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The Ring (franchise)

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Ring
Created byKoji Suzuki
Original workRing (1991)
OwnersKadokawa Corporation (most media)
Paramount Pictures (American films)
Years1991-present
Print publications
Novel(s)
Comics
Films and television
Film(s)
Short film(s)Rings (2005)
Television series
Games
Video game(s)
Audio
Radio program(s)
  • Ring (1996)
  • Birthday (2000)
  • Ring (2015)
Soundtrack(s)
  • Ring / Rasen (1998)
  • Ring 2 (1999)
  • Ring: The Final Chapter (1999)
  • The Ring Virus (1999)
  • Rasen (1999)
  • Ring 0: Birthday (2000)
  • The Ring / The Ring Two (2005)
  • Rings (2017)

Ring (Japanese: リング, romanized: Ringu), also known as The Ring, is a media franchise, based on the novel series of the same name written by Koji Suzuki. The franchise includes eight Japanese films, two television series, eight manga adaptations, three English-language film remakes, a Korean film remake, and two video games: The Ring: Terror's Realm and Ring: Infinity (both 2000). While most installments of the franchise are dramatic supernatural horror fiction, other genres are also explored with the novel Loop (1998) being science fiction-focused, and the manga series Sadako-san and Sadako-chan (2019) and Sadako at the End of the World (2020) and feature film Sadako DX (2022) being comedy-focused.

The Ring films revolve around a cursed video tape; whoever watches the tape dies seven days later, unless the tape is copied and shown to another person, who then must repeat the same process. The video tape was created by a psychic, Sadako Yamamura, who was murdered by her adoptive father and thrown into a well. After her supposed death, she returned as a ghostly serial killer, killing anyone who fails to copy and then send the video tape to someone else under a seven-day deadline (constricted to a two-day deadline in Sadako vs. Kayako and a one-day deadline in Sadako DX).

Japanese media

Novels

Main article: Ring (novel series)

The franchise began with Koji Suzuki's 1991 novel Ring. It was the first of a trilogy, with two sequels: Spiral (1995) and Loop (1998).[1] Several later novels based on Ring were released: Birthday (1999) [which contains a prequel to Ring, an epilogue to Loop, and details about what happened to a key character in Spiral], S (2012), and Tide (2013).

Films

In 1998, Hideo Nakata made a new Japanese adaptation of the book in his film Ring (also known as The Ring or Ringu). The movie was a critical and commercial success, being credited with revolutionizing the J-horror genre and influencing many future films in the wider horror genre.[2][3][4]

The first sequel to the 1998 film was Rasen (also known as The Spiral or simply Spiral). It was an adaptation of Spiral, Suzuki's sequel to his first Ring book. It was released on 31 January 1998, the same day as Ring. It was a critical and commercial failure compared with the first film. It was directed by George Iida, who had previously worked as the writer for the television film, Ring (1995).

A new sequel, Ring 2, was released in 1999. The film continues the storyline of Ring (1998) and ignores the events of Spiral (1998) and many cast members from the original film return. Hideo Nakata also returned to direct. This was the first film in the franchise not based on any of Suzuki's novels. While not as critically well-received as the first film, the movie was a financial success, becoming the second-highest grossing Japanese film of 1999.[5]

A prequel, Ring 0: Birthday, was released in 2000. The movie is based on the short story "Lemon Heart" from Suzuki's 1999 book, Birthday (the fourth book in the series). This film delved into a uniquely different mythos surrounding Sadako Yamamura and the cursed videotape than the novels, elaborated on from aspects introduced in the Nakata films.

In 2012, Sadako 3D was released, adapted from Suzuki's book S that released the same year. A direct sequel, Sadako 3D 2 was released in 2013. Both were directed by Tsutomu Hanabusa. They are sequels to Rasen/Spiral.

In 2016, Sadako vs. Kayako, directed by Kōji Shiraishi, was released, a crossover of the Ju-on series of horror films. It features Sadakaya, a ghost that resulted from the fusion of Sadako and the Ju-on antagonist Kayako Saeki. It is not canon to either timeline and the deadline for the video tape is two days instead of seven.

