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Horsecar

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This article is about equine-powered railcars. For the type of stock car used to transport racehorses, see Stock car (rail) § Specialized applications.
The first horsecar in Manchester, New Hampshire, dating from 1877, and on display about 1908.

A horsecar, horse-drawn tram, horse-drawn streetcar (U.S.), or horse-drawn railway (historical), is an animal-powered (usually horse) tram or streetcar.

Summary

The horse-drawn tram (horsecar) was an early form of public rail transport, which developed out of industrial haulage routes that had long been in existence, and from the omnibus routes that first ran on public streets in the 1820s[citation needed], using the newly improved iron or steel rail or 'tramway'. They were local versions of the stagecoach lines and picked up and dropped off passengers on a regular route, without the need to be pre-hired. Horsecars on tramlines were an improvement over the omnibus, because the low rolling resistance of metal wheels on iron or steel rails (usually grooved from 1852 on) allowed the animals to haul a greater load for a given effort than the omnibus, and gave a smoother ride. The horse-drawn streetcar combined the low cost, flexibility, and safety of animal power with the efficiency, smoothness, and all-weather capability of a rail track. Animal power at the time was seen as safer than steam power in that early locomotives frequently suffered from boiler explosions. Rails were seen as all-weather because streets of the time might be poorly paved, or not paved at all, allowing wagon wheels to sink in mud during rain or snow.

History

The Swansea and Mumbles Railway ran the world's first passenger tram service in 1807
London Tramways two-horse tram, about 1890.

Canada

In 1861, Toronto Street Railway horsecars replaced horse-drawn omnibuses as a public transit mode in Toronto. Electric streetcars later replaced the horsecars between 1892 and 1894. The Toronto Street Railway created Toronto's unique broad gauge of 4 ft 10+7⁄8 in (1,495 mm). The streets were unpaved, and a step rail was employed. The horsecars had flanged wheels and ran on the upper level of the step. Ordinary wagons and carriages ran on the broad lower step inside. This necessitated a wider gauge. This broad Toronto gauge is still used today by the Toronto streetcar system and three lines of the Toronto subway.[1] The Metropolitan Street Railway operated a horsecar line in then-suburban North Toronto from 1885 until the line was electrified in 1890; this horsecar line also used Toronto gauge.[2]

India

Main article: Trams in India

The first horse-drawn trams in India ran a 2.4-mile (3.9 km) distance between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street on 24 February 1873. The service was discontinued on 20 November of that year.[3] The Calcutta Tramway Company was formed and registered in London on 22 December 1880. Metre-gauge horse-drawn tram tracks were laid from Sealdah to Armenian Ghat via Bowbazar Street, Dalhousie Square and Strand Road. The route was inaugurated by Viceroy Ripon on 1 November 1880.[3] In 1882, steam locomotives were deployed experimentally to haul tram cars. By the end of the 19th century the company owned 166 tram cars, 1000 horses, seven steam locomotives and 19 miles of tram tracks.[3] In 1900, electrification of the tramway and reconstruction of its tracks to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge) began.[3] In 1902, the first electric tramcar in India ran from Esplanade to Kidderpore on 27 March and on 14 June from Esplanade to Kalighat.

The Bombay Tramway Company was set up in 1873. After a contract was signed between the Bombay Tramway Company, the municipality and the Stearns and Kitteredge company, the Bombay Presidency enacted the Bombay Tramways Act, 1874 licensing the company to run a horsecar tram service in the city.[4] On 9 May 1874 the first horse-drawn carriage made its début in the city, plying the Colaba–Pydhone via Crawford Market, and Bori Bunder to Pydhonie via Kalbadevi routes. The initial fare was three annas (15 paise pre-decimalisation), and no tickets were issued. As the service became increasingly popular, the fare was reduced to two annas (10 pre-decimalisation paise). Later that year, tickets were issued to curb increasing ticket-less travel.[5] Stearns and Kitteredge reportedly had a stable of 1,360 horses over the lifetime of the service.[6]

United Kingdom

London horse tram in the London Transport museum

The first tram services in the world were started by the Swansea and Mumbles Railway in Wales, using specially designed carriages on an existing tramline built for horse-drawn freight dandies. Fare-paying passengers were carried on a line between Oystermouth, Mumbles and Swansea Docks from 1807. The Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad (1809) carried passengers although its main purpose was freight.

In spite of its early start, it took many years for horse-drawn streetcars to become widely acceptable across Britain; the American George Francis Train first introduced them to Birkenhead Corporation Tramways' predecessor in Birkenhead in 1860 but was jailed for "breaking and injuring" the highway when he next tried to lay the first tram tracks on the roads of London. An 1870 Act of Parliament overcame these legal obstacles by defining responsibilities and for the next three decades many local tramway companies were founded, using horse-drawn carriages, until replaced by cable, steam or electric traction. Many companies adopted a design of a partly enclosed double-decker carriage hauled by two horses. The last horse-drawn tram was retired from London in 1915. Horses continued to be used for light shunting well into the 20th century. The last horse used for shunting on British Railways was retired on 21 February 1967 in Newmarket, Suffolk.

