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Online News Act
Parliament of Canada
  • An Act respecting online communications platforms that make news content available to persons in Canada
CitationS.C. 2023, c. 23
Passed byHouse of Commons of Canada
PassedDecember 14, 2022[1]
Passed bySenate of Canada
PassedJune 15, 2023
Assented toJune 22, 2023
Legislative history
First chamber: House of Commons of Canada
Bill titleC-18
Introduced byMinister of Canadian Heritage Pablo Rodriguez
Committee responsibleCanadian Heritage
First readingApril 5, 2022
Second readingMay 31, 2022
Voting summary
  • 207 voted for
  • 116[2] voted against
Considered by the Canadian Heritage CommitteeSeptember 23, 2022 — December 9, 2022
Third readingDecember 14, 2022
Voting summary
  • 213 voted for
  • 114[3] voted against
Committee report[1]
Second chamber: Senate of Canada
Bill titleC-18
Member(s) in chargeLegislative Deputy to the Government Representative in the Senate Raymonde Gagné[4]
Committee responsibleTransport and Communication
First readingFebruary 2, 2023
Second readingApril 18, 2023
Voting summary
  • 61 voted for
  • 14[5] voted against
Considered by the Transport and Communication CommitteeApril 25, 2023 — June 14, 2023
Third readingJune 15, 2023
Voting summary
  • 51 voted for
  • 23[6] voted against
Committee report[2]
Related legislation
Online Streaming Act
Status: In force

The Online News Act (Template:Lang-fr), known commonly as Bill C-18, is a Canadian federal statute. Introduced in the 44th Canadian Parliament, passed by the Senate on June 15, 2023, and receiving royal assent on June 22, 2023, the act will implement a framework under which digital news intermediaries (including search engines and social networking services) that hold an asymmetric position must bargain with online news publishers to compensate them for the act of reproducing or facilitating access to their content via their platforms.

Purpose

The goal of the law is to enhance the sustainability of the Canadian digital news market by "establish[ing] a framework through which digital news intermediary operators and news businesses may enter into agreements respecting news content that is made available by digital news intermediaries."[7] The bill and its provisions will be enforced under regulations that will be regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).[7][8] The exact regulatory policies will be determined by the CRTC, with public consultations to begin in late-2023, the bargaining code to be published in mid-2024, and enforcement to begin by late-2024 or early-2025.[9]

The primary component of Bill C-18 is a provision that allows an eligible news business (acting alone or in a group) to initiate mandatory bargaining with a digital news intermediary—an online communications platform (such as a search engine or social media service, excluding platforms whose primary purpose is to allow users to communicate with each other privately) that reproduces news content in whole or in part, or otherwise facilitates access to it by any means—if it is determined that there is a "significant bargaining power imbalance" between the intermediary's operator and the news business (based on size, strategic advantages, and whether they hold a "prominent market position").[8][10]

News businesses are eligible under the Act if they are either:[8][10]

  • A "qualified Canadian journalism organization" under the Income Tax Act.
  • A licensed community, campus, or Indigenous broadcaster.
  • A publisher that:
    • Is devoted primarily to "news content of public interest" and not a specific topic or industry.
    • Employs at least two journalists in Canada,
    • Is a member of a "recognized journalistic association" or otherwise has a code of journalistic ethics that follows principles of "fairness, independence and rigour in reporting news and handling sources".
  • An Indigenous news outlet that publishes news content of general interest, and issues specific to Indigenous peoples in Canada.

The process involves three steps: bargaining, mediation, and "final offer" arbitration.[11] An intermediary may request an exemption order from the CRTC if it certifies that they have entered into agreements with news businesses that meet requirements for fair compensation and other factors specified by Section 11(1).[11][8]

Reception

Supporters of the bill argue that it would address an imbalance between dominant tech companies and Canadian publishers, by requiring them to provide fair compensation for the dissemination of news content via their platforms. The trade association News Media Canada stated that the bill would "restore fairness and ensure the sustainability of the Canadian news media ecosystem."[12] The logic is that in the absence of the law, intermediaries leverage Canadian-produced news content without compensation due to their dominance, and thus hold an asymmetric bargaining position.[13][14][15]