Sadako aka Sadako KOL was released in 2019. It saw the return of director Hideo Nakata to the Japanese film series for the first time since Ring 2, 20 years prior. The film is loosely based on Tide, the final novel in the series. KOL is an acronym for Key Opinion Leader; in this context, a social media star.

Sadako DX, directed by Hisashi Kimura, was released in 2022.[6][7] The film stars Fuka Koshiba as a college student attempting to unravel the curse of Sadako with the help of a psychic and a fortune teller.[8] It is another sequel to Rasen/Spiral.

Television

The first adaption of Ring was the Japanese television film Ring (with one unedited home video release titled Ring: Kanzenban, meaning ‘Ring: The Complete Edition’), released in 1995. This remained the closest to the book but didn't have the success and recognition of the later films.

Ring: The Final Chapter is a 12 episode self-contained miniseries that aired in 1999, and is loosely based on the original Ring novel. It is not connected to the films or the previous television adaptation.

In the same year, a sequel television miniseries titled Rasen was made, consisting of 13 episodes.

Manga

No. Original release date Original ISBN North American release date North American ISBN
01 December 22, 1999[[Special:BookSources/978-4048531610%7F%27%22%60UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU%60%22%27%7F |978-4048531610[9]]] Parameter error in {{ISBNT}}: invalid characterNovember 16, 2004—

A manga adaptation of the first novel was released in 1996 by Kouhirou Nagai, [10] and several manga have been published by Kadokawa Shoten based on the films. The second manga adaptation is a two-volume series based on the first novel, the first Hideo Nakata film, and the 1999 television series. That manga was written and illustrated by Misao Inagaki. Both volumes were released on January 21, 1999.[11][12] Dark Horse Comics compiled the first two volumes and released an english-language version on November 12, 2003.[13]

The third adaptation, of Nakata's Ring 2 film, was written by Hiroshi Takahashi and illustrated by Meimu, was released on February 3, 1999.[14] Dark Horse Comics released it on May 19, 2004 as the second volume of the Ring manga series.[15]

The fourth adaptation, titled Spiral (らせん, Rasen), is based on the novel and film of the same name. The manga was written by Koji Suzuki, illustrated by Sakura Mizuki, and released on September 10, 1999.[16] Dark Horse released it on August 18, 2004 as volume 3 of the Ring manga series.[17]

The fifth adaptation, titled Birthday (バースデイ, Bāsudei), is based on the novel of the same name. The manga was written by Koji Suzuki, illustrated by Meimu and released on December 22, 1999.[18] Dark Horse Comics released it on November 3, 2004 as volume 4 of the Ring manga series.[19]

The sixth, named Ring 0, based on the film of that name, was also written by Hiroshi Takahashi and illustrated by Meimu, and released on January 28, 2000.[20] Dark Horse Comics released it on March 30, 2005 as "Volume 0" of the Ring manga series.[21]

The seventh, named Sadako-san and Sadako-chan, was published in February 2019, before the release of Sadako, as a comedy-oriented tie-in sequel to the film.[22]

The eighth, named Sadako at the End of the World, was released in 2020, following Sadako as she is summoned by the last two girls living on a post-apocalyptic Earth, indicating her curse to be nearing its end.

The Ring
1995Ring: Kanzenban
1996–1997
1998Ring
Spiral
1999Ring 2
Ring: The Final Chapter
The Ring Virus (Korean remake)
Rasen (TV series)
2000Ring 0: Birthday
2001
2002The Ring
2003–2004
2005The Ring Two
2006–2011
2012Sadako 3D
2013Sadako 3D 2
2014–2015
2016Sadako vs. Kayako
2017Rings
2018
2019Sadako
2020–2021
2022Sadako DX

Korean remake

The Ring Virus was the first remake to be made, in 1999, where the villain is renamed as Park Eun-suh, who is intersex, as Sadako was in the books. Though the film copied multiple scenes from Ring, it is, like Ring: Kanzenban, very faithful to the original novel series.

