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Clockwise from top left: ruby-cheeked sunbird, collared sunbird, Loten's sunbird, little spiderhunter, fire-tailed sunbird, and malachite sunbird

Nectariniidae is a family of passerine birds in the superfamily Passeroidea, comprising the sunbirds and spiderhunters.[1] Members of Nectariniidae are also known as nectariniids.[2] Their range extends from the Afrotropics north to the Levant and southern Arabian Peninsula, and east through South and Southeast Asia up to New Guinea and northern Australia.[3] They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, from arid savannah to tropical rainforests, and can be found from sea level to an altitude of 4,900 m (16,100 ft). Sunbirds are generally small birds with long, thin, down-curved bills and brightly coloured, iridescent plumages.[2] They display marked sexual dimorphism, and males are much more visually striking than females, who are usually dull green, brown, or grey. The spiderhunters (Arachnothera) are larger than other sunbirds and show less sexual dimorphism.[3]

The primary threat facing sunbirds is habitat loss and degradation caused by deforestation due to agriculture.[2] Most species of sunbird are considered to be of Least Concern by the IUCN, although three species, the Amani sunbird, Loveridge's sunbird, and the elegant sunbird, are Endangered, and several others are considered Near Threatened or Vulnerable.

The exact delineation of sunbird species is somewhat contested and varies from authority to authority: the International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognizes 146 species of sunbirds in 16 genera,[1] while other authorities recognise 143–147 species.[4][5] The largest genera are Cinnyris and Aethopyga, with 53 and 23 species, respectively.[1] Recent phylogenetic studies indicate that several widespread species such as the olive-backed and black sunbirds may represent complexes of multiple cryptic species.[6] Several undescribed species of sunbird may also exist in Sierra Leone and Djibouti.[3]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (3 species)
 VU Vulnerable (4 species)
 NT Near threatened (7 species)
 LC Least concern (116 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (16 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the sunbird's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[1] Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[a] or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognizes 146 species of sunbirds in 16 genera;[1] other authorities recognise 143–147 species.[4][5] This list does not include hybrid species, extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU.

Nectariniids

Genus Chalcoparia – Cabanis, 1851 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Ruby-cheeked sunbird

sunbird with orange breast, yellow belly, black wings, and metallic green back

C. singalensis
(Gmelin, J. F., 1789)

Eleven subspecies
  • C. s. singalensis
  • C. s. assamensis
  • C. s. bantenensis
  • C. s. borneana
  • C. s. internota
  • C. s. interposita
  • C. s. koratensis
  • C. s. pallida
  • C. s. panopsia
  • C. s. phoenicotis
  • C. s. sumatrana
South Asia, Indochina, Java, and Borneo[7]  LC 


Unknown Population steady[8]

Genus Deleornis – Wolters, 1977 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Fraser's sunbird

D. fraseri
(Jardine & Selby, 1843)

Three subspecies
  • D. f. idius
  • D. f. cameroonensis
  • D. f. fraseri
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[9]

Grey-headed sunbird

sunbird with grey head and green body

D. axillaris
(Reichenow, 1893) 		Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[10]

Genus Anthreptes – Swainson, 1832 – fifteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Plain-backed sunbird

A. reichenowi
Gunning, 1909

Two subspecies
  • A. r. yokanae
  • A. r. reichenowi
Disjunctly in coastal East Africa and western Southern Africa  NT 


Unknown Population declining[11]

Anchieta's sunbird

A. anchietae
(Barboza du Bocage, 1878) 		Angola east to Tanzania and Mozambique  LC 


Unknown Population steady[12]

Plain sunbird

A. simplex
(Müller, S., 1843) 		Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra  LC 


Unknown Population declining[13]

Brown-throated sunbird

A. malacensis
(Scopoli, 1786)

Sixteen subspecies
  • A. m. malacensis
  • A. m. anambae
  • A. m. erixanthus
  • A. m. bornensis
  • A. m. mjobergi
  • A. m. paraguae
  • A. m. heliolusius
  • A. m. wiglesworthi
  • A. m. iris
  • A. m. chlorigaster
  • A. m. cagayanensis
  • A. m. heliocalus
  • A. m. celebensis
  • A. m. extremus
  • A. m. convergens
  • A. m. rubrigena
Southeast Asia  LC 


Unknown Population steady[14]

Grey-throated sunbird

A. griseigularis
Tweeddale, 1878

Two subspecies
  • A. g. birgitae
  • A. g. griseigularis
Philippines  LC 


Unknown Population steady[15]

Red-throated sunbird

A. rhodolaemus
Shelley, 1878 		Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra  NT 


Unknown Population declining[16]

Mangrove sunbird[b]

A. gabonicus
(Hartlaub, 1861) 		West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[17]

Western violet-backed sunbird

A. longuemarei
(Lesson, R. P., 1831)

Three subspecies
  • A. l. longuemarei
  • A. l. angolensis
  • A. l. nyassae
Sub-Saharan Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[18]

Eastern violet-backed sunbird

A. orientalis
Hartlaub, 1880 		Horn of Africa south to Tanzania  LC 


Unknown Population steady[19]

Uluguru violet-backed sunbird


A. neglectus
Neumann, 1922 		East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[20]

Violet-tailed sunbird

A. aurantius
Verreaux, J. & Verreaux, É., 1851 		Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[21]

Little green sunbird

A. seimundi
(Ogilvie-Grant, 1908)

Three subspecies
  • A. s. kruensis
  • A. s. seimundi
  • A. s. minor
West Africa, Central Africa, and western East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[22]