Writing for the Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts, Ariel Katz—associate professor at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law—argued that the bill enables drastic measures under questionable assumptions, including new rights for news publishers that are absent in the Copyright Act, allowing collective bargaining (effectively media cartels) beyond what is allowed by the Status of the Artist Act, and providing large exemptions from the Competition Act. He argued that shielding media companies from competition, even the largest ones, will "sedate" these public watchdogs.[16]

University of Ottawa professor Michael Geist argued that the Online News Act and Online Streaming Act represented misplaced priorities by the Justin Trudeau government, arguing that it was focusing more on using "big tech" as an "ATM" to fund Canada's media and publishing industries rather than focusing on "problematic conduct" via information privacy and data governance laws.[17] He also criticized the bill for not taking into account the impact of generative artificial intelligence on the news industry (with its definition of an intermediary not being able to cover companies such as OpenAI), and noted that according to Heritage Minister Pablo Rodriguez, the bill would only apply to Google and Meta Platforms—leaving out other Big Tech companies such as Apple Inc. and Microsoft, as well as X (formerly Twitter).[18] Also, the definition of eligible news businesses was expanded, and goes beyond the standards established under the Income Tax Act which govern Qualified Canadian Journalism Organizations. As a result, the bill would require payments to broadcasters that might not produce journalism or original news content. Geist argues "That isn't funding for journalism or journalists. It is creating a subsidy program that only requires a CRTC-issued licence."[19]

Sue Gardner believed that Bill C-18 was a response to a perceived failure of legacy publishers to adapt their business models to the disruption of digital media, that media outlets "vigorously compete to maximize their presences" on Google and Facebook because of the exposure they provided, and acknowledged that in Crooks v. Newton, the Supreme Court established that hyperlinks were an "indispensable" aspect of the Internet and "should be facilitated rather than discouraged." She felt that the law would only provide benefits to legacy companies due to the eligibility requirements, and that it would reduce the accessibility of Canadian journalism if social media platforms chose to block the ability to share links to news in Canada.[10] She also felt that a requirement for intermediaries to not discriminate against or otherwise give news businesses undue or unreasonable preference could be strictly interpreted as prohibiting any sort of algorithmic ranking or targeting of news content by intermediaries.[10]

On August 2, 2023, Pierre Poilievre—leader of the Conservative Party opposition—stated that the bill was an instrument of censorship by the Liberal Party government; it was noted that the Conservatives' platform under previous leader Erin O'Toole had included proposals for a similar scheme.[20]

Reaction

After the bill received royal assent, Google and Meta Platforms (including Facebook and Instagram) announced that in order to relieve their obligations under Bill C-18, they would no longer make news content available to users in Canada via their services.[21] Google's president of global affairs Kent Walker stated that the bill was "unworkable" and "exposes us to uncapped financial liability simply for facilitating access to news from Canadian publications". Due to Bill C-18, Google stated that it would be withdrawing all Canadian publishers from programs such as Google News Showcase (in which Google enters into agreements to pay news outlets to curate highlighted stories featured in widgets on Google News and its mobile apps), whose launch in territories such as Australia came amid the implementation of similar bargaining rules.[22][23][24] Google had initially stated that it was willing to pay its share (two thirds of $150 million in estimated annual revenue from the bill), but that it wanted to contribute to a single fund rather than pay individual publishers.[25]

Meta began to implement its blocks in late-July 2023; it is blocking all links to news content, as well as accounts of news organizations, for Canadian users of Facebook and Instagram, regardless of whether or not they are based in Canada.[21][26] The restrictions had also briefly applied to the accounts of news satire website The Beaverton due to an automated classification based on metadata, but this was resolved after consultations with the site's founder.[27] Concerns were raised that the blockage of news content from social networks could result in the wider accessibility of fake news content.[24]

Rodriguez criticized Meta for its intent to block news in Canada rather than agree to provide compensation (as it eventually did in Australia),[28][21] and stated that their actions were premature because the bill has not yet been formally implemented.[15] He announced that the federal government would suspend its purchasing of advertising on Facebook and Instagram effective immediately, considering it inappropriate to do so "while they refuse to pay their fair share to Canadian news organizations".[15] Other Canadian jurisdictions (including the provinces of British Columbia and Quebec)[29][30] as well as the CBC,[29][31] labour unions Unifor and FTQ,[32] and media companies that supported the bill, also announced that they would pull their advertising from Meta platforms effective immediately.[33][34][35]