American films

In 2002, an English-language remake was made, titled The Ring, where the killer is renamed as Samara Morgan, who is a preteen instead of an adult. The Ring was one of the highest-grossing horror remakes, its box office gross surpassing that of Ring. Two sequels were made, including a short film.

The Ring was released on 18 October 2002. The film follows journalist Rachel Keller as she investigates a videotape that may have killed four teenagers (including her niece). There is an urban legend about this tape: the viewer will die seven days after watching it. If the legend is correct, Rachel would have to run against time to save her son's and her own.

A short film, Rings was released on 8 March 2005, originally as part of the DVD set of the first film. Jake Pierce, a young teenager, watches a cursed video tape after joining a teen cult named "Rings".

The Ring Two was released on 18 March 2005. High school student Jake Pierce tries to make his girlfriend Emily watch the cursed videotape. After discovering that Emily covered her eyes and didn't watch the tape, he is killed by Samara Morgan. Rachel Keller learns of Jake's death and realizes she has to save her son Aidan from Samara.

Rings was released on 3 February 2017. The story follows Julia who becomes worried about her boyfriend when he explores a dark subculture surrounding a mysterious videotape said to kill the watcher seven days after they view the tape. Her actions lead her to make a horrifying discovery: there is a "movie within the movie" that no one has ever seen before.

Future

In September 2019, The Grudge director Nicolas Pesce expressed interest in a crossover film between The Grudge and the English-language The Ring film series.[23]

Japanese cast and crew

Cast

Key
  • A Y indicates the actor portrayed the role of a younger version of the character.
  • A P indicates the actor or actress portrayed their film character as possessed by another.
  • An A indicates an appearance through archival footage.
  • A C indicates a cameo appearance.
  • A dark gray cell indicates the character was not in the film.
Character Ring Spiral Ring 2 Ring 0: Birthday Sadako 3D Sadako 3D 2 Sadako Sadako DX
1998 1999 2000 2012 2013 2019 2022
Sadako Yamamura
mysterious girl 		Rie Inō Hinako Saeki
Miki NakataniP 		Rie Inō
Mebuki TsuchidaY 		Yukie Nakama Ai Hashimoto Satomi IshiharaP Himeka Himejima Computer-generated imagery
Shizuko Yamamura Masako MasakoA Masako  
Mai Takano Miki Nakatani  
Dr. Heihachiro Ikuma Daisuke Ban   Daisuke Ban  
Takashi Yamamura Yoichi Numata   Yoichi Numata Mahito Ohba  
Reiko Asakawa Nanako Matsushima Nanako MatsushimaA Nanako Matsushima  
Ryuji Takayama Hiroyuki Sanada  
Masami Kurahashi Hitomi Satō   Hitomi Satō   Hitomi Satō  
Yoichi Asakawa Rikiya Otaka Rikiya OtakaM Rikiya Otaka  
Okazaki Yūrei Yanagi   Yūrei Yanagi  
Takanori Ando   Ryûichi SugaharaY   Koji Seto  
Akane Ayukawa   Satomi Ishihara
Yuna TairaY 		Satomi Ishihara  
Seiji Kashiwada   Yusuke Yamamoto  
Detective Yugo Koiso   Ryosei Tayama  
Tomoko Ōishi Yūko Takeuchi  
Yoshino Yutaka Matsushige  
Kōichi Asakawa Katsumi Muramatsu Katsumu MuramatsuM  
Mitsuo Ando   Koichi Sato  
Miyashita   Shingo Tsurumi  
Shashin Gakari   Kozo Sato  
Department Store Manager   Kôji SuzukiC  
Kanae Sawaguchi   Kyoko Fukada  
Ishi Kawajiri   Fumiyo Kohinata  
Detective Keiji Omuta   Kenjirō Ishimaru  
Hiroshi Toyama   Seiichi Tanabe  
Etsuko Tachihara   Kumiko Asō  
Kaoru Arima   Atsuko Takahata  
Akiko Miyaji   Yoshiko Tanaka  
Enoki   Shota Sometani  
Fuko Ando   Miori Takimoto  
Fumika Kamimura   Itsumi Osawa  
Mayu Akikawa   Elaiza Ikeda  
Yusuke Ishida   Takashi Tsukamoto  
Hatsuko Sobue   Rie Tomosaka  
Ayaka Ichijō   Fuka Koshiba
Oji Maeda   Kazuma Kawamura
Kenshin   Hiroyuki Ikeuchi