Yellow-chinned sunbird[c]

A. rectirostris[d]
(Shaw, 1812) 		West Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[23]

Grey-chinned sunbird[e]

A. tephrolaemus[d]
(Jardine & Fraser, 1852) 		Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[24]

Banded green sunbird[f]


A. rubritorques
Reichenow, 1905 		Tanzania  VU 


1500–7000 Population steady[25]

Genus Hedydipna – Cabanis, 1851 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Collared sunbird

H. collaris
(Vieillot, 1819)

Nine subspecies
  • H. c. subcollaris
  • H. c. hypodila
  • H. c. somereni
  • H. c. djamdjamensis
  • H. c. garguensis
  • H. c. elachior
  • H. c. zambesiana
  • H. c. zuluensis
  • H. c. collaris
Sub-Saharan Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[26]

Pygmy sunbird

H. platura
(Vieillot, 1819) 		West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[27]

Nile Valley sunbird

H. metallica
(Lichtenstein, M. H. C., 1823) 		Egypt south to Sudan and northern Horn of Africa, southwestern Arabian peninsula  LC 


Unknown Population steady[28]

Amani sunbird


H. pallidigaster
Sclater, W. L. & Moreau, 1935 		Tanzania and southeastern Kenya  EN 


1500–7000 Population declining[29]

Genus Anabathmis – Reichenow, 1905 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Reichenbach's sunbird

A. reichenbachii
(Hartlaub, 1857) 		Extreme southern West Africa east to Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[30]

Príncipe sunbird

A. hartlaubii
(Hartlaub, 1857) 		Príncipe
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[31]

Newton's sunbird

A. newtonii
(Barboza du Bocage, 1889) 		São Tomé Island
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[32]

Genus Dreptes – Reichenow, 1914 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Giant sunbird[g]

D. thomensis
Barboza du Bocage, 1889 		São Tomé Island
Map of range 		 VU 


250–999 Population declining[33]

Genus Anthobaphes – Cabanis, 1851 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Orange-breasted sunbird

A. violacea
(Linnaeus, 1766) 		Southwestern South Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[34]

Genus Cyanomitra – Reichenbach, 1853 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Green-headed sunbird

C. verticalis
(Latham, 1780)

Four subspecies
  • C. v. verticalis
  • C. v. bohndorffi
  • C. v. cyanocephala
  • C. v. viridisplendens
West, Central, and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[35]

Bannerman's sunbird


C. bannermani
Grant, C. H. B. & Mackworth-Praed, 1943 		Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[36]

Blue-throated brown sunbird

C. cyanolaema
Jardine & Fraser, 1851

Three subspecies
  • C. c. magnirostrata
  • C. c. cyanolaema
  • C. c. octaviae
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[37]

Cameroon sunbird

C. oritis
(Reichenow, 1892)

Three subspecies
  • C. o. poensis
  • C. o. oritis
  • C. o. bansoensis
Western Cameroon, southeastern Nigeria, and Bioko  LC 


Unknown Population declining[38]

Blue-headed sunbird

C. alinae
(Jackson, F. J., 1904)

Five subspecies
  • C. a. derooi
  • C. a. kaboboensis
  • C. a. alinae
  • C. a. tanganjicae
  • C. a. marungensis
Eastern Rift Mountains  LC 


Unknown Population declining[39]

Olive sunbird

C. olivacea
(Smith, A., 1840)

Eleven subspecies
  • C. o. guineensis
  • C. o. cephaelis
  • C. o. obscura
  • C. o. ragazzii
  • C. o. changamwensis
  • C. o. neglecta
  • C. o. granti
  • C. o. alfredi
  • C. o. sclateri
  • C. o. olivacina
  • C. o. olivacea
Sub-Saharan Africa south of the Sahel  LC 


Unknown Population steady[40]

Grey sunbird[h]

C. veroxii
(Smith, A., 1832)

Three subspecies
  • C. v. fischeri
  • C. v. zanzibarica
  • C. v. veroxii
Coasts of East and Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[41]

Genus Chalcomitra – Reichenbach, 1853 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Buff-throated sunbird

C. adelberti
(Gervais, 1834)

Two subspecies
  • C. a. adelberti
  • C. a. eboensis
West Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[42]

Carmelite sunbird

C. fuliginosa
(Bechstein, 1811)

Two subspecies
  • C. f. aurea
  • C. f. fuliginosa
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[43]

Green-throated sunbird

C. rubescens
(Vieillot, 1819)

Three subspecies
  • C. r. crossensis
  • C. r. stangerii
  • C. r. rubescens
Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[44]

Amethyst sunbird

C. amethystina
(Shaw, 1812)

Four subspecies
  • C. a. kalckreuthi
  • C. a. kirkii
  • C. a. deminuta
  • C. a. amethystina
Central, East, and Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[45]

Scarlet-chested sunbird

C. senegalensis
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Six subspecies
  • C. s. senegalensis
  • C. s. acik
  • C. s. proteus
  • C. s. lamperti
  • C. s. saturatior
  • C. s. gutturalis
Sub-Saharan Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[46]

Hunter's sunbird

C. hunteri
(Shelley, 1889) 		Horn of Africa and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[47]

Socotra sunbird

A. balfouri
(Sclater, P. L. & Hartlaub, 1881) 		Socotra  LC 


Unknown Population declining[48]

Genus Leptocoma – Cabanis, 1851 – six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Purple-rumped sunbird

L. zeylonica
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • L. z. flaviventris
  • L. z. zeylonica
Indian subcontinent  LC 


