hold

Oklahoma[edit]

Oklahoma election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee Thomas Gore John H. Burford Patrick S. Nagle
Party Democratic Republican Socialist
Popular vote 119,443 73,292 52,259
Percentage 47.98% 29.44% 20.99%

County results
Gore:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%
Burford:      30–40%      40–50%

U.S. senator before election

Thomas Gore
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Thomas Gore
Democratic

Oklahoma election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Thomas Gore (incumbent) 119,443 47.98
Republican John H. Burford 73,292 29.44
Socialist Patrick S. Nagle 52,259 20.99
Progressive William O. Cromwell 3,966 1.59
Majority 46,151 18.54
Total votes 248,960 100.00
Democratic hold

Oregon[edit]

Oregon election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee George E. Chamberlain R. A. Booth Bill Hanley
Party Democratic Republican Progressive
Popular vote 111,748 88,297 26,220
Percentage 45.50% 35.95% 10.68%

County results
Chamberlain:      40–50%      50–60%
Booth:      30–40%      40–50%
Hanley:      40–50%

U.S. senator before election

George E. Chamberlain
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

George E. Chamberlain
Democratic

Oregon election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic George E. Chamberlain (incumbent) 111,748 45.50
Republican R. A. Booth 88,297 35.95
Progressive Bill Hanley 28,220 10.68
Socialist Benjamin Franklin Ramp 10,666 4.34
Prohibition H. S. Stine 8,649 3.52
Majority 23,451 9.55
Total votes 245,580 100.00
Democratic hold

Pennsylvania[edit]

Pennsylvania election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee Boies Penrose Gifford Pinchot Alexander M. Palmer
Party Republican Progressive Democratic
Popular vote 519,810 269,265 266,436
Percentage 46.75% 24.22% 23.96%

County results
Penrose:      20–30%      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Pinchot:      30–40%      40–50%
Palmer:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Boies Penrose
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Boies Penrose
Republican

Pennsylvania election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Boies Penrose (incumbent) 519,810 46.75
Progressive Gifford Pinchot 269,265 24.22
Democratic Alexander Mitchell Palmer 266,436 23.96
Socialist Fred W. Whiteside 37,950 3.41
Prohibition Madison F. Larkin 17,685 1.59
Industrial A. S. Landis 680 0.06
Write-in 106 0.01
Majority 250,545 22.53
Total votes 1,111,932 100.00
Republican hold

South Carolina[edit]

South Carolina election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee Ellison D. Smith
Party Democratic
Popular vote 32,950
Percentage 99.73%

U.S. senator before election

Ellison D. Smith
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Ellison D. Smith
Democratic

South Carolina election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Ellison D. Smith (incumbent) 32,950 99.73
Socialist J. H. Roberts 89 0.27
Majority 32,861 99.46
Total votes 33,039 100.00
Democratic hold

South Dakota[edit]

South Dakota election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee Edwin S. Johnson Charles H. Burke
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 48,076 44,244
Percentage 48.32% 44.47%

County results
Johnson:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Burke:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election

Coe I. Crawford
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Edwin S. Johnson
Democratic

South Dakota election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Edwin S. Johnson 48,076 48.32
Republican Charles H. Burke 44,244 44.47
Socialist E. P. Johnson 2,674 2.69
Prohibition O. W. Butterfield 2,406 2.42
Independent H. L. Loucks 2,104 2.11
Majority 3,832 3.85
Total votes 99,504 100.00
Democratic gain from Republican

Utah[edit]

Utah election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee Reed Smoot James Moyle
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote 56,281 53,128
Percentage 49.08% 46.33%

County results
Smoot:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%
Moyle:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Reed Smoot
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Reed Smoot
Republican

Utah election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Reed Smoot (incumbent) 56,281 49.08
Democratic James Moyle 53,128 46.33
Socialist J. F. Parsons 5,257 4.59
Majority 3,163 2.75
Total votes 114,666 100.00
Republican hold

Vermont[edit]

Vermont election

← 1908
1920 →
 
Nominee William P. Dillingham Charles A. Prouty
Party Republican Progressive
Alliance
Parties
Popular vote 35,137 26,766
Percentage 56.05% 42.6%

County results
Dillingham:      50–60%      60–70%
Prouty:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

