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2011 Van earthquakes

Coordinates: 38°37′41″N 43°29′10″E / 38.628°N 43.486°E / 38.628; 43.486
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2011 Van earthquake
2011 Van depremi / Erdheja Wanê 2011
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UTC time??
Magnitude7.2 Mw[1][2][3][4]
Depth7.2km[5]
Epicenter38°37′41″N 43°29′10″E / 38.628°N 43.486°E / 38.628; 43.486
Areas affected Turkey
Max. intensityX[6]
Peak acceleration~0.5 g
Aftershocks676[7]
Casualties459[8]
Map of tectonic faults surrounding the Anatolian Plate in Turkey, including the Zagros fold and thrust belt which extends to Iran.
USGS shake map for the Van earthquake

The 2011 Van earthquake was a destructive magnitude 7.2 Mw earthquake that struck eastern Turkey near the predominantly city of Van on Sunday, 23 October 2011 at 13:41 local time. It occurred at a shallow depth of 20 km (12.4 mi), causing heavy shaking across much of eastern Turkey and being felt across much of the Near East. Extensive areas sustained heavy damage to their structures, and as many as 1,000 people were feared dead.

Geology

The magnitude 7.2 (Mw) Eastern Highlands earthquake occurred inland on 23 October 2011 at 13:41 local time, centered about 16 km (9 mi) north-northeast of Van, Turkey and at an estimated focal depth of 20 km (12.4 mi). Its focal region and much of easternmost Turkey lie towards the southern boundary of the complex zone of continental collision between the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, beyond the eastern extent of the Armenian and Asia Minor fault zones. Part of the convergence between these two plates takes place along the Bitlis-Zagros fold and thrust belt.[9] The earthquakes's focal mechanism indicates oblique thrust faulting, consistent with the expected tectonics in this region.[10]

Due to its great intensity and shallow depth, the earthquake produced significant ground motions across a large area. Violent shaking measuring MM IX on the Mercalli scale occurred in Van, although widespread strong to severe (MM VI–VIII) shaking was observed in many smaller and less populated areas around the epicenter.[11] Lighter but well-felt ground motions (MM V–III) spread much farther across the region, extending into surrounding countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, and Syria.[6][12] According to the Geophysical Institute of Israel, the earthquake was felt as far as Tel Aviv.[13]

Impact

The earthquake and its aftershocks affected much of eastern Turkey, demolishing hundreds of buildings and burying numerous victims under the rubble. Erciş, a town near Van, was hardest hit by the violent shaking; at least 55 destroyed buildings, 45 fatalities, and 156 injuries occurred in the town alone.[14][15] Most of the buildings collapsed along the town's main road and were residential, raising the possibility of a higher death toll. In smaller villages near the epicenter, the shaking demolished almost all the brick houses.[16]

In the city center of Van, at least 100 people were confirmed dead, and 970 buildings collapsed in and around the city.[17] About 200 inmates escaped after the walls of a prison succumbed to the shaking, although 50 were quickly recaptured.[16] The Van Ferit Melen Airport was damaged, but contradictory reports were given: According to NTV, airplanes were diverted to the neighboring cities, while according to the Anatolia News Agency, the earthquake did not disrupt the air traffic.[18][19]

Twenty-four hours following the main shock the death toll stood at 264 but as many as a thousand are feared dead. Multiple news reports suggest up to 1,300 are injured with many still caught under rubble.[20] As of 25 October, rescue and aid efforts are still ongoing, as many as 40,000 people are believed to be homeless due to the considerable number of collapsed or damaged buildings.[21] Latest reports suggest that 459 confirmed dead.[8]

International reaction

The European Union and NATO expressed their condolences and NATO offered help.[22] The President of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Derviş Eroğlu also sent condolences.[23] Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan sent his condolences to Turkish President Abdullah Gül and offered immediate help.[24] United States President Barack Obama said: "We stand shoulder to shoulder with our Turkish ally in this difficult time and are ready to assist the Turkish authorities."[25]

