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The Moon is made of green cheese

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Wolf seeing an appetizing reflection of the Moon in water. The fable type has a simpleton mistaking this for a round white cheese.

"The Moon is made of green cheese" is a statement referring to a fanciful belief that the Moon is composed of cheese. In its original formulation as a proverb and metaphor for credulity with roots in fable, this refers to the perception of a simpleton who sees a reflection of the Moon in water and mistakes it for a round cheese wheel. It is widespread as a folkloric motif among many of the world's cultures, and the notion has also found its way into children's folklore and modern popular culture.

The phrase "green cheese" in the common version of this proverb (sometimes "cream cheese" is used),[1] may refer to a young, unripe cheese[2][3][4][5] or to cheese with a greenish tint.[6]

There was never an actual historical popular belief that the Moon is made of green cheese (cf. Flat Earth and the myth of the Flat Earth).[A] It was typically used as an example of extreme credulity, a meaning that was clear and commonly understood as early as 1638.[9]

Fable

There exists a family of stories, in comparative mythology in diverse countries that concern a simpleton who sees a reflection of the Moon and mistakes it for a round cheese:

... the Servian tale where the fox leads the wolf to believe the moon reflection in the water is a cheese and the wolf bursts in the attempt to drink up the water to get at the cheese; the Zulu tale of the hyena that drops the bone to go after the moon reflection in the water; the Gascon tale of the peasant watering his ass on a moonlight night. A cloud obscures the moon, and the peasant, thinking the ass has drunk the moon, kills the beast to recover the moon; the Turkish tale of the Khoja Nasru-'d-Din who thinks the moon has fallen into the well and gets a rope and chain with which to pull it out. In his efforts the rope breaks, and he falls back, but seeing the moon in the sky, praises Allah that the moon is safe; the Scottish tale of the wolf fishing with his tail for the moon reflection;

— G. H. McKnight[10]

The Wolf and the Fox story type

This folkloric motif is first recorded in literature during the High Middle Ages by the French rabbi Rashi with a Rabbinic parable in his commentary weaving together three Biblical quotations given in the main text (including one on "sour grapes") into a reconstruction of some of the Talmudic Rabbi Meir's supposed three hundred fox fables ("משלות שועלים", in later works "משלי שועלים"), in the tractate Sanhedrin:[11]

A fox once craftily induced a wolf to go and join the Jews in their Sabbath preparations and share in their festivities. On his appearing in their midst the Jews fell upon him with sticks and beat him. He therefore came back determined to kill the fox. But the latter pleaded: 'It is no fault of mine that you were beaten, but they have a grudge against your father who once helped them in preparing their banquet and then consumed all the choice bits.' 'And was I beaten for the wrong done by my father?' cried the indignant wolf. 'Yes,' replied the fox, 'the fathers have eaten sour grapes and the children's teeth are set on edge. However,' he continued, 'come with me and I will supply you with abundant food. He led him to a well which had a beam across it from either end of which hung a rope with a bucket attached. The fox entered the upper bucket and descended into the well whilst the lower one was drawn up. 'Where are you going?' asked the wolf. The fox, pointing to the cheese-like reflection of the moon, replied: 'Here is plenty of meat and cheese; get into the other bucket and come down at once.' The wolf did so, and as he descended, the fox was drawn up. 'And how am I to get out?' demanded the wolf. 'Ah' said the fox 'the righteous is delivered out of trouble and the wicked cometh in his stead. Is it not written, Just balances, just weights'?

— Rashi[12][13]

Rashi as the first literary reference may reflect the well-known beast fable tradition of French folklore or a more obscure such tradition in Jewish folklore (see also the tradition in Berechiah ha-Nakdan); the near-contemporary Iraqi rabbi Hai Gaon also reconstructed this Rabbi Meir tale, sharing some elements of Rashi's story, but with a lion caught in a trapping pit rather than a wolf in a well – however, Rashi may have actively "adapted contemporary [French] folklore to the [T]almudic passage", as was homiletically practiced in different Jewish communities.[14] Though the tale itself is probably of non-Jewish European origin, Rashi's form and elements are likely closer to the original in oral folklore than the somewhat later variation recorded featuring Reynard. Rashi's version already includes the fox, the wolf, the well and the Moon that are seen in later versions. Petrus Alphonsi, a Spanish Jewish convert to Christianity, popularized this tale in Europe in his collection Disciplina Clericalis.[10]

The wolf is tempted by the Moon's reflection.