William P. Dillingham
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

William P. Dillingham
Republican

Vermont election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican William P. Dillingham (inc.) 35,137 56.0%
Democratic Charles A. Prouty 16,306 26.0%
Progressive Charles A. Prouty 7,339 11.7%
Nonpartisan Charles A. Prouty 1,592 2.5%
Prohibition Charles A. Prouty 1,526 26.0%
Republican Charles A. Prouty 3 0.0%
Total Charles A. Prouty 26,766 42.6%
Socialist James Canfield 772 1.2%
N/A Other 20 0.0%
Total votes '62,695' '100.00%'

Washington[edit]

Washington election

← 1909
1920 →
 
Nominee Wesley L. Jones William W. Black
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote 130,479 91,733
Percentage 37.79% 26.57%

 
Nominee Ole Hanson Adam H. Barth
Party Progressive Socialist
Popular vote 83,282 30,234
Percentage 24.12% 8.76%

Results by county
Jones:      20–30%      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Black:      30–40%      40–50%
Hanson:      20-30%      30–40%

U.S. senator before election

Wesley L. Jones
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Wesley L. Jones
Republican

Washington election
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Wesley Livsey Jones (incumbent) 130,479 37.79
Democratic William Wilson Black 91,733 26.57
Progressive Ole Hanson 83,282 24.12
Socialist Adam H. Barth 30,234 8.76
Prohibition Arthur S. Caton 9,551 2.77
Majority 38,746 11.22
Total votes 345,279 100.00
Republican hold

Wisconsin[edit]

Wisconsin election

 
Nominee Paul O. Husting Francis E. McGovern Emil Seidel
Party Democratic Republican Socialist
Popular vote 134,925 133,969 29,774
Percentage 43.81% 43.50% 9.67%

County results
Husting:      30-40%      40-50%      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%
McGovern:      40-50%      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%

U.S. senator before election

Isaac Stephenson
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

Paul O. Husting
Democratic

Wisconsin election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Paul O. Husting 134,925 43.81
Republican Francis E. McGovern 133,969 43.50
Socialist Emil Seidel 29,774 9.67
Prohibition Charles L. Hill 9,276 3.01
Write-in 58 0.02
Majority 956 0.31
Total votes 308,002 100.00
Democratic gain from Republican

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ as Democratic Conference Chairman
  2. ^ as Republican Conference Chairman
  3. ^ Appointee elected
  4. ^ Miles Poindexter of Washington changed from Progressive to Republican.
  5. ^ Missouri was the "tipping-point state".

References[edit]

  1. ^ Warnock Win Seals Perfect 2022 for Senators Seeking Re-election, Bloomberg Law, December 7, 2022
  2. ^ "GA US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  3. ^ "Container Detail Page". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  4. ^ "AL Senate Race - Nov 08, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  5. ^ "AZ US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  6. ^ "AR US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  7. ^ "CA US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  8. ^ "CO US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  9. ^ "CT US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  10. ^ "FL US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  11. ^ "GA US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  12. ^ "ID US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  13. ^ "IL US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  14. ^ "IN US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  15. ^ "IA US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  16. ^ "BRISTOW, Joseph Little - Biographical Information". Bioguide.congress.gov. March 3, 1915. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  17. ^ "KS US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  18. ^ "KY US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  19. ^ United States Senators Chosen, 1912, p. 457.
  20. ^ "LA US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  21. ^ "MD US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  22. ^ "MO US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  23. ^ "NV US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  24. ^ "NH US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  25. ^ "NC US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  26. ^ "ND US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  27. ^ "OH US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  28. ^ "OK US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  29. ^ "OR US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  30. ^ "SD US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  31. ^ "CRAWFORD, Coe Isaac - Biographical Information". Bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  32. ^ "UT US Senate 2 Race - Nov 02, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  33. ^ "VT US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  34. ^ "WA US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  35. ^ "WI US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1914". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  36. ^ Byrd, p. 340.
  37. ^ "OFFICIAL VOTE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS CAST AT THE GENERAL ELECTION HELD ON NOVEMBER 3, 1914" (PDF). Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  38. ^ Dubin, Michael J. (1998). 1788 United States congressional elections-1997 : the official results of the elections of the 1st through 105th congresses. Jefferson, NC [u.a.]: McFarland. p. 407. ISBN 0786402830.
  39. ^ a b c d e Dean, John W. (2004). Warren G. Harding (1. ed.). New York: Times Books. pp. 34–37. ISBN 0805069569. 1914 harding hogan.
  40. ^ a b Russell, Francis (1962). The Shadow of Blooming Grove: Warren G. Harding In His Times. Easton Press. ISBN 0-07-054338-0.
  41. ^ "Life Before the Presidency". American President: Warren Gamaliel Harding. American President: A Reference Resource. Retrieved June 12, 2012.

Bibliography[edit]