Unknown Population steady[49]

Crimson-backed sunbird

L. minima
(Sykes, 1832) 		Southwestern India  LC 


Unknown Population steady[50]

Purple-throated sunbird

L. sperata[i]
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Four subspecies
  • L. s. henkei
  • L. s. sperata
  • L. s. trochilus
  • L. s. juliae
Philippines  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Van Hasselt's sunbird

L. brasiliana
(Gmelin, J. F., 1788)

Five subspecies
  • L. b. brasiliana
  • L. b. emmae
  • L. b. mecynorhyncha
  • L. b. eumecis
  • L. b. axantha
Eastern Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia  LC 


Unknown Population steady[51]

Black sunbird

L. aspasia
(Lesson, R. P. and Garnot, 1828)

Twenty-one subspecies
  • L. a. talautensis
  • L. a. sangirensis
  • L. a. grayi
  • L. a. porphyrolaema
  • L. a. auriceps
  • L. a. auricapilla
  • L. a. aspasioides
  • L. a. proserpina
  • L. a. chlorolaema
  • L. a. mariae
  • L. a. cochrani
  • L. a. aspasia
  • L. a. maforensis
  • L. a. nigriscapularis
  • L. a. mysorensis
  • L. a. veronica
  • L. a. cornelia
  • L. a. christianae
  • L. a. caeruleogula
  • L. a. corinna
  • L. a. eichhorni
Eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea  LC 


Unknown Population steady[52]

Copper-throated sunbird

L. calcostetha
Jardine, 1842 		Southeast Asia  LC 


Unknown Population steady[53]

Genus Nectarinia – Illiger, 1811 – six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Bocage's sunbird

N. bocagii
Shelley, 1879 		Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola  LC 


Unknown Population steady[54]

Purple-breasted sunbird

N. purpureiventris
(Reichenow, 1893) 		Albertine Rift Mountains  LC 


Unknown Population declining[55]

Tacazze sunbird

N. tacazze
(Stanley, 1814)

Two subspecies
  • N. t. tacazze
  • N. t. jacksoni
Horn of Africa and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[56]

Bronzy sunbird[j]

N. kilimensis
Shelley, 1885

Three subspecies
  • N. k. kilimensis
  • N. t. arturi
  • N. t. gadowi
Central and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[57]

Malachite sunbird

N. famosa
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • N. f. cupreonitens
  • N. f. famosa
East Africa and Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[58]

Scarlet-tufted sunbird[k]

N. johnstoni
Shelley, 1885

Four subspecies
  • N. j. johnstoni
  • N. j. dartmouthi
  • N. j. nyikensis
  • N. j. reichenowi
East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[59]

Genus Drepanorhynchus – Fischer, G. A. & Reichenow, 1884 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Golden-winged sunbird

D. reichenowi
Fischer, G. A., 1884

Three subspecies
  • D. r. shellyae
  • D. r. lathburyi
  • D. r. reichenowi
East Africa
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[60]

Genus Cinnyris – Cuvier, 1816 – fifty-three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Olive-bellied sunbird

C. chloropygius
Jardine, 1842

Three subspecies
  • C. c. kempi
  • C. c. chloropygius
  • C. c. orphogaster
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[61]

Tiny sunbird

C. minullus
Reichenow, 1899 		West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[62]

Eastern miombo sunbird

C. manoensis
Reichenow, 1907

Two subspecies
  • C. m. manoensis
  • C. m. amicorum
East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[63]

Western miombo sunbird


C. gertrudis
Wolters, 1926 		Central and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[64]

Southern double-collared sunbird

C. chalybeus
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • C. c. subalaris
  • C. c. chalybeus
Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[65]

Neergaard's sunbird

C. neergaardi
Grant, C. H. B., 1908 		Southern Africa  NT 


3300–6700 Population declining[66]

Rwenzori double-collared sunbird[l]

C. stuhlmanni
Reichenow, 1893

Four subspecies
  • C. s. stuhlmanni
  • C. s. graueri
  • C. s. chapini
  • C. s. schubotzi
Eastern Rift Mountains  LC 


Unknown Population steady[67]

Whyte's double-collared sunbird


C. whytei[m]
Benson, 1948

Two subspecies
  • C. w. whytei
  • C. w. skye
East Africa  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Prigogine's double-collared sunbird


C. prigoginei
MacDonald, 1958 		Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo  NT 


Unknown Population declining[68]

Ludwig's double-collared sunbird

C. ludovicensis[m]
Barboza du Bocage, 1868 		Angola  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Northern double-collared sunbird

C. reichenowi
Sharpe, 1891

Two subspecies
  • C. r. preussi
  • C. r. reichenowi
Western Central Africa and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[69]

Greater double-collared sunbird

C. afer
(Linnaeus, 1766) 		Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[70]

Regal sunbird

C. regius
Reichenow, 1893

Two subspecies
  • C. r. regius
  • C. r. anderseni
Albertine Rift Valley  LC 


Unknown Population declining[71]

Rockefeller's sunbird


C. rockefelleri
Chapin, 1932 		Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo  VU 


1100–11900 Population declining[72]

Eastern double-collared sunbird

C. mediocris
Shelley, 1885 		Kenya and Tanzania  LC 


Unknown Population steady[73]

Usambara double-collared sunbird


C. usambaricus
Grote, 1922 		Southeast Kenya and northeast Tanzania  NT 


Unknown Population steady[74]

Forest double-collared sunbird

C. fuelleborni
Reichenow, 1899

Two subspecies
  • C. f. fuelleborni
  • C. f. bensoni
East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[75]