United States

In the United States the very first streetcar appeared in New Orleans in 1832, operated by the Pontchartrain Railroad Company, followed by those in 1832 on the New York and Harlem Railroad in New York City.[7] The latter cars were designed by John Stephenson of New Rochelle, New York, and constructed at his company in New York City. The earliest streetcars used horses and sometimes mules, usually two as a team, to haul the cars. Rarely, other animals were tried, including humans in emergency circumstances. By the mid-1880s, there were 415 street railway companies in the US operating over 6,000 miles (9,700 km) of track and carrying 188 million passengers per year using horsecars. By 1890 New Yorkers took 297 horsecar rides per capita per year. The average street car horse had a life expectancy of about two years.[8]

Elsewhere

The first horse-drawn rail cars on the Continental Europe were operated from 1828 by the České Budějovice - Linz railway. Europe saw a proliferation of horsecar use for new tram services from the mid-1860s, with many towns building new networks.

Tropical plantations (for products such as henequen and bananas) made extensive use of animal-powered trams for both passengers and freight, often employing the Decauville narrow-gauge portable track system. In some cases these systems were very extensive and evolved into interurban tram networks (as in the Yucatan, which sported over 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) of such lines). Surviving examples may be found in both the Yucatan[9] and Brazil.[10]

Decline

Problems with horsecars included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure,[8] which the streetcar company was charged with storing and then disposing. Since a typical horse pulled a streetcar for about a dozen miles (19 km) a day and worked for four or five hours, many systems needed ten or more horses in stable for each horsecar.

Horsecars were largely replaced by electric-powered streetcars following the invention by Frank J. Sprague of an overhead trolley system on streetcars for collecting electricity from overhead wires. His spring-loaded trolley pole used a wheel to travel along the wire. In late 1887 and early 1888, using his trolley system, Sprague installed the first successful large electric street railway system in Richmond, Virginia. Long a transportation obstacle, the hills of Richmond included grades of over 10%, and were an excellent proving ground for acceptance of the new technology in other cities. Within a year, the economy of electric power had replaced more costly horsecars in many cities. By 1889, 110 electric railways incorporating Sprague's equipment had been begun or planned on several continents.

Many large metropolitan lines lasted well into the early twentieth century. New York City had a regular horsecar service on the Bleecker Street Line until its closure in 1917.[11] Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, had its Sarah Street line drawn by horses until 1923. The last regular mule-drawn cars in the US ran in Sulphur Rock, Arkansas, until 1926 and were commemorated by a U.S. postage stamp issued in 1983.[12] Toronto's horse-drawn streetcar operations ended in 1891.[13] In other countries animal-powered tram services often continued well into the 20th century; the last mule tram service in Mexico City ended in 1932, and a mule tram in Celaya, Mexico, survived until 1954.[14]

Operational horsecars

A few original horsecar lines have survived or have been revived as tourist attractions, and in recent years several replica horsecar lines have been built. Below is a list of locations around the world with operational horsecars that are open to the public.

Location Image Coordinates Address Country Track gauge Year originally built Notes
Ardenwood Historic Farm 37°33′42″N 122°02′32″W / 37.561714°N 122.042165°W / 37.561714; -122.042165 (Ardenwood Historic Farm) Fremont, California United States US 3 ft (914 mm) 1988 Diesel locomotives also pull passengers on this line and steam locomotives are used during special events.[15]
Döbeln Tramway 51°07′10″N 13°07′11″E / 51.119467°N 13.119690°E / 51.119467; 13.119690 (Döbeln Tramway) Döbeln, Saxony Germany Germany 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge 1892 [16]
Douglas Bay Horse Tramway 54°10′03″N 4°27′39″W / 54.167378°N 4.460777°W / 54.167378; -4.460777 (Douglas Bay Horse Tramway) Douglas, Middle Isle of Man Isle of Man 3 ft (914 mm) 1876 [17]
Ghora Tram 31°27′01″N 73°33′50″E / 31.450257°N 73.563902°E / 31.450257; 73.563902 (Ghora Tram) Ghangha Pur, Punjab Pakistan Pakistan 2 ft (610 mm) 1898 [18]
Historical Village of Hokkaido [jp] 43°02′39″N 141°29′58″E / 43.044230°N 141.499428°E / 43.044230; 141.499428 (Historical Village of Hokkaido) Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan Japan 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) 1983 [19]
Horse-Drawn Streetcars (Disneyland Park (Paris)) Horse-Drawn Streetcars 48°52′17″N 2°46′45″E / 48.871276°N 2.779073°E / 48.871276; 2.779073 (Horse-Drawn Streetcars (Disneyland Park (Paris))) Marne-la-Vallée, Île-de-France France France 3 ft (914 mm) 1992 Located in Disneyland Paris.[20]
Koiwai Farm [jp] 39°45′14″N 141°01′13″E / 39.753788°N 141.020163°E / 39.753788; 141.020163 (Koiwai Farm) Shizukuishi, Iwate Japan Japan 3 ft (914 mm) 1904 [21]
Main Street Vehicles (Disneyland) 33°48′38″N 117°55′10″W / 33.810506°N 117.919564°W / 33.810506; -117.919564 (Main Street Vehicles (Disneyland)) Anaheim, California United States US 3 ft (914 mm) 1955 Located in the Disneyland Resort.[22]
Main Street Vehicles (Magic Kingdom) 28°25′02″N 81°34′54″W / 28.417105°N 81.581644°W / 28.417105; -81.581644 (Main Street Vehicles (Magic Kingdom)) Bay Lake, Florida United States US 3 ft (914 mm) 1971 Located in Walt Disney World.[23]
Pferdeeisenbahn (Kerschbaum) [de] 48°35′06″N 14°28′13″E / 48.584936°N 14.470366°E / 48.584936; 14.470366 (Pferdeeisenbahn (Kerschbaum)) Rainbach im Mühlkreis, Upper Austria Austria Austria 1,106 mm (3 ft 7+1⁄2 in) 1828 Reconstructed portion of the Budweis-Linz-Gmunden Horse Railway, the first railway line in Continental Europe to carry passengers.[24]
Spiekerooger Inselbahn [de] 53°46′10″N 7°41′21″E / 53.769413°N 7.689123°E / 53.769413; 7.689123 (Spiekerooger Inselbahn) Spiekeroog, Lower Saxony Germany Germany 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge 1885 [25]
Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram 35°33′22″S 138°37′27″E / 35.556095°S 138.624294°E / -35.556095; 138.624294 (Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram) Victor Harbor, South Australia Australia Australia 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) 1864 [26]