Crew

Crew/Detail Ring Spiral Ring 2 Ring 0: Birthday Sadako 3D Sadako 3D 2 Sadako Sadako DX
1998 1999 2000 2012 2013 2019 2022
Director Hideo Nakata George Lida Hideo Nakata Norio Tsuruta Tsutomu Hanabusa Hideo Nakata Hisashi Kimura
Producer(s) Shinya Kawai

Taka Ichise

Takenori Sento

Takashige Ichise

Shinya Kawai

Takenori Sento

Takashige Ichise

Shin Ishihara

Shinji Ogawa

Masao Nagai

Takasige Ichise

Atsuyuki Shimoda Reiko Imayasu  
Writer(s) Screenplay by
Hiroshi Takahashi
Based on
Ring
by Koji Suzuki 		Screenplay by
George Lida
Based on
Spiral
by Koji Suzuki 		Story by Koji Suzuku Screenplay by
Hiroshi Takahashi
Based on
Lemon Heart from Birthday
by Koji Suzuki 		Screenplay by
Koji Suzuku

Tsutomu Takahashi
Based on
S
by Koji Suzuki

Screenplay by
Daisuke Hosaka

Noriaki Sugihara Based on
S
by Koji Suzuki

Screenplay by
Noriaki Sugihara

Based on
Tide
by Koji Suzuki

Screenplay by
Yuya Takahashi
Composer Kenji Kawai La Finca Kenji Kawai Shinichiro Ogata Kenji Kawai  
Cinematographer Junichiro Hayashi Makoto Watanabe Hideo Yamamoto Takahide Shibanushi Nobushige Fujimoto  
Editor(s) Nobuyuki Takahashi Hirohibe Abe Nobuyuki Takahashi Hiroshi Sunaga  
Production companies Ring/Spiral Production Committee Asmik Ace Entertainment Ring 0 Production Group Production Kadokawa Shoten Tohokushinsha Film Kadokawa  
Distributor Toho Kadokawa Shoten Kadokawa  
Release date January 31, 1998 January 23, 1999 January 22, 2000 May 12, 2012 August 30, 2013 March 24, 2019 October 28, 2022
Running time 95 minutes 98 minutes 95 minutes 99 minutes 96 minutes 96 minutes 99 minutes TBD

American cast and crew

Cast

Key
  • A Y indicates the actor portrayed the role of a younger version of the character.
  • A V indicates the actor or actress lent only his or her voice for his or her film character.
  • A P indicates the actor or actress portrayed their film character as possessed by another.
  • An A indicates an appearance through archival footage.
  • A C indicates a cameo appearance.
  • A dark gray cell indicates the character was not in the film.
Characters Main films Short film
The Ring The Ring Two Rings Rings
2002 2005 2017 2005
Samara Morgan Daveigh Chase Daveigh ChaseA Kelly Stables
David DorfmanP Bonnie Morgan
Kelly Stables Kelly Stables Zoe PessinV
Matilda LutzP
Caitlin MavromatesY
Anna Morgan Shannon Cochran Shannon CochranA
Rachel Keller Naomi Watts   Naomi WattsM
Aidan Keller David Dorfman  
Noah Clay Martin Henderson  
Richard Morgan Brian Cox  
Ruth Embry Lindsay Frost  
Katherine "Katie" Embry Amber Tamblyn  
Rebecca "Becca" Kotler Rachael Bella  
Evelyn Borden (née Osorio)   Sissy Spacek
Mary Elizabeth WinsteadY 		Kayli Carter  
Jake Pierce   Ryan Merriman   Ryan Merriman
Emily   Emily VanCamp   Emily VanCamp
Eddie   Justin AllenVC   Justin Allen
Max Rourke   Simon Baker  
Dr. Emma Temple   Elizabeth Perkins  
Galen Burke   Vincent D'Onofrio  
Julia   Matilda Lutz  
Holt Anthony   Alex Roe  
Gabriel Brown   Johnny Galecki  
Skye Johnston   Aimee Teegarden  
Carter   Zach Roerig  
Faith   Laura Slade Wiggins  
Kelly   Lizzie Brocheré  
Vanessa   Alexandra Breckenridge
Timothy "Tim" Rivers   Josh Wise