Moreau's sunbird


C. moreaui
Sclater, W. L., 1933 		Central Tanzania  NT 


Unknown Population declining[76]

Loveridge's sunbird

C. loveridgei
Hartert, E. J. O., 1922 		Eastern central Tanzania  EN 


14000–24700 Population declining[77]

Beautiful sunbird

C. pulchellus[n]
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • C. p. pulchellus
  • C. p. melanogastrus
West, Central, and East Africa  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Marico sunbird[o]

C. mariquensis
Smith, A., 1836

Three subspecies
  • C. m. osiris
  • C. m. suahelicus
  • C. m. mariquensis
East and Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[78]

Shelley's sunbird

C. shelleyi[p]
Alexander, 1899 		East Africa  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Hofmann's sunbird


C. hofmanni[p]
Reichenow, 1915 		Eastern Tanzania  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Congo sunbird


C. congensis
(van Oort, 1910) 		Congo Basin  LC 


Unknown Population declining[79]

Red-chested sunbird

C. erythrocercus
(Hartlaub, 1857) 		Exterme southern Sudan to central Tanzania  LC 


Unknown Population steady[80]

Black-bellied sunbird

C. nectarinioides
Richmond, 1897

Two subspecies
  • C. n. erlangeri
  • C. n. nectarinioides
East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[81]

Purple-banded sunbird

C. bifasciatus
(Shaw, 1812)

Two subspecies
  • C. b. bifasciatus
  • C. b. microrhynchus
East, Central, and Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[82]

Tsavo sunbird

C. tsavoensis
van Someren, 1922 		Kenya and northeastern Tanzania  LC 


Unknown Population steady[83]

Violet-breasted sunbird


C. chalcomelas
Reichenow, 1905 		Somalia and Kenya  LC 


Unknown Population steady[84]

Pemba sunbird

C. pembae
Reichenow, 1905 		Pemba Island
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[85]

Orange-tufted sunbird

C. bouvieri
Shelley, 1877 		Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[86]

Palestine sunbird

C. osea
Bonaparte, 1856

Two subspecies
  • C. o. osea
  • C. o. decorsei
Arabian Peninsula and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[87]

Arabian sunbird

C. hellmayri[q]
Neumann, 1904

Two subspecies
  • C. h. kinneari
  • C. h. hellmayri
Arabian Peninsula  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Shining sunbird

C. habessinicus[q]
(Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828)

Three subspecies
  • C. h. habessinicus
  • C. h. alter
  • C. h. turkanae
East Africa  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Splendid sunbird

C. coccinigastrus
(Latham, 1801) 		West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[88]

Johanna's sunbird

C. johannae
Verreaux, J. & Verreaux, É., 1828

Two subspecies
  • C. h. fasciatus
  • C. h. johannae
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[89]

Superb sunbird

C. superbus
(Shaw, 1812)

Four subspecies
  • C. s. ashantiensis
  • C. s. nigeriae
  • C. s. superbus
  • C. s. buvuma
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[90]

Rufous-winged sunbird


C. rufipennis
(Jensen, 1983) 		Central Tanzania  VU 


2500–9999 Population declining[91]

Oustalet's sunbird

C. oustaleti
(Barboza du Bocage, 1878)

Two subspecies
  • C. o. oustaleti
  • C. o. rhodesiae
Disjunctly, in Angola, and in Tanzania and Zambia  LC 


Unknown Population steady[92]

White-bellied sunbird

C. talatala
Smith, A., 1836 		Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[93]

Variable sunbird

C. venustus
(Shaw, 1799)

Five subspecies
  • C. v. venustus
  • C. v. fazoqlensis
  • C. v. albiventris
  • C. v. falkensteini
  • C. v. igneiventris
West, Central, and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[94]

Dusky sunbird

C. fuscus
Vieillot, 1819

Two subspecies
  • C. f. fuscus
  • C. f. inclusus
Southwestern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[95]

Ursula's sunbird

C. ursulae
(Alexander, 1903) 		Cameroon  LC 


Unknown Population declining[96]

Bates's sunbird

C. batesi
Ogilvie-Grant, 1908 		West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[97]

Copper sunbird

C. cupreus
(Shaw, 1812)

Two subspecies
  • C. c. cupreus
  • C. c. chalceus
West, Central, and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[98]

Purple sunbird

C. asiaticus
(Latham, 1790)

Thre subspecies
  • C. a. brevirostris
  • C. a. asiaticus
  • C. a. intermedius
Eastern Arabian Peninsula east to South Asia and Indochina  LC 


Unknown Population steady[99]

Olive-backed sunbird

C. jugularis[r]
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Twenty-one subspecies
  • C. j. andamanicus
  • C. j. proselius
  • C. j. klossi
  • C. j. rhizophorae
  • C. j. flammaxillaris
  • C. j. ornatus
  • C. j. polyclystus
  • C. j. aurora
  • C. j. obscurior
  • C. j. jugularis
  • C. j. woodi
  • C. j. plateni
  • C. j. infrenatus
  • C. j. robustirostris
  • C. j. teysmanni
  • C. j. frenatus
  • C. j. buruensis
  • C. j. clementiae
  • C. j. keiensis
  • C. j. idenburgi
  • C. j. flavigastra
Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea and northern Australia  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Apricot-breasted sunbird

C. buettikoferi
Hartert, E. J. O., 1896 		Sumba
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[100]

Flame-breasted sunbird

C. solaris
(Temminck, 1825)

Two subspecies
  • C. s. exquisitus
  • C. s. solaris
Lesser Sunda Islands and Wetar  LC 


