Sirayaic languages
The Proto-Siraya language (PS) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Sirayaic languages, one of the sub-branches under the Austronesian languages. Both Blust (1999) and Li (2010) considers Proto-Siraya belongs to East Formosan languages, along with Kavalanic and Amis languages[1][2].
Proto-Siraya includes at least three languages: Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao. Li claimed Proto-Siraya might have split from the other East Formosan languages around 3,500 years ago, and began to develop nowadays Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao 3,000 years ago[2].
Classification
Raleigh Farrell (1971) believes there were at least five indigenous peoples in the south-western plain of Taiwan at that time[3]:
- Siraya
- Tevorang-Taivuan
- Takaraian (now classified as Makatao)
- Pangsoia-Dolatok (now classified as Makatao)
- Longkiau (now classified as Makatao)
Based on the latest corpora, Li (2010) attempted two classification trees[2] for Sirayaic languages:
1. Tree based on the number of phonological innovations
2. Tree based on the relative chronology of sound changes
Reconstruction
Adelaar published his reconstruction of Proto-Siraya phonology in 2014[4]:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unvoiced stop | p | t | k | |||||||
| Voiced stop | b | d | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| Unvoiced spirants | s | h | ||||||||
| Voiced spirants | v | ð | ɣ | |||||||
| Lateral | r, ł | |||||||||
| Semivowels | w | y | ||||||||
| Height | Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |||||
| Mid | ə | ||||||
| Open | a |
Sound changes
Based on the comparison of the available corpora, Adelaar (2014) proposed a summary of sound correspondences between Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Siraya[4], comapared with Siraya or Taivoan in the 17th century, accompanied with the other three East Formosan languages, Basay, Kavalan, and Amis, proposed by Li (2004)[5]:
| Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Siraya | Siraya (UM) | Siraya or Taivoan (Gospel) | Basay | Kavalan | Amis |
| *p | *p | p | p | p | p | p |
| *t, *C | *t | t | t | t | t | t |
| *c | -- | |||||
| *k | *k | k | k | k, h /_a | k, q | k |
| *q | Ø | Ø | Ø | Q | ||
| *b | *b | b/v | b/v | b | b | f |
| *d | *ð | s/d, -s-, -s | d/r, -r-, -r/d | |||
| *-D | -- | r, l | z | d | ||
| *z | *d | d | d | r, l | z | d |
| *j | *n | n | n | n | n | n |
| *g | -- | |||||
| *m | *m | m | m | m | m | m |
| *n | *n | n | n | n | n | n |
| *ñ | ?*n | n | n | n | n | d |
| *ŋ | *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
| *h | Ø | Ø | Ø | h, ? | ||
| *S | *s | Ø, -s- | Ø, -h- | s | s | s |
| *s | *s | s/h-, -s/h/x-, -x | s/h-, -s/h/x-, -Ø | c | s | c |
| *R | *x | x | h/Ø-, -h/Ø-, -x | r, l | r, l, R | l |
| *l | *r | r | r | c | r, l, R | l |
| *r | -- | |||||
| *N | *ł | l | l | n | n | d |
| *w | *w, *u | w | w | w | w | v |
| *y | *y | y | y | y | y | y |
| *a | *a | a | a | a | a, i / *q | a |
| *ə | *ə | Ø | Ø | |||
| *i | *i | i, -i/e | i, -i/e | i | i | i |
| *u | *u | u | u/aw-, -u-, -u/aw | u | u | u |
Comparison chart
Below is a chart comparing list of numbers of 1-10 in Sirayaic languages, including different dialects of Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao language, spoken from Tainan to Pingtung in southwestern Taiwan, and from Hualian to Taitung in eastern Taiwan[6]:
| Austronesian List of Numbers 1-10 | Dialects | Autonym | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Austronesian | *əsa
*isa |
*duSa | *təlu | *Səpat | *lima | *ənəm | *pitu | *walu | *Siwa | *(sa-)puluq | |||
| Proto-Siraya | *saat | *ðusa | *turu | *səpat | *rǐma | *nəm | *pitu | *kuixpa | *ma-tuda | *saat ki tian | |||