See also

References

  1. ^ Filey, Mike (1986). Not a One Horse Town. North York, Ontario: Firefly Books. p. unpaged. ISBN 0-9691501-1-3.
  2. ^ Robert M. Stamp (1989). Riding the Radials, Toronto's Suburban Electric Streetcar Lines. The Boston Mills Press. ISBN 1-55046-008-0. Retrieved 2016-04-16. Chapter 1 - The Spinal Cord of Yonge Street
  3. ^ a b c d [1] Archived 2013-09-27 at the Wayback Machine CTC website. Accessed 16 August 2013.
  4. ^ "Growth of Mumbai & its Municipal Corporation". Quarterly journal of the Local Self Government Institute (Mumbai). 1976. p. 13.
  5. ^ David, M. D. (1995). Mumbai, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India. Himalaya Publishing House. pp. 199–200.
  6. ^ Aklekar, Rajendra B (2014). Halt station India : the dramatic tale of the nation's first rail lines. Rupa & Co. p. 193. ISBN 9788129134974. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  7. ^ Middleton, William D. (1967). The Time of the Trolley, pp. 13 and 424. Milwaukee: Kalmbach Publishing. ISBN 0-89024-013-2.
  8. ^ a b Eric Morris (Spring 2007). "From Horse Power to Horsepower" (PDF). Access. No. 30. Berkeley, CA: University of California Transportation Center. pp. 2–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-24. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  9. ^ Allen Morrison. "The Tramways of Yucatán - Part 4". Retrieved 2008-12-23.
  10. ^ "E.F.S. - The Decauville Section". Retrieved 2008-12-23.
  11. ^ "New York Loses its Last Horse Car" New York Times; Friday, July 29, 1917. Page 12 (Cable Car Lines in New York and New Jersey)
  12. ^ "Sulphur Rock Street Car; Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture". Retrieved 2008-12-23.
  13. ^ Mike Filey (1996). From Horse Power to Horsepower: Toronto: 1890-1930. Dundurn Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781554881734.
  14. ^ Allen Morrison. "The Indomitable Tramways of Celaya". Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  15. ^ "Ardenwood Historic Farm – official website". East Bay Regional Park District. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  16. ^ "Döbeln Tramway – official website (in German)". Traditionsverein "Döbelner Pferdebahn e.V.". Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  17. ^ "Douglas Bay Horse Tramway – official website". Isle of Man Heritage Railways. Archived from the original on December 13, 2003. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  18. ^ "Ghora Tram: Historic Horse Tram Returns to Gangapur!". Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  19. ^ "Historical Village of Hokkaido – official website (in Japanese)". Historical Village of Hokkaido Foundation. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  20. ^ "Horse-Drawn Streetcars (Disneyland Park (Paris)) – official website". Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  21. ^ "Koiwai Farm – official website". Koiwai Farm Ltd. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  22. ^ "Main Street Vehicles (Disneyland) – official website". Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  23. ^ "Main Street Vehicles (Magic Kingdom) – official website". Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  24. ^ "Pferdeeisenbahn (Kerschbaum) – official website (in German)". Verein Freunde der Pferdeeisenbahn. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  25. ^ "Spiekeroog (in German)". Inselbahn.de. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  26. ^ "Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram – official website". Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
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