Armenia,[26] Azerbaijan,[27] Bulgaria, China,[28] Denmark,[29] Georgia, Germany,[30] Greece, Hungary, Iran,[31] Ireland,[32] Israel,[13] Japan, Kosovo, New Zealand, Pakistan,[33] Poland, Portugal[34],Russia, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan,[35] Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States also offered Turkey aid after the earthquake.[36][37]

Turkish President Abdullah Gul, said that Turkish teams were capable of handling the disaster management.[38] Thus, as of 23 October, Turkey stated that it had acknowledged but declined all the aid proposals with the exception of neighbouring Azerbaijan, Bulgaria [39] , and Iran[40] with aid and rescue workers arriving at the affected area shortly after the quake struck without noticing Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [41][42][43][27] The Iranian Red Crescent set up relief camps to accommodate people made homeless by the quake. Several injured were transferred for treatment to the Iranian border city of Khoy.[40].

On 25 October, Turkey announced that it would be requesting aid from 30 countries. After request, Israel airlifted mobile homes to the devastated region.[44] Survivors and opposition politicians have criticized the crisis management of the government.[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Recent Earthquakes". Kandilli Observatory of Boğaziçi University. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  2. ^ "23 Ekim 2011 Van Depremi Basın Bülteni" (in Turkish). Kandilli Observatory of Boğaziçi University. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ O'Bryne, David (23 October 2011). "Eastern Turkey Hit by 7.2 Magnitude Quake". BBC News. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  4. ^ "Deadly Quake Hits Turkey...Clinton Backs Call for Probe into Gadhafi's Death...Pujols Joins Legends". 9and10news.com. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  5. ^ "Hundreds Feared Dead after Earthquake Hits Van, Turkey". Herald Sun. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  6. ^ a b "Pager– M 7.2– Eastern Turkey". United States Geological Survey. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011. Cite error: The named reference "pager" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ Vervaeck, Armand; Daniel, James (23 October 2011). "Very Strong Damaging Earthquake in Eastern Turkey– 200 Prisoners Escaped in Van". Earthquake Report. Retrieved 23 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Jonathon Burch and Humeyra Pamuk (26 October 2011). "SEARCH FOR TURKISH QUAKE SURVIVORS ENTERS THIRD DAY". Yahoo. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  9. ^ Talebian, M. (2004). "A Reappraisal of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms and Active Shortening in the Zagros Mountains of Iran" (PDF). Geophysics Journal International. 156 (3). Royal Astronomical Society: 506–526. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02092.x. Retrieved 23 October 2011. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ "Magnitude 7.2– Eastern Turkey 2011 October 23 10:41:21 UTC". United States Geological Survey. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  11. ^ "Pager Version 2– M7.2, Eastern Turkey" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  12. ^ "Strong Earthquake Hits Turkey". Interpress News. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  13. ^ a b "Israel Offers Aid to Turkey in Wake of Massive Earthquake". Haaretz. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  14. ^ Mackenzie, Craig (23 October 2011). "'We Can Hear the Screams': 1,000 Feared Dead in Turkish Earthquake as Scores of Buildings Collapse". Daily Mail. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  15. ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan (23 October 2011). "7.2 Quake in Turkey Kills 45, Collapses Buildings". Agence France-Presse (via Google News). Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  16. ^ a b (registration required) Arsu, Sebnem (23 October 2011). "Many Die as Eastern Turkey Is Jolted by Quake". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  17. ^ Staff (24 October 2011). "Death Toll Mounts after Earthquake in Eastern Turkey". Associated Press (via Herald Sun). Retrieved 26 October 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ Staff (23 October 2011). "7.2 Quake in Turkey Kills at Least 138, Collapses Buildings– More Than 100 Aftershocks Are Recorded– The Quake Is Also Felt Widely in Iran and Armenia, Though There Are No Reports of Casualties There". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  19. ^ [dead link] [1]. The Daily Telegraph.