On July 26, 2023, Rodriguez was reassigned to Minister of Transport, and Pascale St-Onge was named his successor. Pascale stated that the government would continue to "[stand] our ground", and that "Canadians expect tech giants to pay their fair share".[36]

In August 2023, a complaint was filed under the Competition Act by the CBC, the Canadian Association of Broadcasters (CAB), and News Media Canada. The complaint alleged that Meta was abusing its "already dominant position in advertising and social media distribution" and "substantial control" of the news industry, by blocking content and not allowing good faith negotiations with news businesses, thus denying them fair compensation and impairing their ability to "compete effectively in the news publishing and online advertising market".[37][38] Geist considered the complaint to be "flawed", arguing that Meta did not have "substantial control" over access to news because social media accounted for 17-30% of traffic to news websites according to Senate testimony, Rodriguez had repeatedly mentioned that blocking news content was a potential "business choice" for compliance with the Act, and that the complaint contained contradictory statements alleging that blocking news was "degrading" Meta but "entrenching its dominant market power" at the same time.[38]

Meta's decision had a negative impact on Indigenous communities, with Ku'ku'kwes News, Shubie FM[note 1] and PSAs from the Mohawk Council of Kahnawà:ke being among those that had their content blocked.[39] Other small news outlets, such as New Brunswick's River Valley Sun and CHCO-TV,[40] as well as Nunavut's Nunatsiaq News, had also expressed concern or disapproval towards Meta's actions.[41]

Amid the 2023 Canadian wildfires, Meta received further calls from Rodriguez and St-Onge to lift its preemptive restrictions on news content, arguing that it was hindering the distribution of up-to-date information.[42]

On October 2, 2023, the Computer & Communications Industry Association filed comments in response to the Canadian Heritage regarding proposed regulations for the implementation of the law, and has raised concerns regarding the policy of mandatory bargaining and link taxes and highlighted how the law could violate certain provisions of the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement.[43]

On November 29, 2023, Google said it reached an agreement with the Canadian federal government to comply with Bill C-18, under which it will make annual payments of around $100 million CAD to a collective fund that will be managed by the media sector.[44] Geist argued that this agreement "upends" the original intent of the bill, stating that " the government was ultimately able to strike a deal largely by changing the law, albeit through yet-to-be released regulations. After claiming for months that it would not get involved in negotiations and specifying in considerable detail what any deals between platforms and media companies needed to look like, the government dropped all of that and simply negotiated the best deal it could get on behalf of Canadian news outlets."[44]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Both Ku'ku'kwes News and Shubie FM are based in the Sipekneꞌkatik First Nation in Nova Scotia