Crew

Crew/Detail Main films Short film
The Ring The Ring Two Rings Rings
2002 2005 2017 2005
Director Gore Verbinski Hideo Nakata F. Javier Gutiérrez Jonathan Liebesman
Producer(s) Walter F. Parkes
Laurie MacDonald 		Jeanette Volturno
Arnon Manor
Writer(s) Screenplay by
Ehren Kruger
Based on
Ring
by Koji Suzuki 		Ehren Kruger Screenplay by
David Loucka
Jacob Aaron Estes
Akiva Goldsman
Story by
David Loucka
Jacob Aaron Estes
Based on
Spiral
by Koji Suzuki 		Screenplay by
Ehren Kruger
Story by
Jonathan Liebesman
Composer Hans Zimmer Henning Lohner
Martin Tillman 		Matthew Margeson Hans Zimmer
Director of photography Bojan Bazelli Gabriel Beristain Sharone Meir Lukas Ettlin
Editor(s) Craig Wood Michael N. Knue Jeremiah O'Driscoll
Steve Mirkovich 		Sheila Moreland
Production companies BenderSpink
Parkes/MacDonald Productions 		Parkes/MacDonald + Imagenatation
Vertigo Entertainment 		BenderSpink
Parkes/MacDonald Productions
Distributor DreamWorks Pictures Paramount Pictures DreamWorks Pictures
Release date October 18, 2002 March 18, 2005 February 3, 2017 March 8, 2005
Running time 115 minutes 110 minutes 102 minutes 17 minutes

Reception

The original 1991 novel Ring sold 500,000 copies by January 1998, and 1.5 million copies by July 2000.[1]

Box office performance

Japanese films
Film Release date Box office gross Budget
Japan South Korea Other territories
Ring January 31, 1998 ¥1,700,000,000[24] ₩341,970,000[25][26] $6,261,738[a] $1.5 million[1]
Rasen (Spiral) January 31, 1998 ¥1,700,000,000[24] ₩25,482,000[33][34] — ?
Ring 2 January 23, 1999 ¥3,570,000,000[24] ₩771,180,000[33][34] $117,493[35][29][30]
Ring 0: Birthday January 22, 2000 ¥1,600,000,000[36] ₩40,642,000[33][37] —
Sadako 3D May 12, 2012 ¥1,350,000,000[38] ₩1,128,635,032[33] $3,486,438[b]
Sadako 3D 2 August 30, 2013 ¥688,494,993[41] ₩92,668,200[33] $1,375,682[42]
Sadako vs. Kayako June 18, 2016 ¥1,000,000,000[43] ₩202,716,000[33] $704,922[44]
Sadako May 24, 2019 ¥164,000,000[45] — —
Regional total ¥11,772,494,993 ($142,079,440) ₩2,603,293,232 ($2,367,292) $11,946,273 $1.5 million+
Worldwide total $156,495,481
American films
Film Release date Box office gross Budget Ref.
North America Other territories Worldwide
The Ring October 18, 2002 $129,128,133 $120,220,800 $249,348,933 $48 million [46]
The Ring Two March 18, 2005 $76,231,249 $87,764,700 $163,995,949 $50 million [47]
Rings February 3, 2017 $27,793,018 $55,287,872 $83,080,890 $25 million [48]
Total $233,152,400 $263,273,372 $496,425,772 $123 million [49]
South Korean film
Film Release date Box office gross (South Korea) Budget
The Ring Virus June 12, 1999 ₩1,994,124,000[33][26] ($1,689,326)[30] ?
Total
Japanese films American films South Korean film Box office total
$156,495,481 $496,425,772 $1,689,326 $654,610,579

