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2020 Beirut explosion

Coordinates: 33°54′04″N 35°31′08″E / 33.901°N 35.519°E / 33.901; 35.519
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2020 Beirut explosions
Aftermath of the explosions
Date4 August 2020 (2020-08-04)
Time18:08:18 EEST (15:08:18 UTC)
(second explosion)
VenuePort of Beirut
LocationBeirut, Lebanon
Coordinates33°54′04″N 35°31′08″E / 33.901°N 35.519°E / 33.901; 35.519
TypeAmmonium nitrate disaster
Deaths157+
Non-fatal injuries5,000+
Missing80+
Property damageUS$10–15 billion
DisplacedUp to 300,000
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
1.5km
1mile
Port of Beirut
Port of Beirut

On 4 August 2020, a series of explosions occurred in the city of Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. The extremely powerful main blast, at the Port of Beirut, which was preceded by a fire, left at least 157 people dead, 80 more missing, and more than 5,000 injured. Beirut Governor Marwan Abboud estimated that up to 300,000 people were left homeless by the explosions. The government declared a two-week state of emergency.

The explosion was linked to about 2,750 tonnes (3,030 short tons) of ammonium nitrate that had been confiscated by the government from the abandoned ship MV Rhosus and stored in the port without proper safety measures for six years. The explosion was detected as a seismic event of magnitude 3.3 by the United States Geological Survey.

Background

The economy of Lebanon was in a state of crisis before the explosions, with the government having defaulted on debt, the pound plunging and a poverty rate that had risen past 50%.[1] In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic had overwhelmed many of the country's hospitals, several of which already were short of medical supplies and unable to pay staff because of the financial crisis.[2] The morning before the explosion, the head of the Rafik Hariri University Hospital, which served as the main coronavirus medical facility in Lebanon, warned that it was approaching full capacity.[3][4]

The government-owned Port of Beirut serves as the main maritime entry point into Lebanon and a vital piece of infrastructure to import scarce goods.[5][6] The port included 4 basins, 16 quays, 12 warehouses,[6] a large container terminal[7] and a grain silo that served as a strategic reserve of wheat for the country.[5] The Beirut Naval Base is a part of the port.[6]

MV Rhosus

Main article: MV Rhosus
1
1
The explosion occurred behind the grain elevator in this view.

On 23 September 2013, the Moldovan-flagged cargo ship MV Rhosus, owned by Russian businessman Igor Grechushkin, set sail from Batumi, Georgia, to Beira, Mozambique, carrying 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate fertilizer.[8][9] In October, it was forced to port in Beirut with engine problems.[10][11] After inspection by port state control, the Rhosus was found unseaworthy, and it was forbidden to set sail.[11][10] Eight Ukrainians and one Russian were aboard,[a] and with the help of a Ukrainian consul, five Ukrainians were repatriated,[when?] leaving four crew members to take care of the ship.[13][b]

The owner of the Rhosus, the Cyprus-based Russian businessman Igor Grechushkin, went bankrupt,[c] and after the charterers lost interest in the cargo, the owner abandoned the ship.[13] The Rhosus then quickly ran out of provisions, while the crew were unable to disembark because of immigration restrictions.[8] Creditors also obtained three arrest warrants against the ship.[13][8] Lawyers argued for the crew's repatriation on compassionate grounds, because of the danger posed by the cargo still aboard the ship, and an Urgent Matters judge in Beirut allowed them to return home after having been stuck aboard the ship for about a year.[8][13] By order of the judge, the dangerous cargo was brought ashore in 2014 and placed in Hangar 12 at the port,[14] where it remained for the next six years.[8][9][11][15]

Various customs officials had sent letters to judges requesting a resolution to the issue of the confiscated cargo, proposing that the ammonium nitrate either be exported, given to the Lebanese army, or sold to the private Lebanese Explosives Company.[d][9] Letters had been sent on 27 June and 5 December 2014, 6 May 2015, 20 May and 13 October 2016, and 27 October 2017.[9] One of the letters sent in 2016 noted that judges had not replied to previous requests, and "pleaded":[9]

In view of the serious danger of keeping these goods in the hangar in unsuitable climatic conditions, we reaffirm our request to please request the marine agency to re-export these goods immediately to preserve the safety of the port and those working in it, or to look into agreeing to sell this amount ...