References

Citations

  1. ^ Online News Act, S.C. 2023, c. 23
  2. ^ "Vote Detail – 112 – Members of Parliament". House of Commons of Canada. May 31, 2022. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  3. ^ "Vote Detail – 244 – Members of Parliament". House of Commons of Canada. December 14, 2022. Archived from the original on August 1, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  4. ^ "Debates, Issue 96 (February 2, 2023)". Senate of Canada. February 2, 2023. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  5. ^ "Debates, Issue 112 (April 18, 2023)". Senate of Canada. April 18, 2023. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  6. ^ "Debates, Issue 135 (June 15, 2023)". Senate of Canada. June 15, 2023. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Katz 2023, p. 345.
  8. ^ a b c d "Government Bill (House of Commons) C-18 (44-1) – Royal Assent". parl.ca. Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  9. ^ Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) (August 24, 2023). "Building a bargaining framework for the Online News Act". crtc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d Gardner, Sue (October 12, 2022). "Sue Gardner: Bill C-18 is Bad for Journalism and Bad for Canada". Max Bell School of Public Policy. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  11. ^ a b Katz 2023, pp. 345–346.
  12. ^ Coletta, Amanda; De Vynck, Gerrit (June 22, 2023). "Meta says it will block news from Facebook, Instagram in Canada". Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  13. ^ Katz 2023, p. 346.
  14. ^ Pahwa, Nitish (June 29, 2023). "Why Canada's Attempt to Save Journalism May End Up Crushing It Instead". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Archived from the original on July 1, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
  15. ^ a b c Mundie, Jessica (June 22, 2023). "Canadians will no longer have access to news content on Facebook and Instagram, Meta says". CBC News. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  16. ^ Katz 2023, p. 366.
  17. ^ Geist, Michael (June 23, 2023). "Made-in-Canada Internet Takes Shape with Risks of Blocked Streaming Services and News Sharing as Bill C-18 Receives Royal Assent". Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  18. ^ Geist, Michael (June 20, 2023). "As Government Moves to Cut Off Bill C-18 Debate, the Reality is Artificial Intelligence Renders Bill Already Out of Date". Archived from the original on August 15, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  19. ^ Geist, Michael (February 25, 2023). "Why Justin Trudeau is Wrong About Bill C-18 and Google's Response to Mandated Payments for Links". michaelgeist.ca. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  20. ^ Djuric, Mickey (August 2, 2023). "Conservatives ran on similar media policy as Liberals, but now claim it's censorship". CTV News. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
  21. ^ a b c "'Disaster': warning for democracy as experts condemn Meta over Canada news ban". The Guardian. August 4, 2023. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
  22. ^ Meese, James (February 18, 2021). "Why Google is now funnelling millions into media outlets, as Facebook pulls news for Australia". The Conversation. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  23. ^ "An update on Canada's Bill C-18 and our Search and News products". Google. June 29, 2023. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  24. ^ a b Lindeman, Tracey (August 4, 2023). "'Disaster': warning for democracy as experts condemn Meta over Canada news ban". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  25. ^ Geist, Michael (November 29, 2023). "Salvaging Bill C-18: Government Upends Legislation To Bring Google Onside the Online News Act - Michael Geist". Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  26. ^ "Meta Begins Blocking News in Canada". The New York Times. August 2, 2023. Archived from the original on August 15, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  27. ^ Mickey Djuric (August 10, 2023). "No joke: Satirical websites get caught up in Meta's quest to block news in Canada". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  28. ^ Al Mallees, Nojoud; Deschamps, Tara (July 5, 2023). "Ottawa will stop advertising on Facebook, Instagram amid news blocking row". Global News. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on July 15, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  29. ^ a b "Media companies pull back from Facebook, Instagram as Meta plans to block Canadian news from services". The Globe and Mail. The Canadian Press. July 5, 2023. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  30. ^ Holliday, Ian (July 13, 2023). "B.C. pulling ads from Facebook and Instagram over Meta's Bill C-18 response". CTV News. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  31. ^ "CBC/Radio-Canada pausing advertising on Facebook and Instagram". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Press release). July 5, 2023. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  32. ^ "La FTQ annonce la suspension de ses achats de publicité chez Meta". L'actualité (in Canadian French). La Presse Canadienne. August 4, 2023. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
  33. ^ Saint-Arnaud, Pierre (July 17, 2023). "Quebec companies start to redirect advertising dollars from web giants to news media". CTV News Montreal. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  34. ^ Baxter, David (July 17, 2023). "Corus joins growing Canadian boycott of Meta over news blocking". Global News. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  35. ^ Orozco, Santiago Arias (July 6, 2023). "Toronto Star's parent company immediately suspends advertising on Facebook and Instagram". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  36. ^ Woolf, Marie (July 27, 2023). "New Heritage Minister says she will stand ground against Facebook, Google on news bill". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  37. ^ Shakil, Ismail; Kachwala, Zaheer (August 9, 2023). "Canadian publishers seek antitrust probe of Meta blocking news". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  38. ^ a b Geist, Michael (August 8, 2023). "Media Publishers File Flawed Competition Act Application Over Meta Blocking News Links Due to Bill C-18". Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  39. ^ Baker III, Oscar (August 11, 2023). "Meta's removal of Canadian news impacting Indigenous media and communities". CBC News. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  40. ^ Rana, Arfa (August 3, 2023). "Loss of Facebook for sharing stories a blow to small N.B. news outlets, communities". CBC News. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  41. ^ Murray, Nick (August 11, 2023). "Meta's Canadian news ban 'an assault on local journalism,' says Nunavut newspaper publisher". CBC News. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  42. ^ Rosenzweig-Ziff, Dan; Nix, Naomi (August 19, 2023). "As wildfires spread, Canadian leaders ask Meta to reverse its news ban". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  43. ^ "CCIA Files Comments with Canadian Heritage on Proposed Regulations for Online News Act". Computer & Communications Industry Association. October 3, 2023. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
  44. ^ a b Thibeault, Daniel; Cochrane, David; Major, Darren (November 29, 2023). "Federal government reaches deal with Google on Online News Act". CBC News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.

Sources

Further reading

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