Unknown Population steady[101]

Souimanga sunbird

C. sovimanga
(Gmelin, J. F., 1788)

Five subspecies
  • C. s. sovimanga
  • C. s. apolis
  • C. s. aldabrensis
  • C. s. abbotti
  • C. s. buchenorum
Madagascar and Seychelles  LC 


Unknown Population steady[102]

Malagasy green sunbird[s]

C. notatus[t]
(Müller, P. L. S., 1776)

Three subspecies
  • C. n. notatus
  • C. n. moebii
  • C. n. voeltzkowi
Madagascar and Comoros  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Seychelles sunbird

C. dussumieri
(Hartlaub, 1861) 		Seychelles  LC 


Unknown Population steady[103]

Humblot's sunbird

C. humbloti
Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885

Two subspecies
  • C. h. humbloti
  • C. h. mohelicus
Grande Comore and Mohéli  LC 


Unknown Population steady[104]

Anjouan sunbird

C. comorensis
Peters, W., 1864 		Anjouan  LC 


Unknown Population steady[105]

Mayotte sunbird

C. coquerellii
(Hartlaub, 1860) 		Mayotte
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[106]

Loten's sunbird

C. lotenius
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • C. l. hindustanicus
  • C. l. lotenius
India and Sri Lanka  LC 


Unknown Population steady[107]

Genus Aethopyga – Cabanis, 1851 – twenty-three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Grey-hooded sunbird

A. primigenia
(Hachisuka, 1941)

Two subspecies
  • A. p. diuatae
  • A. p. primigenia
Mindanao  LC 


20000–49999 Population steady[108]

Apo sunbird

A. boltoni[u]
Mearns, 1905

Three subspecies
  • A. b. malindangensis
  • A. b. boltoni
  • A. b. tibolii
Mindanao  LC 


15000–24999 Population steady[109]

Lina's sunbird

A. linaraborae
Kennedy, R. S., Gonzales & Miranda, 1997 		Mindanao  NT 


Unknown Population steady[110]

Flaming sunbird

A. flagrans
Oustalet, 1876 		Luzon and Catanduanes  LC 


Unknown Population declining[111]

Maroon-naped sunbird

A. guimarasensis
(Steere, 1890)

Two subspecies
  • A. g. guimarasensis
  • A. g. daphoenonota
Negros, Panay, and Guimaras  LC 


Unknown Population declining[112]

Metallic-winged sunbird

A. pulcherrima[v]
Sharpe, 1876 		Central and southern Philippines  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Luzon sunbird

A. jefferyi[v]
(Ogilvie-Grant, 1894) 		Luzon  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Bohol sunbird


A. decorosa[v]
(McGregor, 1907) 		Bohol  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Elegant sunbird

A. duyvenbodei
(Schlegel, 1871) 		Sangihe Islands  EN 


13000–29000 Population declining[113]

Lovely sunbird

A. shelleyi
Sharpe, 1876 		Palawan archipelago  LC 


Unknown Population steady[114]

Handsome sunbird

A. bella
Tweeddale, 1877

Six subspecies
  • A. b. flavipectus
  • A. b. minuta
  • A. b. rubrinota
  • A. b. bella
  • A. b. bonita
  • A. b. arolasi
Philippines  LC 


Unknown Population steady[115]

Mrs. Gould's sunbird

A. gouldiae
(Vigors, 1831)

Four subspecies
  • A. g. gouldiae
  • A. g. isolata
  • A. g. dabryii
  • A. g. annamensis
Indochina, southern China, and Himalayan foothills  LC 


Unknown Population steady[116]

Green-tailed sunbird

A. nipalensis
(Hodgson, 1836)

Nine subspecies
  • A. n. horsfieldi
  • A. n. nipalensis
  • A. n. koelzi
  • A. n. victoriae
  • A. n. karenensis
  • A. n. angkanensis
  • A. n. australis
  • A. n. blanci
  • A. n. ezrai
Indochina, southern China, and Himalayan foothills  LC 


Unknown Population steady[117]

White-flanked sunbird

A. eximia
(Horsfield, 1821) 		Java  LC 


Unknown Population steady[118]

Fork-tailed sunbird

A. christinae[w]
Swinhoe, 1869

Three subspecies
  • A. c. latouchii
  • A. c. sokolovi
  • A. c. christinae
China, Vietnam, and Laos  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Black-throated sunbird

A. saturata
(Hodgson, 1836)

Ten subspecies
  • A. s. saturata
  • A. s. assamensis
  • A. s. galenae
  • A. s. petersi
  • A. s. sanguinipectus
  • A. s. anomala
  • A. s. wrayi
  • A. s. ochra
  • A. s. johnsi
  • A. s. cambodiana
Indochina, southern China, and Himalayan foothills  LC 


Unknown Population steady[119]

Crimson sunbird

A. siparaja
(Raffles, 1822)

Fourteen subspecies
  • A. s. seheriae
  • A. s. labecula
  • A. s. owstoni
  • A. s. tonkinensis
  • A. s. mangini
  • A. s. insularis
  • A. s. cara
  • A. s. trangensis
  • A. s. siparaja
  • A. s. nicobarica
  • A. s. heliogona
  • A. s. natunae
  • A. s. flavostriata
  • A. s. beccarii
South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China  LC 


Unknown Population steady[120]

Magnificent sunbird

A. magnifica
Sharpe, 1876 		Western and Central Visayas  LC 


Unknown Population steady[121]