Explosions

Red smoke from the explosion found in the sky over Lebanon on the evening of the explosion. Video from eyewitness livestream.

On the afternoon of 4 August 2020, a team of 10 firefighters were dispatched to extinguish a warehouse fire at the Port of Beirut.[17] A first, a smaller explosion sent a cloud of smoke above the fires and created flashes of light that were caused by a stash of fireworks stored in the warehouse.[17][18] The second explosion was much more substantial and occurred at about 18:08 local time UTC+03:00.[19][20][18] It rocked central Beirut and sent a red-orange cloud into the air, briefly surrounded by a white condensation cloud.[21][22] The second blast was felt in northern Israel and in Cyprus, 240 kilometres (150 miles) away.[23][24]

Despite inefficient transmission of the shock waves into the ground, the United States Geological Survey measured the blast as a 3.3 local magnitude earthquake,[25][26][20] while the Jordan Seismological Observatory reported that it was equivalent to a 4.5 local magnitude earthquake.[27] Specialists from the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom estimated the blast had one-tenth the force of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, making it one of the biggest non-nuclear explosions in history.[28]

The Beirut explosion was similar to explosions of large amounts of ammonium nitrate in Tianjin, China, in 2015, in the city of West, Texas, in 2013, and in Texas City, Texas, in 1947.[29][30]

By the morning of 5 August, satellite photos had shown that the main fire had been extinguished.[31]

Cause

The cause of the explosions was not immediately determined,[5] although state media initially reported them taking place at a fireworks warehouse, while others placed them at an oil storage or chemical storage facility.[19][32][33]

There were warehouses in the port that stored explosives and chemicals including nitrates, common components of fertilizers and explosives.[34] The Director General of Public Security stated the explosion was caused by the ammonium nitrate that was confiscated from the Rhosus.[35][10] LBCI stated that, according to attendees of a Higher Defence Council briefing, the fire was ignited by workers welding a door at a[e] warehouse.[36][37][f]

Casualties

"Beirut Wakes Up to Scenes of Devastation" – video news report from VOA News[i]

Following the explosions, at least 157 people were confirmed dead,[64] 80 missing and more than 5,000 injured.[64][65][j]

Nazar Najarian, the secretary-general of the Kataeb Party, died after suffering severe head injuries during the blast,[68] and Kamal Hayek, chairman of the state-owned electricity company, was in critical condition.[18]

Documentation

Many individuals have posted video footage of the explosion and the aftermath, with multiple videos being viewed millions of times. A notable video is of a Lebanese bride posing for her wedding video before the explosion sends the wedding photographer flying via the shockwave.[69] After stabilizing himself the photographer pans around to show the damage caused by the explosion and people running for safety before the video ends.[70] Other videos were taken with smart phones by individuals who noticed the fire or the initial smoke cloud from street level, apartment balconies, from the water and close to the actual building. Other footage of the destruction was caught via home cameras, CCTV or security cameras, and web cameras.[71] The videos were later posted to social media sites like TikTok and Twitter.[72]

A video was shot shortly after the blast to show the damage in one of the apartment buildings and showcase the resilience of the citizens of the city, of an old woman sitting in her damaged apartment playing Auld Lang Syne on her piano.[73]

Damage

The explosion overturned cars and stripped steel-framed buildings of their cladding.[74] Within the port area, the explosion destroyed a section of shoreline and left a crater nearly 120 metres (390 ft) in diameter.[75] Witnesses said that homes as far as 10 kilometres (6 miles) away were damaged by the blast,[1] and up to 300,000 people were left homeless by the explosions.[76] The grain elevator, the city's second-largest, was destroyed,[65] exacerbating food shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and a severe financial crisis.[77] About 15,000 tonnes of grain were destroyed, representing 85% of the city's grain reserves,[78] and leaving the country with less than a month's worth of grain in reserve.[76]

The damage extended over half of Beirut, with the likely cost above $10 billion; 90% of hotels in the city were damaged and three hospitals completely destroyed, while two more suffered damage.[76][79] Dozens of injured people brought to nearby hospitals could not be admitted because of the damage to the hospitals. Windows in buildings across the city were shattered,[80] and residential homes over ten kilometres away were rendered unsuitable to live in[citation needed]