Critical and audience response

Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore[50]
Ring 97% (38 reviews)[51] — —
Ring 2 0% (13 reviews)[52] — —
The Ring 71% (206 reviews)[53] 57 (36 reviews)[54] B−
The Ring Two 20% (189 reviews)[55] 44 (37 reviews)[56] C+
Sadako vs. Kayako 48% (21 reviews)[57] — —
Rings 8% (115 reviews)[58] 25 (23 reviews)[59] C−
Sadako 22% (23 reviews)[60] — —

In his review of Sadako (2019), the film critic and psychoanalyst Pieter-Jan Van Haecke remarked that while Sadako does not work as a horror film, the atmospheric tension that marks the films turn the film into an enjoyable experience.

Unofficial films

In 2015, Hikiko-san vs Sadako (or simply Hikiko vs Sadako), directed by Nagaoka Hisaaki was released. While the DVD cover features a character resembling Sadako emerging from a well, the character in the film is named Sadako Takamura.[61]

In 2016 and 2017, Bunshinsaba vs. Sadako and Bunshinsaba vs Sadako 2, both directed by River Huang, a crossover with the Bunshinsaba film series, were released. A third film, Bunshinsaba vs Sadako 3, was originally scheduled for release in 2020, but was delayed and its release date is unknown.

The Return of Sadako,[c] released in 2018, was the first stand-alone Chinese Ring film to be made following the crossover film Bunshinaba vs. Sadako in 2016; produced by Scarecrow Pictures, the film's killers are renamed as sisters Sadako and Kawako, who flee to China alongside their father after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, before turning against one another for the love of a Japanese boy; years later a projector is discovered in their house with their souls imprinted upon it. Though the film was marketed as an unofficial sequel to Sadako 3D 2, it is in-fact a remake.

Notes

  1. ^ Ring (1998) overseas box office:
    • Chile and United Kingdom – $59,001[27]
    • France – €506,160[28][29] ($452,737)[30]
    • Hong Kong – HK$31.2 million (US$4.03 million)[31]
    • Taiwan – NT$50.83 million[32] (US$1.72 million)
  2. ^ Sadako 3D (2012) overseas box office:
    • Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan – US$2,263,295[39]
    • Russia, Thailand – $1,223,143[40]
  3. ^ 贞子归来