Vigors's sunbird

A. vigorsii
(Sykes, 1832) 		Western India  LC 


Unknown Population steady[122]

Javan sunbird

A. mystacalis
(Temminck, 1822) 		Java  LC 


Unknown Population declining[123]

Temminck's sunbird

A. temminckii
(Müller, S., 1843) 		Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[124]

Fire-tailed sunbird

A. ignicauda
(Hodgson, 1836)

Two subspecies
  • A. i. ignicauda
  • A. i. flavescens
Himalayas  LC 


Unknown Population steady[125]

Genus Kurochkinegramma – Kashain, 1978 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Purple-naped sunbird

K. hypogrammicum
(Müller, S., 1843)

Five subspecies
  • K. h. lisettae
  • K. h. mariae
  • K. h. nuchale
  • K. h. hypogrammicum
  • K. h. natunense
Indochina, Borneo, and Sumatra  LC 


Unknown Population steady[126]

Genus Arachnothera – Temminck, 1826 – thirteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Little spiderhunter

A. longirostra
(Latham, 1790)

Ten subspecies
  • A. l. longirostra
  • A. l. sordida
  • A. l. pallida
  • A. l. cinereicollis'
  • A. l. zarhina
  • A. l. niasensis
  • A. l. prillwitzi
  • A. l. rothschildi
  • A. l. atita
  • A. l. buettikoferi
South and Southeast Asia  LC 


Unknown Population steady[127]

Orange-tufted spiderhunter

A. flammifera
Tweeddale, 1878

Two subspecies
  • A. f. flammifera
  • A. f. randi
Philippines  LC 


Unknown Population steady[128]

Pale spiderhunter

A. dilutior
Sharpe, 1876 		Palawan  LC 


Unknown Population steady[129]

Thick-billed spiderhunter

A. crassirostris
(Reichenbach, 1853) 		Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[130]

Long-billed spiderhunter

A. robusta
Müller, S. & Schlegel, 1844

Two subspecies
  • A. r. robusta
  • A. r. armata
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[131]

Spectacled spiderhunter

A. flavigaster
(Eyton, 1839) 		Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[132]

Yellow-eared spiderhunter

A. chrysogenys
(Temminck, 1826)

Two subspecies
  • A. c. chrysogenys
  • A. c. harrissoni
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[133]

Naked-faced spiderhunter

A. clarae
Blasius, W., 1890

Four subspecies
  • A. c. luzonensis
  • A. c. philippinensis
  • A. c. clarae
  • A. c. malindangensis
Philippines  LC 


Unknown Population steady[134]

Gray-breasted spiderhunter

A. modesta
(Eyton, 1839)

Three subspecies
  • A. m. caena
  • A. m. modesta
  • A. m. concolor
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[135]

Streaky-breasted spiderhunter

A. affinis
(Horsfield, 1821) 		Java and Bali  LC 


Unknown Population declining[136]

Bornean spiderhunter

A. everetti[x]
(Sharpe, 1893) 		Borneo  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Streaked spiderhunter

A. magna[x]
(Hodgson, 1836)

Five subspecies
  • A. m. magna
  • A. m. aurata
  • A. m. musarum
  • A. m. remota
  • A. m. pagodarum
Eastern Indian subcontinent and Indochina  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Whitehead's spiderhunter