Saint George Hospital is one of the city's largest medical facilites.[81] Less than 1 kilometre (5⁄8 mile) from the explosion, it was forced to treat patients in the street because of severe damage to the medical facility.[33] Several child cancer patients were injured by flying glass,[81] and a number of staff killed.[14] Within hours, it had discharged all its patients, some to other hospitals, and closed.[82] The hospital's director of intensive care, Dr. Joseph Haddad, was quoted as saying: "There is no St. George Hospital any more. It's fallen, it's on the floor ... It's all destroyed. All of it."[81]

Health care workers have stated that Lebanon's main vaccine and medication stockpile is stored in the port-area Karantina warehouse. They are concerned, because other structures in this area received heavy damage. Health centers throughout Lebanon rely on the "hundreds of thousands" of doses stored in the warehouse.[81]

The Sursock Museum and some of its artworks sustained damage, with some destroyed.[83]

Embassies in and around Beirut reported varying degrees of damage to their buildings. The embassies of Argentina,[84] Australia,[85] Finland,[86] Cyprus,[76] and the Netherlands,[52] which were close to the blast, sustained heavy damage. The South Korean embassy, 7.3 kilometres (4+1⁄2 miles) from the blast site, reported minor damage to two windows within the embassy building;[87] the Hungarian,[88] Kazakh,[89] Russian,[89] Romanian,[90] and Turkish[91] embassies also reported minor damage.

Shipping

The cruise ship Orient Queen, berthed nearby, suffered extensive damage. Two members of the crew were killed,[92] and several on board were injured.[93][94] The ship capsized overnight.[95][92]

The Bangladesh Navy corvette BNS Bijoy, which participated in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, was also damaged. The ship was very close to the site of the explosion.[39][66]

The livestock carrier Jouri was close to the site of the explosion; its AIS stopped broadcasting at the time of the explosion.[96] The cargo ship Mero Star was severely damaged. The cargo ship Raouf H was closest to the site of the explosion.[67] AIS from these ships stopped broadcasting at the time of the explosion.[96]

Hapag-Lloyd's offices in Beirut were destroyed in the explosion.[97] CMA CGM's offices were severely damaged. One of its employees was reported missing and two were severely injured. The container ship CMA CGM Lyra was 1.5 kilometres (1,600 yd) from the site of the explosion and was undamaged.[98]

Transport

Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport, the city's main airport located approximately 10 kilometres from the site of the blast, sustained moderate damage to the terminal buildings during the explosion.[99] Doors and windows were destroyed, and ceiling tiles were shaken loose by the shockwave, severing electrical wires. Despite the damage, flights to the airport resumed following the explosion.[100]

Arrests

Lebanese authorities have placed Beirut port officials responsible for storage and security under house arrest, overseen by the army, pending an investigation into the explosions.[101]

Relief operations

Dutch urban search and rescue team heading to Beirut on 5 August

The Lebanese Red Cross said that every available ambulance from North Lebanon, Bekaa, and South Lebanon was being dispatched to Beirut to help patients.[18] According to the agency, a total of 75 ambulances and 375 medics were activated in response to the explosions.[102] Lebanese President Michel Aoun said that the government would make up to 100 billion pounds (US$66 million) in aid available to support recovery operations.[74] The ride-sharing app Careem offered free rides to and from hospitals and blood donation centers to anyone willing to donate blood.[103][104] Volunteers removed debris while local business owners offered to repair damaged buildings for free in the absence of a state-sponsored cleanup operation.[105]

Health Minister Hamad Hasan[k] requested that international aid be sent to Lebanon;[5] several countries responded to that request.[l]

