991

This article is about the year 991. For the car, see Porsche 991.

Millennium:	1st millennium
Centuries:	9th century 10th century 11th century
Decades:	970s 980s 990s 1000s 1010s
Years:	988 989 990 991 992 993 994

991 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	991 CMXCI
Ab urbe condita	1744
Armenian calendar	440 ԹՎ ՆԽ
Assyrian calendar	5741
Balinese saka calendar	912–913
Bengali calendar	398
Berber calendar	1941
Buddhist calendar	1535
Burmese calendar	353
Byzantine calendar	6499–6500
Chinese calendar	庚寅年 (Metal Tiger) 3688 or 3481     — to — 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit) 3689 or 3482
Coptic calendar	707–708
Discordian calendar	2157
Ethiopian calendar	983–984
Hebrew calendar	4751–4752
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1047–1048
- Shaka Samvat	912–913
- Kali Yuga	4091–4092
Holocene calendar	10991
Iranian calendar	369–370
Islamic calendar	380–381
Japanese calendar	Shōryaku 2 (正暦２年)
Javanese calendar	892–893
Julian calendar	991 CMXCI
Korean calendar	3324
Minguo calendar	921 before ROC 民前921年
Nanakshahi calendar	−477
Seleucid era	1302/1303 AG
Thai solar calendar	1533–1534
Tibetan calendar	阳金虎年 (male Iron-Tiger) 1117 or 736 or −36     — to — 阴金兔年 (female Iron-Rabbit) 1118 or 737 or −35

Statue of Byrhtnoth at Maldon (Essex)

Year 991 (CMXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

• Spring – Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine, is captured through the perfidy of Bishop Adalberon and is imprisoned by King Hugh I (Capet) in Orléans. Pope John XV appeals to Empress Adelaide of Italy, the grandmother and regent of the 11-year-old King Otto III to intervene. But occupied with rebellious Slavs and Bohemians, she declines.

England

• Spring – King Æthelred II (the Unready) signs an peace treaty with Richard I (the Fearless), duke of Normandy, which is ratified in Rouen. The English coast is threatened, Viking attacks ravage Kent and Sussex.
• August 11 – Battle of Maldon: The Anglo-Saxons under the Ealdorman Byrhtnoth are defeated by Norwegian Viking invaders, led by Olaf Tryggvason (later Olaf I of Norway) at Maldon (Northey Island) in Essex.
• Æthelred II decides to pay tribute (or Danegeld) to Olaf Tryggvason. He buys him off with a massive payment of 22,000 lbs of silver to hold off the Viking invaders and keep the peace in his realm.

Arabian Empire

• Spring – Fatimid troops under the defecting Hamdanid governor of Homs, Bakjur, attack Aleppo (modern Syria), but are defeated with Byzantine assistance. Bakjur is captured and executed by Emir Sa'd al-Dawla.

By topic

Religion

• Summer – Council of Reims: Archbishop Arnulf (illegitimate son of the late King Lothair III) is deposed for high treason (conspiring with his uncle Charles). He is succeeded by Gerbert of Aurillac.

Births

• Airlangga, ruler (rajah) of Kahuripan (Indonesia) (d. 1049)
• Guido Monaco, Italian monk and music theorist (or 992)
• Pons II (or Pons William), count of Toulouse (d. 1060)
• Yan Shu, Chinese statesman and poet (d. 1055)

Deaths

• March 1 – En'yū, emperor of Japan (b. 959)
• April 2 – Bardas Skleros, Byzantine general
• April 4 – Reginold, bishop of Eichstätt
• May 11 – Heriward, Frankish abbot
• May 20 – Piligrim, bishop of Passau
• August 11 – Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex
• Aleramo, marquess of Montferrat and Liguria
• Al-Muqaddasi, Arab Muslim geographer
• Ashot-Sahak, king of Vaspurakan (Armenia)
• Bakjur, Hamdanid mercenary and governor
• Gausfred I, count of Empúries and Roussillon
• Ibn Babawayh, Persian Shi'ite scholar
• Meng Xuanzhe, prince of Later Shu (b. 937)
• Nakatsukasa, Japanese waka poet (b. 912)
• Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu, Japanese nobleman (b. 921)
• Pan Mei, Chinese general
• Qian Weijun, king of Wuyue (Ten Kingdoms) (b. 955)
• Sa'd al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir (b. 952)
• Suero Gundemáriz, Spanish nobleman
• Taira no Kanemori, Japanese nobleman
• Ya'qub ibn Killis, Fatimid vizier (b. 930)