A. juliae
Sharpe, 1887 		Borneo
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[137]

Notes

  1. ^ The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by the HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.[4]
  2. ^ Called mouse-brown sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  3. ^ Called yellow-throated sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  4. ^ a b The yellow-chinned and grey-chinned sunbirds are treated as a single species, the green sunbird, by the Clements Checklist.[5]
  5. ^ Called gray-throated sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  6. ^ Called banded sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  7. ^ Called São Tomé sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  8. ^ Called mouse-colored sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  9. ^ The IUCN splits the purple-throated sunbird sensu lato into two species, the purple-throated sunbird sensu stricto (L. sperata) and the orange-lined sunbird (L. juliae).[4]
  10. ^ Called bronze sunbird by The Clements Checklist and the IUCN.[5]
  11. ^ Called red-tufted sunbird by The Clements Checklist and the IUCN.[5]
  12. ^ Called Stuhlmann's sunbird by The Clements Checklist and the Ruwenzori sunbird by the IUCN.[5]
  13. ^ a b Whyte's double-collared sunbird and Ludwig's double-collared sunbird are treated as a single species, the montane double-collared sunbird, by the IUCN and Clements.[4][5]
  14. ^ The IUCN splits the beautiful sunbird sensu lato into two species, the gorgeous sunbird (C. melanogastrus) and beautiful sunbird sensu stricto (C. pulchellus).[4]
  15. ^ Called Mariqua sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  16. ^ a b Hofmann's sunbird is considered a subspecies of Shelley's sunbird by the IUCN and Clements.[4][5]
  17. ^ a b The Arabian sunbird is treated as a subspecies of the shining sunbird by the Clement's Checklist.[5]
  18. ^ The IUCN splits the olive-backed sunbird sensu lato into two species, Rand's sunbird (C. idenburgi) and olive-backed sunbird sensu stricto (C. jugularis).[4]
  19. ^ Called Malagasy sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  20. ^ The IUCN splits the Malagasy green sunbird into three species, the long-billed sunbird (C. notatus), Grand Comoro sunbird (C. moebii), and Moheli sunbird (C. voeltzkowi).[4]
  21. ^ The Clement's Checklist splits the Apo sunbird sensu lato into two species, Tboli sunbird (A. tibolii) and Apo sunbird sensu stricto (A. malindangensis).[5]
  22. ^ a b c The Bohol and Luzon sunbirds are treated as a subspecies of the metallic-winged sunbird by the IUCN.[4]
  23. ^ The IUCN splits the fork-tailed sunbird sensu lato into two species, the Hainan sunbird (A. christinae) and fork-tailed sunbird sensu stricto (A. latouchii).[4]
  24. ^ a b The Bornean spiderhunter is treated as a subspecies of the streaked spiderhunter by the IUCN.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (July 2023). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (March 4, 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.). "Sunbirds and Spiderhunters (Nectariniidae)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.nectar1.01. S2CID 216264284. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c Cheke, Robert A.; Mann, Clive F. (2010). Sunbirds: A Guide to the Sunbirds, Flowerpeckers, Spiderhunters and Sugarbirds of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-3567-9. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7". HBW and BirdLife International. 2022. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Clements, James F.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, Denis; Billerman, S. M.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. (2022). "The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2022". Clements Checklist. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  6. ^ Ó Marcaigh, Fionn; Kelly, David J; O’Connell, Darren P; Analuddin, Kangkuso; Karya, Adi; McCloughan, Jennifer; Tolan, Ellen; Lawless, Naomi; Marples, Nicola M (May 5, 2023). "Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 198 (1): 72–92. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081. ISSN 0024-4082. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  7. ^ Karuthedathu, Dipu; Das, Vinay; J., Praveen; Ramachandran, Vijay; Shurpali, Sachin; Nair, Manoj V. (January 17, 2014). "Some significant avian records from Odisha" (PDF). Indian Birds. 9 (1): 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
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  9. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Deleornis fraseri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103792577A94541369. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792577A94541369.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  10. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Deleornis axillaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103792599A104232364. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792599A104232364.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  11. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes reichenowi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717602A94541610. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717602A94541610.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  12. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes anchietae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717606A94541876. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717606A94541876.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  13. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes simplex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717611A94542063. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717611A94542063.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  14. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes malacensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103792612A94542270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792612A94542270.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  15. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes griseigularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103792631A104295009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792631A104295009.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  16. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes rhodolaemus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717618A94542527. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717618A94542527.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  17. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Anthreptes gabonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717629A131977277. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717629A131977277.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  18. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes longuemarei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717635A94543374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717635A94543374.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  19. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes orientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717640A94543716. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717640A94543716.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  20. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes neglectus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717645A94543945. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717645A94543945.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  21. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes aurantius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717649A94544121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717649A94544121.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  22. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Anthreptes seimundi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717683A131977855. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717683A131977855.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  23. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Anthreptes rectirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T103792746A210661407. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T103792746A210661407.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  24. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthreptes tephrolaemus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103792796A104295279. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792796A104295279.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  25. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Anthreptes rubritorques". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22717663A118905827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22717663A118905827.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  26. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Hedydipna collaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717668A94545190. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717668A94545190.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  27. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Hedydipna platura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717672A131977543. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717672A131977543.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  28. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Hedydipna metallica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717676A94545911. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717676A94545911.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  29. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Hedydipna pallidigaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22717653A180120536. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717653A180120536.en. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  30. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anabathmis reichenbachii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717705A94547607. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717705A94547607.en. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  31. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Anabathmis hartlaubii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717709A131458593. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717709A131458593.en. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  32. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Anabathmis newtonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717714A131458327. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717714A131458327.en. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  33. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Dreptes thomensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717719A132236453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717719A132236453.en. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  34. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthobaphes violacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717695A94547235. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717695A94547235.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  35. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cyanomitra verticalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717738A94548805. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717738A94548805.en. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  36. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cyanomitra bannermani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717742A94549169. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717742A94549169.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  37. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cyanomitra cyanolaema". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717746A131978715. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717746A131978715.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  38. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cyanomitra oritis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717728A94548457. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717728A94548457.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  39. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cyanomitra alinae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717733A131978531. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717733A131978531.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  40. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cyanomitra olivacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717691A131978137. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717691A131978137.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  41. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cyanomitra verreauxii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717699A94547409. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717699A94547409.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  42. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chalcomitra adelberti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717778A94551393. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717778A94551393.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  43. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Chalcomitra fuliginosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717758A131979010. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717758A131979010.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  44. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chalcomitra rubescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717766A94550517. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717766A94550517.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  45. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chalcomitra amethystina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717762A94550241. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717762A94550241.en. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  46. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Chalcomitra senegalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717770A131979279. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717770A131979279.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  47. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chalcomitra hunteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717774A94551180. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717774A94551180.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  48. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chalcomitra balfouri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717750A94549624. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717750A94549624.en. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  49. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Leptocoma zeylonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717782A94551632. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717782A94551632.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  50. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Leptocoma minima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22717785A94551846. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  51. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Leptocoma brasiliana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103795247A104297009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103795247A104297009.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  52. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Leptocoma aspasia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717791A132114755. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717791A132114755.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  53. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Leptocoma calcostetha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717794A94552451. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717794A94552451.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  54. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Nectarinia bocagii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717966A94560196. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717966A94560196.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  55. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Nectarinia purpureiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717962A94560024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717962A94560024.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  56. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Nectarinia tacazze". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717958A94559801. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717958A94559801.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  57. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Nectarinia kilimensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717970A94560374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717970A94560374.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  58. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Nectarinia famosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717979A132114939. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717979A132114939.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  59. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Nectarinia johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717984A132115208. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717984A132115208.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  60. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Drepanorhynchus reichenowi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717975A131981080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717975A131981080.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  61. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris chloropygius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717919A94557353. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717919A94557353.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  62. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris minullus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717923A131980390. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717923A131980390.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  63. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris manoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103797506A94556226. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103797506A94556226.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  64. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris gertrudis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103797518A104294788. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103797518A104294788.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  65. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris chalybeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717869A131979925. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717869A131979925.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  66. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris neergaardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717903A131980130. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717903A131980130.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  67. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris stuhlmanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103798409A104275812. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103798409A104275812.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  68. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris prigoginei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103798427A104275573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103798427A104275573.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  69. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris reichenowi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717887A94556635. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717887A94556635.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  70. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris afer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103798399A94556884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103798399A94556884.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  71. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris regius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717927A94557969. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717927A94557969.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  72. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris rockefelleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717941A94558639. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717941A94558639.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  73. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris mediocris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103799498A95119695. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103799498A95119695.en. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  74. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris usambaricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103799620A104276065. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103799620A104276065.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  75. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris fuelleborni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22735340A95108399. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22735340A95108399.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  76. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris moreaui". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717936A94558420. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717936A94558420.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  77. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Cinnyris loveridgei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22717931A179267691. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717931A179267691.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  78. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris mariquensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22718003A131882840. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718003A131882840.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  79. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris congensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717998A94561701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717998A94561701.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  80. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris erythrocercus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717994A131981463. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717994A131981463.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  81. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris nectarinioides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718043A94564210. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718043A94564210.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  82. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris bifasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103801419A94562143. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103801419A94562143.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  83. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris tsavoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103801517A104297631. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103801517A104297631.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  84. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris chalcomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718012A94562467. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718012A94562467.en. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  85. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris pembae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718017A94562636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718017A94562636.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  86. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris bouvieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717846A131979675. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717846A131979675.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  87. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris osea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717850A94555242. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717850A94555242.en. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  88. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris coccinigastrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22718027A131981699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718027A131981699.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  89. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris johannae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22718031A131982012. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718031A131982012.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  90. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris superbus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22718035A131982280. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718035A131982280.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  91. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Cinnyris rufipennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22717954A179271612. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717954A179271612.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  92. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris oustaleti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717841A94554825. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717841A94554825.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  93. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris talatala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717836A132441087. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717836A132441087.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  94. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris venustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717826A131882422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717826A131882422.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  95. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717950A94559334. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717950A94559334.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  96. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Cinnyris ursulae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22717831A118496874. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22717831A118496874.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  97. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris batesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717687A94546628. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717687A94546628.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  98. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris cupreus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717945A131980663. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717945A131980663.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  99. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Cinnyris asiaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22717855A155489800. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22717855A155489800.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  100. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris buettikoferi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717801A94552966. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717801A94552966.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  101. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris solaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717805A94553131. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717805A94553131.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  102. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris sovimanga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717808A94553308. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717808A94553308.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  103. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris dussumieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717754A94549803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717754A94549803.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  104. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris humbloti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717813A94553492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717813A94553492.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  105. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris comorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717817A94553660. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717817A94553660.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  106. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris coquerellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717822A94553815. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717822A94553815.en. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  107. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris lotenius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717862A94556053. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  108. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Aethopyga primigenia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22718048A179048340. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22718048A179048340.en. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  109. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Aethopyga boltoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22718059A179061446. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22718059A179061446.en. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  110. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Aethopyga linaraborae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22724518A177948824. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22724518A177948824.en. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  111. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga flagrans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103805010A94564834. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103805010A94564834.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  112. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga guimarasensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103809131A104301389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103809131A104301389.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  113. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga duyvenbodei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718068A94565160. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718068A94565160.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  114. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Aethopyga shelleyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22734230A132035299. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22734230A132035299.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  115. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Aethopyga bella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22732130A132034102. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22732130A132034102.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  116. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga gouldiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718077A94565475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718077A94565475.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  117. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga nipalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718081A94565721. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718081A94565721.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  118. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga eximia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718084A94565956. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718084A94565956.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  119. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga saturata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718090A94566293. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718090A94566293.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  120. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga siparaja". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103804411A94566535. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804411A94566535.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  121. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Aethopyga magnifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T103810377A132044827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103810377A132044827.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  122. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga vigorsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103804493A104300369. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804493A104300369.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  123. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga mystacalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103804351A94566823. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804351A94566823.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  124. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga temminckii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103804369A104300960. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804369A104300960.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  125. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Aethopyga ignicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22718100A131982762. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718100A131982762.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  126. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Kurochkinegramma hypogrammicum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717680A94546136. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717680A94546136.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  127. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera longirostra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103778625A94567188. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103778625A94567188.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  128. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Arachnothera flammifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T103778923A132044412. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103778923A132044412.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  129. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera dilutior". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103778680A104295930. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103778680A104295930.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  130. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera crassirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718106A94567472. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718106A94567472.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  131. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera robusta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718109A94567652. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718109A94567652.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  132. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera flavigaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718112A94567832. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718112A94567832.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  133. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera chrysogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718115A94568017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718115A94568017.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  134. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Arachnothera clarae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22718118A131982953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718118A131982953.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  135. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera modesta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103792501A104296539. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792501A104296539.en. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  136. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera affinis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103792496A94568389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792496A94568389.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  137. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera juliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718131A94569006. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718131A94569006.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
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