The variation featuring Reynard the Fox appeared soon after Petrus Alphonsi in the French classic Le Roman de Renart (as "Renart et Ysengrin dans le puits" in Branch IV); the Moon/cheese element is absent (it is replaced by a promise of Paradise at the bottom of the well), but such a version is alluded to in another part of the collection. This was the first Reynard tale to be adapted into English (as the Middle English "þe Vox and þe Wolf"), preceding Chaucer's "The Nun's Priest's Tale" and the much later work of William Caxton.[10] Later still, the Middle Scots The Fox, the Wolf and the Husbandman does include the Moon/cheese element. La Fontaine includes the story in the French classic compilation Fables ("Le Loup et le Renard" in Book XI). The German tale of The Wolf and the Fox in Grimm replaces the well with a well-stocked cellar, where a newly satiated wolf is trapped and subject to the farmer's revenge, being now too overstuffed to escape through the exit.

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

One of the facets of this morphology is grouped as "The Wolf Dives into the Water for Reflected Cheese" (Type 34) of the Aarne–Thompson classification of folktales, where the Moon's reflection is mistaken for cheese, in the section devoted to tales of The Clever Fox. It can also be grouped as "The Moon in the Well" (Type 1335A), in the section devoted to Stories about a Fool, referring to stories where the simpleton believes the Moon itself is a tangible object in the water.

Proverb

"The Moon is made of green cheese" was one of the most popular proverbs in 16th- and 17th-century English literature,[15] and it was also in use after this time. It likely originated in this formulation in 1546, when The Proverbs of John Heywood claimed "the moon is made of a greene cheese."[B] A common variation at that time was "to make one believe the Moon is made of green cheese" (i.e., to hoax), as seen in John Wilkins'book The Discovery of a World in the Moone.[17]

In French, there is the proverb "Il veut prendre la lune avec les dents" ("He wants to take the moon with his teeth"), alluded to in Rabelais.[18]

The characterization is also common in stories of gothamites, including the Moonrakers of Wiltshire, who were said to have taken advantage of this trope, and the assumption of their own naivete, to hide their smuggling activities from government officials.[citation needed]

Childlore

A 1902 survey of childlore by psychologist G. Stanley Hall in the United States found that though most young children were unsure of the Moon's composition, that it was made of cheese was the single most common explanation:

Careful inquiry and reminiscence concerning the substance of the moon show that eighteen children [of 423], averaging five years, thought it made of cheese. Sometime the mice eat it horseshoe-shaped, or that it could be fed by throwing cheese up so clouds could catch it; or it was green because the man in the moon fed on green grass; its spots were mould; it was really green but looked yellow, because wrapped in yellow cheese cloth; it was cheese mixed with wax or with melted lava, which might be edible; there were many rats, mice and skippers there; it grew big from a starry speck of light by eating cheese.[19]

Before that time, and since, the idea of the Moon actually being made of cheese has appeared as a humorous conceit in much of children's popular culture with astronomical themes (cf. the Man in the Moon), and in adult references to it.

In epistemology

At the Science Writers' conference, theoretical physicist Sean M. Carroll explained why there was no need to "sample the moon to know it's not made of cheese." He said the hypothesis is "absurd", failing against our knowledge of the universe and, "This is not a proof, there is no metaphysical proof, like you can proof a statement in logic or math that the moon is not made of green cheese. But science nevertheless passes judgments on claims based on how well they fit in with the rest of our theoretical understanding."[20][C] Notwithstanding this uncontrovertible argument, the harmonic signature of Moon rock — the seismic velocity at which shockwaves travel — is said to be closer to green cheese than to any rock on Earth.[21]