Reactions

Domestic

Hassan Diab, the Prime Minister of Lebanon, announced that 5 August 2020, the day after the explosions, would be a national day of mourning.[125] The Lebanese government declared a two-week state of emergency.[126] President Aoun stated that the government would provide support to displaced people, and the Ministry of Health would meet the expense of treatment for the wounded.[127] Marwan Abboud, the governor of Beirut, stated that he arrived at the scene to search for firefighters who were on the site attempting to control the fire that was raging prior to the second explosion. He broke down in tears on television, calling the event "a national catastrophe".[18] On the day of the explosion, Hezbollah offered "deepest condolences over the national tragedy" and stated that the crisis required "a national stand by all Lebanese people".[128] Mohammad Raad, who heads Hezbollah in the Lebanese Parliament, also called for "positive cooperation" in order to ascertain the reasons for the disaster and to ensure justice.[129] The group also launched a blood donation campaign on 5 August.[130]

International

Representatives of multiple countries, and the UN,[66][131] offered condolences. In addition to those countries which provided aid, others have offered to do so.[m] Notably, Israel offered aid via United Nations channels, in what Al Jazeera English described as an "unusual move" given that Israel and Lebanon have no diplomatic ties and are technically at war.[116][137][138] Both Israel and senior Hezbollah officials ruled out Israeli involvement in the explosion, a claim spread via social media.[139][140]

Several countries expressed solidarity by lighting up landmarks and monuments in the colors of the Lebanese flag, including the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the Azadi Tower in Tehran, the Great Pyramids of Giza,[141] and the City Hall of Tel Aviv.[142] Some figures from the Israeli right-wing criticized the display of the flag of Lebanon, an "enemy state", in Tel Aviv.[142]

French president Emmanuel Macron visited Beirut personally on 6 August and pledged support. He was the first foreign head of state to visit the city following the disaster.[143]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ One source stated that the crew consisted of eight Ukrainians and two Russians.[12]
  2. ^ One source stated that four crew members remained, while another stated that a "Master and four crew members" were left behind.[13][8]
  3. ^ The captain wrote that Grechushkin had told him that he had gone bankrupt, but noted that he did not believe Grechushkin, and did not consider that important, as what was relevant was that Grechushkin had abandoned the crew, the cargo, and the ship.[12]
  4. ^ Ammonium nitrate has a long history of industrial disasters globally, and thus has been gradually phased out over concerns for misuse and safety.[16]
  5. ^ Some sources used the definite article "the", implying that the warehouse in question was the same as the one in which the ammonium nitrate was stored, while others do not explicitly make that connection.[36][37] For example, The National referenced the ammonium nitrate stored in a warehouse and then mentioned that LBCI stated that "workers welding a door at the warehouse on Tuesday started a fire that ignited the chemicals".[36] [emphasis added] However, Hindustan Times mentions that the ammonium nitrate was stored in a warehouse, but mentioned that LBCI stated that "[w]orkers welding a door on Tuesday started a fire that ignited the chemicals", without actually stating whether the door belonged to the warehouse which contained the ammonium nitrate, or even whether the door was part of a warehouse at all.[37][original research?]
  6. ^ It was initially reported that a security source stated that the initial fire was caused during welding work on a hole in a warehouse.[15]
  7. ^ The five injured were connected to the Dutch embassy, including the Dutch ambassador's wife, who was seriously injured.[52][53]
  8. ^ The Kazakhstani consul was wounded in his office.[60]
  9. ^ Portions have been edited out because of copyright issues.
  10. ^ As three Bangladeshi nationals died and 101 others were injured in the blasts, they are the most affected foreign community.[44] Also, several United Nations naval peacekeepers who were members of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) were injured by the blast.[39][66][67]
  11. ^ Hamad Hasan (حمد علي حسن Ḥamad ʿAlī Ḥasan) sometimes "Hassan"; transliteration per official biography.[106]
  12. ^ Countries that have sent or formally announced the sending of medical aid include Armenia,[107] Australia,[108] Azerbaijan,[109] Canada,[110] Egypt,[111] France,[112] Iran,[113] Iraq,[114] Italy,[115] Jordan,[116] Kuwait,[117] Norway,[114] Qatar,[116] Russia,[114] Turkey,[114] the UAE,[118] and Syria.[119]
    Countries that have sent rescue teams include the Czech Republic,[120] Germany,[121] Greece,[122] the Netherlands,[123] and Russia.[124]
  13. ^ Other countries that have offered aid include: Cyprus,[132] Hungary,[133] Malaysia,[76] Palestine,[134] the United Kingdom,[135] and the United States.[136]

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