| 17th century | Siraya | Utrecht[note 1] | -- | saat | sa-soa | tu-turo | pa-xpat | ri-rima | ni-nam | pi-pito | kuxipat | matuda | keteang |
| Siraya (arguably) | Gospel[note 2] | -- | saat | ruha | turu | xpat | rima | nom | pitu | kuixpa | matuda | kitian | |
| 20th century | Siraya | Kongana[note 3] | Siraiya | sasaat | duha | turu | tapat | tu-rima | tu-num | pitu | pipa | kuda | keteng |
| Siraya (arguably) | Moatao[note 4] | Siraiya | isa | rusa | tao | usipat | hima | lomu | pitu | vao | siva | masu | |
| Taivoan | Suannsamna[note 5] | -- | sa'a | zua | to'o | sipat
gaspa |
urima | urumu | upitu | uwaru | hsiya | -- | |
| Taivoan | Siaolin[note 6] | Taibowan | tsaha
saka |
ruha
luha |
tohu | paha'
limta |
hima | lom
lanlan |
kito | kipa | matuha
matsuha |
kaipien
kaitian | |
| Taivoan | Dazhuang[note 7] | Taivoan
Taiburan |
tsatsa'a | raruha | tato'o | tapat | tarima | tanum | tyausen | rapako | ravasen | kaiten | |
| Makatao | Laopi[note 8] | Makatao | saka | bailung | kutung | lumta | rima | langalan | kimseng | kalasin | kabaitya | kaiten | |
| Makatao | Kanapo[note 9] | -- | na-saad | ra-ruha | ra-ruma | ra-sipat | ra-lima | ra-hurum | ra-pito | ra-haru | ra-siwa | ra-kaitian | |
| Makatao | Bankim[note 10] | -- | saat | laluha | taturu | hapat | lalima | anum | papitu | -- | tuda | saatitin | |
Notes
- ^ Attested in the Utrecht Manuscripts written in the 17th century.
- ^ Attested in the Gospel of St. Matthew in the 17th century, which Li (2010) regards as Taivoan language along with Moatao dialect, rather than Siraya.
- ^ Attested and recorded in Kongana (崗仔林), a Siraya community in nowadays Zuojhen, Tainan.
- ^ Investigated and recorded by Ino. Kanori in Moatao (麻豆), a Siraya community located in nowadays Madou, Tainan.
- ^ Investigated by Ino, Kanori in Suannsamna (山杉林), a Sia-urie-Taivoan community located in nowadays Shanlin, Kaohsiung.
- ^ Including vocabulary attested in Siaolin (小林) and Alikuan (阿里關), as the Taivoan people emigrated from Alikuan to Siaolin only in the late 19th century and have had very close relationship with each other. Both of the communities belong to Tevorangh-Taivoan.
- ^ Attested in Dazhuang (大庄), a community in Hualian, founded by mainly Taivoan people immigrated from Siaolin and Laulong, and also by some Makatao people and very few Siraya people in the 19th century.
- ^ Investigated in Marun or Laopi (老埤) in the early 20th century, a Makatao community located in nowadays Neipu, Pingtung.
- ^ Investigated and recorded in Kanapo (加蚋埔) in the early 20th century, a Makatao community located in nowadays Gaoshu, Pingtung.
- ^ Investigated in Bankim (萬金), a Makatao community located in nowadays Wanluan, Pingtung, in the late 19th century by Steere.
References
- ^ Blust, Robert (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". Asian Perspectives. 26: 46067.
- ^ a b c Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2010). 珍惜台灣南島語言. Taipei: 前衛出版. ISBN 978-957-801-635-4.
- ^ Ferrell, Raleigh (1971). "Aboriginal peoples of the Southwestern Taiwan plains". Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology. 32: 217–235.
- ^ a b Adelaar, Alexander (2014). Proto Siraya Phonology: A Reconstruction. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale.
- ^ Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2004). Origins of the East Formosans: Basay, Kavalan, Amis, and Siraya. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
- ^ Tsuchida, Shigeru; Yamada, Yukihiro; Moriguchi, Ysunekazu (1991). Linguistic materials of the Formosan sinicized populations I: Siraya and Basai. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo, Department of Linguistics.