References

  1. ^ a b c "The "Ring" Master: Interview With Hideo Nakata". Offscreen. July 21, 2000. Archived from the original on February 10, 2001. Retrieved February 10, 2001.
  2. ^ Smith, Adam (n.d.), 'Review of Ring', Empire Online.
  3. ^ Balmain, Colette (2008), Introduction to Japanese Horror film (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).
  4. ^ Martin, Daniel (2009), 'Japan’s Blair Witch: Restraint, Maturity, and Generic Canons in the British Critical Reception of Ring', Cinema Journal 48, Number 3, Spring: 35-51.
  5. ^ "1999年（1月～12月）" (in Japanese). Motion Picture Publishers of Japan. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  6. ^ "小芝風花×川村壱馬×黒羽麻璃央「貞子DX」主題歌は「三代目J Soul Brothers」 本予告＆ポスター披露". Eiga.com (in Japanese). Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  7. ^ "貞子ウイルスが変異…『貞子DX』本予告が公開 主題歌は三代目J Soul Brothers". Yahoo! News Japan (in Japanese). July 12, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  8. ^ Gingold, Michael (August 2, 2022). "Fantasia '22 Review: "Sadako DX" Finds the Right Spirit to Reboot the Franchise". Rue Morgue. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  9. ^ バースデイ (in Japanese). ASIN 4048531611.
  10. ^ Kalat 2007, p. 56.
  11. ^ "リング 上巻" (in Japanese). Kadokawa Shoten. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  12. ^ "リング 下巻" (in Japanese). Kadokawa Shoten. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  13. ^ "Ring Volume 1 TPB". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  14. ^ "リング 2" (in Japanese). Kadokawa Shoten. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  15. ^ "Ring Volume 2 TPB". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  16. ^ "らせん" (in Japanese). Kadokawa Shoten. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  17. ^ "Ring Volume 3: Spiral TPB". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  18. ^ "バースデイ" (in Japanese). Kadokawa Shoten. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  19. ^ "Ring Volume 4; Birthday TPB". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  20. ^ "リング0" (in Japanese). Kadokawa Shoten. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  21. ^ "Ring Volume 0 TPB". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  22. ^ Loveridge, Lynzee (May 23, 2019). "Sadako Becomes YouTube Celebrity in Sadako-san to Sadako-chan Manga". Anime News Network. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  23. ^ "New Film 'The Grudge' Takes Place at Same Time as the 2004 Version [Exclusive]". September 20, 2019.
  24. ^ a b c "邦画興行収入ランキング". SF MOVIE DataBank. General Works. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  25. ^ "영화정보". KOFIC. Korean Film Council. Retrieved February 1, 2019. The Ring
  26. ^ a b Park, Seung Hyun (2000). "Average Ticket Prices in Korea, 1974–1997". A Cultural Interpretation of Korean Cinema, 1988–1997. Indiana University. p. 119. 1997 [...] Foreign [...] 6,000
  27. ^ "Ringu". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  28. ^ "Ring (1998)". JP's Box Office. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  29. ^ a b "Dissemination of European cinema in the European Union and the international market" (PDF). Jacques Delors Institute. UniFrance. November 2014. p. 28. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  30. ^ a b c "Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average)". World Bank. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  31. ^ Ma, Kevin. "Doraemon sets box office record in Hong Kong". Film Business Asia. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  32. ^ "破鬼后貞子17年紀錄 《你的名字》稱霸台北日片票房 – 自由娛樂". Liberty Times. November 4, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g "영화정보". KOFIC. Korean Film Council. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  34. ^ a b "Korean Film Newsletter #7". KoreanFilm.org. August 7, 2000. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  35. ^ "Ring 2 (1999)". JP's Box-Office. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  36. ^ "2000年（平成12年）興収10億円以上番組" (PDF). Eiren (in Japanese). Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  37. ^ "Screen Industry Snapshot Korea". Austrade. Government of Australia. September 26, 2017. p. 49. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  38. ^ "2012". Eiren. Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  39. ^ "Sadako 3D (2012) - International". The Numbers. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  40. ^ "Sadako 3D (2012)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  41. ^ "Japanese Box Office, September 28–29". Anime News Network. October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
  42. ^ "Sadako 2 3D". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  43. ^ "2016". Eiren. Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  44. ^ "Sadako vs. Kayako". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  45. ^ Komatsu, Mikikazu (May 28, 2019). "Japan Box Office: Aircraft Carrier Ibuki Debuts at 2nd with Modest 246 Million Yen". Crunchyroll. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  46. ^ "The Ring". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  47. ^ "The Ring Two". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  48. ^ "Rings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  49. ^ "The Ring series". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  50. ^ "CinemaScore". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on April 13, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  51. ^ "Ringu (Ring) (1998)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  52. ^ "Ringu 2 (Ring 2) (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  53. ^ "The Ring". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
  54. ^ "The Ring". Metacritic. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
  55. ^ "The Ring Two". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  56. ^ "The Ring Two Reviews, Ratings, Credits". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  57. ^ "Sadako Vs Kayako (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  58. ^ "Rings (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  59. ^ "Rings reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  60. ^ "Sadako (2019)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  61. ^ ひきこさん VS 貞子 [Hikiko-san VS Sadako] (DVD) (in Japanese). Interfilm. そして今回登場するのは、"御加美千鶴子""長瀬郁子"そして"高村貞子"。
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