Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine
A respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (RSV vaccine) is a vaccine which prevents infection by respiratory syncytial virus. As of 2021[update], no licensed vaccine against RSV exists.
Attempts to develop an RSV vaccine began in the 1960s with an unsuccessful inactivated vaccine developed by exposing the RSV virus to formalin (formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV)).[1] Unfortunately, this vaccine induced a phenomenon that came to be known as vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD), in which children who had not previously been exposed to RSV and were subsequently vaccinated would develop a severe form of RSV disease if exposed to the virus itself, including fever, wheezing, and bronchopneumonia.[1] Some eighty percent of such children (vs. 5% of virus-exposed controls) were hospitalized, and two children died of lethal lung inflammatory response during the first natural RSV infection after vaccination of RSV-naive infants.[1] This disaster hindered vaccine development for many years to come.[1]
A 1998 paper reported that research toward developing a vaccine had advanced greatly over the previous 10 years.[2] The desired vaccine would prevent lower respiratory infection from RSV in at-risk populations and if possible be useful in other populations with less risk.[2] Twenty years later, a 2019 paper similarly claimed that research toward developing a vaccine had advanced greatly over the prior 10 years.[3] The same study predicted that a vaccine would be available within 10 years.[3]
The current types of vaccines which are in research are particle-based vaccines, attenuated vaccines, mRNA vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, or vector-based vaccines.[4][5]
A vaccine called GSK3888550A and developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) entered phase 3 clinical trials in November 2020.[6] Barney S. Graham and Peter Kwong of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' Vaccine Research Center, along with Jason McLellan, a former postdoctoral researcher at VRC and a professor at The University of Texas at Austin, spearheaded its development.[7] The vaccine's antigen, a stabilized version of the RSV F protein, was developed using structure-based vaccine design.[8][9] In August 2021, Moderna received US FDA fast track designation for their Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine.[10]
As of October 10, 2022, at least four companies are testing candidate RSV vaccines based on stabilized prefusion F proteins in older adults in Phase 3 trials: GSK_plc, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and Moderna.[11][12]
References
- ^ a b c d Acosta PL, Caballero MT, Polack FP (December 16, 2015). "Brief History and Characterization of Enhanced Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease". Clin Vaccine Immunol. 23 (3): 189–195. doi:10.1128/CVI.00609-15. PMC 4783420. PMID 26677198.
- ^ a b Dudas, RA; Karron, RA (July 1998). "Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 11 (3): 430–439. doi:10.1128/CMR.11.3.430. PMC 88889. PMID 9665976.
- ^ a b Mejias, Asuncion; Rodriguez-Fernandez, Rosa; Peeples, Mark E.; Ramilo, Octavio (October 2019). "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 38 (10): e266–e269. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002404. PMC 8404780. PMID 31335571.
- ^ Mazur, Natalie I; Higgins, Deborah; Nunes, Marta C; Melero, José A; Langedijk, Annefleur C; Horsley, Nicole; et al. (October 2018). "The respiratory syncytial virus vaccine landscape: lessons from the graveyard and promising candidates" (PDF). The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 18 (10): e295–e311. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30292-5. PMID 29914800. S2CID 49300571.
- ^ Powell, Kendall (2021-12-10). "The race to make vaccines for a dangerous respiratory virus". Nature. 600 (7889): 379–380. Bibcode:2021Natur.600..379P. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03704-y. PMID 34893769. S2CID 245021172.
- ^ "Hoping for an endgame, GSK kick-starts phase 3 RSV vaccine trial in pregnant women". Fierce Biotech. 24 Nov 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ McLellan JS, Graham BS, Kwong PD, et al. (November 1, 2013). "Structure-Based Design of a Fusion Glycoprotein Vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus". Science. 342 (6158): 592–598. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..592M. doi:10.1126/science.1243283. PMC 4461862. PMID 24179220.
- ^ Cohen, Jon (November 1, 2013). "Structural Biology Triumph Offers Hope Against a Childhood Killer". Science. 342 (6158): 546–547. Bibcode:2013Sci...342Q.546C. doi:10.1126/science.342.6158.546-a. PMID 24179197.
- ^ Crank MC, McLellan JS, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, the VRC 317 Study Team, et al. (August 2, 2019). "A proof of concept for structure-based vaccine design targeting RSV in humans". Science. 365 (6452): 505–509. Bibcode:2019Sci...365..505C. doi:10.1126/science.aav9033. PMID 31371616.
- ^ "Moderna Receives FDA Fast Track Designation for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine (mRNA-1345)" (Press release). Business Wire. August 3, 2021.
- ^ "For decades, fear and failure in the hunt for an RSV vaccine. Now, success". Washington Post. 10 Oct 2022. Retrieved 11 Oct 2022.
- ^ "This UT Scientist Helped Spare Millions From COVID-19. Now He's Unmasking Other Killer Viruses". Texas Monthly. 10 Oct 2022. Retrieved 13 Oct 2022.