Dennis Lindley used the myth to help explain the necessity of Cromwell's rule in Bayesian probability: "In other words, if a decision-maker thinks something cannot be true and interprets this to mean it has zero probability, he will never be influenced by any data, which is surely absurd. So leave a little probability for the moon being made of green cheese; it can be as small as 1 in a million, but have it there since otherwise an army of astronauts returning with samples of the said cheese will leave you unmoved."[22]

In the 1989 film A Grand Day Out, the plot hinges on Wallace and Gromit going to the Moon to gather cheese due to a lack of it at home on a bank holiday.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The myth of the flat Earth is the modern misconception that the prevailing cosmological view during the Middle Ages in Europe was that the Earth is flat, instead of spherical.[7][8]
  2. ^ "Ye fetch circumquaques to make me believe, Or thinke, that the moone is made of greene cheese. And when ye have made me a lout in all these, It seemeth ye would make me goe to bed at noone." – John Heywood. Greene may refer here not to the color, as many now think, but to being new or unaged.[16] Cf. green wood.
  3. ^ This hypothetical debate—essentially a straw man proposal or argument — ignores completely the personal observation and collection of 382 kg (842 lb) of Moon rock by Apollo program astronauts. Compare Cromwell's rule.

Citations

  1. ^ Davies, Thomas Lewis Owen (1881). A Supplementary English Glossary. G. Bell and sons. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  2. ^ Woolgar, C. M. (26 April 2016). The Culture of Food in England, 1200-1500. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18236-1. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  3. ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1900). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Giving the Derivation, Source, Or Origin of Common Phrases, Allusions, and Words that Have a Tale to Tell. Cassell, Petter, & Galpin. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  4. ^ Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin Eli (1906). The Century dictionary and cyclopedia: a work of universal reference in all departments of knowledge with a new atlas of the world. The Century Co. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  5. ^ The Oxford Companion to Cheese. Oxford University Press. 25 October 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-933089-8. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  6. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2020. In the saying to believe that the moon is made of green cheese ... it is not clear which sense of green cheese is intended; the likely reference is to the mottled surface of the Moon, which might be likened to any of the senses.
  7. ^ Russell 1991, p. 3.
  8. ^ Russell 1997.
  9. ^ Wilkins, John (1638). New World Book. Vol. 1. You may as soon persuade some Country Peasants that the Moon is made of Green Cheese (as we say) as that 'tis bigger than his Cart-wheel.
  10. ^ a b c McKnight, George Harley (1908). "The Middle English Vox and Wolf". Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. XXIII (3): 497–509. doi:10.2307/456797. JSTOR 456797. S2CID 164130099.
  11. ^ "Sanhedrin 38b" (in Hebrew) (Ryzman ed.). Hebrew Books. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
    "Sanhedrin 39a" (in Hebrew) (Ryzman ed.). Hebrew Books. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  12. ^ "Soncino translation of Sanhedrin" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  13. ^ Works related to Disciplina Clericalis/XVIII. The Plowman with His Oxen and the Wolf and the Fox at Wikisource
  14. ^ Teitelbaum 1999, pp. 260–263.
  15. ^ Apperson & Manser 2003, p. 392.
  16. ^ Adams, Cecil (23 July 1999). "How did the moon = green cheese myth start?". The Straight Dope. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  17. ^ Wilkns, John (2018). The Discovery of a World in the Moone. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 16. ISBN 978-3732658992.
  18. ^ Rabelais, François (1691). Les oeuvres de M. Francois Rabelais Docteur en médecine... Augmentées de la vie de l'auteur et de quelques remarques sur sa vie et sur l'histoire. Avec l'explication de tous les mots difficiles [par Pierre Du Puy]. Et la clef nouvellement augmentée. Tome I. Vol. I. p. 211. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  19. ^ Slaughter, J. W. (1902). "The Moon in Childhood and Folklore". American Journal of Psychology. XIII (2): 294–318. doi:10.2307/1412741. JSTOR 1412741.
  20. ^ Mirsky, Steve (19 October 2011). "Moon Not Made of Cheese, Physicist Explains". Scientific American. Flagstaff, Arizona. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  21. ^ Sanders, Ian (1996–2005). "Is the moon made of green cheese". Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  22. ^ a b Lindley 1991, p. 104.

Bibliography

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