  20. ^ Magnay, Diana; Comert, Yesim (25 October 2011). "279 Reported Dead in Turkey Earthquake; 1,300 More Hurt". CNN. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  21. ^ Letsch, Constanze; Walker, Peter (24 October 2011). "Turkey Earthquake Rescuers Free Baby, Mother and Grandmother from Rubble– Two-Week-Old Azra Karaduman Pulled from Collapsed Building in Ercis Two Days after Quake That Killed Hundreds of People". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ "EU 'Saddened' by Turkey Quake, NATO Offers Help". Khaleej Times. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  23. ^ [clarification needed] "Dünyadan taziye mesajı yağıyor". Hurriyet (in Turkish). 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  24. ^ "Armenian President Send Condolences and Offered Help for Turkey". News.am. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  25. ^ Bohan, Caren; Trott, Bill (23 October 2011). "Obama: U.S. Greatly Concerned over Turkey Quake". Reuters. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  26. ^ "Armenian President Offers Aid to Turkey". Tert. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  27. ^ a b [clarification needed] "Azerbaycan, deprem bölgesine ilk dış yardımı gönderen ülke oldu. Azeri hükümeti, arama kurtarma ekipleriyle birlikte tıbbi ve yaşam malzemesi dolu uçağı Van'a gönderdi". Internet Haber (in Turkish). 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  28. ^ "Turkey Earthquake: Up to 1,000 Feared Dead as Dozens of Buildings Collapse". National Post. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  29. ^ [clarification needed]""Min kone og mit barn er derinde!"". Jyllandsposten (in Danish). 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  30. ^ "Germany Offers Help to Turkey After Quake, Westerwelle Says". Bloomberg Businessweek. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  31. ^ "Iran Is Ready To Help with Every Aspect Because of the Earthquake in Van". Habermonitor. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  32. ^ "Tánaiste Offers Rapid Response Corps to Quake-Hit Turkey". Irish Examiner. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  33. ^ "Pakistan Sympatises with Turkey; Offers Immediate Assistance". Associated Press of Pakistan. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  34. ^ [clarification needed]"Turquia/Sismo: Passos Coelho apresenta condolências e oferece ajuda de Portugal" (in Portuguese). 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  35. ^ "New Taipei Rescue Team Prepares To Aid Turkey". Focus Taiwan News Channel. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  36. ^ Staff (23 October 2011). "International Community Offers Aid to Turkey after Earthquake– Fifteen Countries Including Israel and Greece Have Offered Aid to Turkey after a Strong Quake Hit Southeastern Turkey on Sunday". Turkish Radio and Television Corporation. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  37. ^ Hoffmann, Carsten; Fuhrigtitle, Frank (23 October 2011). "Hundreds Feared Dead after Quake in Turkey". McClatchy Newspapers (via The Salt Lake Tribune). Retrieved 26 October 2011. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Staff (23 October 2011). "Barak Says Turkey Not Interested in Israel's Earthquake Aid". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  39. ^ Burch, Jonathon; Pamuk, Humeyra (25 October 2011). "Quake Rescuers Save Baby, Turkey Requests Aid". Reuters. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  40. ^ a b "Iran to set up 2nd camp in Turkey". Press TV.
  41. ^ "Int'l aid starts to come in as Turkey recalculates assistance needed". Todays Zaman. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  42. ^ Staff (25 October 2011). "Desperate Hunt for Survivors as Cold Moves in Smiling Girl, Baby Pulled from Rubble on Grim Day as Death Toll Hits 279, Says Deputy PM". Agence France-Presse (via The Vancouver Sun). Retrieved 26 October 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  43. ^ Lubell, Maayan (23 October 2011). "Turkey Declines Israeli Aid Offer". Reuters. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  44. ^ Keinon, Herb (25 October 2011). "Turkey Says 'Yes' to Israeli Earthquake Aid Offer". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  45. ^ Staff (26 October 2011). "Turkey Earthquake: Death Toll Passes 430". BBC News. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
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