Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal
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The Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal is an initiative, proposed by Morocco in 2006 as a possible solution to the Western Sahara conflict. In 2006 the Moroccan Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS) proposed a plan for the autonomy of Western Sahara and made visits to a number of countries to explain the proposal. The Spanish approach to regional autonomy has been named as a possible model for Western Saharan autonomy, mentioning specifically the cases of the Canary Islands, the Basque Country, Andalusia or Catalonia. The plan was presented to the UN Security Council in April 2007,[1] and has received the backing of the USA and France.[2] This initiative constitutes the main ground for the Moroccan proposal at Manhasset negotiations.
The proposal was following the two failed proposals of Baker Plan, which insisted on independence referendum to Western Sahara after five years of autonomy - the plan was rejected by Morocco. A proposal was also published by Polisario to the UN on 10 April 2007, a day before the Moroccan proposal. The UN Security unanimously voted the Resolution 1754 on 30 April 2007 calling for talks of both parties, appreciating the proposal of Morocco and taking note of Polisario's proposal. Based on the proposal, there were four UN sponsored peace talks between delegation of Polisario and Morocco 18–19 June 2007, 10–11 August 2007 and 7–9 January 2008, all of which were held in New York City.
Background
The portions of Western Sahara was a Spanish Colony till 1975 as the last colonial province in Africa.[3] A war erupted between those countries and the Sahrawi national liberation movement, the Polisario Front, which proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) with a government in exile in Tindouf, Algeria. Mauritania withdrew in 1979, and Morocco eventually secured control of most of the territory, including all the major cities and natural resources.[4] Polisario was formed in 1973 to fight for the rights of Sahawari Arab African People. Polisario attacked Moroccan positions many times and have retaliated. Continued war was waged between Polisario and Morocco over prominence in the region backed by Algeria for Polisario and US, France and Saudi Arabia for Morocco.[5]
Interim wars
Morocco started building a massive wall to reduce the attacks and military activity. During November to December 1987, a United Nations peace mission arrived to assess the military and political impact of the wall. They sought a face-to-face meeting with Polisario and Morocco to arrive at a ceasefire and initiate proceedings for a referendum. They had different meetings with Morocco, Algeria and Polisario and proposed a resolution which was passed unopposed. During the time, Algeria, which had been a long-time ally of Polisario, held secret meetings with Morocco at the foreign ministry level. By May 1988, both countries announced that diplomatic relations between the countries would be restored. During July 1988, Moroccan King Hassan expressed his support for a referendum, but declined to name Western Sahara an independent state, but a special administrative region. He also denied meeting with Polasario. In spite of the UN's continued effort, the denial introduced criticism of Morocco's positions by Polasario. King Hassan agreed to meet representatives from SAWR. During 1989, Algeria claimed that it would continue to support SAWR amidst growing concern of Algeria breaking links with SAWR. King Hassan's elongated delay frustrated SAWR and they started an attack.[6] During the first week of October 1989, Polasario started attacks on Moroccan positions in Guelta-Zemmour, which forced Moroccan troops 25 kilometers inside the defensive wall. The group also claimed that they secured the 1st Light Security Group of the 4th and 5th Rapid Intervention Force of Morocco. They also attacked Moroccan positions in the North towards Hauza on October 11.[6] Following the attacks King Hassan called off the second meeting with SAWR representatives.[7]
Baker Plan
The fighting continued till 1 September 1991 when a UN mission brokered peace a ceasefire in the region. There have been various proposals by both the parties in the United Nations. James Baker, an American diplomat in the region worked out a couple of settlement plans, called Baker Plan after 1997. In the first plan, he proposed autonomy to the region with foreign affairs and defense managed by Morocco. The plan was rejected by Polasario and Algeria indicating that any proposal without independence could not be accepted. They also argued that the count of natives should be based on the census of 1975 and not based on migrants from Morocco in the interim period.[8] The second proposal called for a referendum after five years of autonomy. The plan was accepted by Morocco initially, but later rejected quoting that any plan with proposal of independence could not be accepted.[9] The plan was rejected by Morocco and Baker left the position in 2004.[10]
Proposal
Moroccan backed advisory council on Western Sahara (CORCAS) submitted a proposal to the United Nations during April 2006 that would grant autonomy to the people of Western Sahara. As per the plan, the Sahawaris would run their government under Moroccan sovereignty. It also indicated that Morocco will control defense and foreign affairs. The Moroccan authorities indicated that the failure of the proposal would increase Islamic fundamental ideas and terrorism in the region around Sahel. Hamid Chabar, the Moroccan representative of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara quoted that "There are a lot of young people in the Sahel who are leaning towards radical Islam, with groups such as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat gaining ground". The claims were denied by Polasario which stated that it never supported terrorism. The autonomy proposal was rejected by the front in February 2004 soon it was proposed, while Morocco sought the backing of the United States to take it forward.[10] A proposal was also published by Polisario to the UN on 10 April 2007, a day before the Moroccan proposal. The UN Security unanimously voting the Resolution 1754 on 30 April 2007 calling for talks of both parties, appreciating the proposal of Morocco and taking note of Polaisario's proposal. Based on the proposal, there were four UN sponsored peace talks between delegation of Polisario and Morocco 18–19 June 2007, 10–11 August 2007, 7–9 January 2008 and 7–9 January 2008, all of which were held in New York City.[11]
In a 2007 letter to President George W. Bush, 173 members of US congress endorsed the plan.[12] In a letter to President Obama in 2009, 233 US congressmen endorsed the plan.[13] In 2010, a letter to Secretary of State Clinton backing the Moroccan plan for autonomy, was signed by 54 Senators.[14]
See also
References
- ^ Full text of the plan: (PDF) (Report). Moroccan Authority. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ "Autonomy Proposal". Reuters.com. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ González Campo, Julio. "Documento de Trabajo núm. 15 DT-2004. Las pretensiones de Marruecos sobre los territorios españoles en el norte de África (1956–2002)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Real Instituto Elcano. p. 6.
- ^ "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (paragraph 37, p. 10)" (PDF). 2 March 1993. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ^ The Air Force role in low-intensity conflict. DIANE Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 9781428928275.
- ^ a b Seddon, David. "Polisario and the Struggle for the Western Sahara: Recent Developments, 1987–1989". Review of African Political Economy. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 132–142. JSTOR 4006018.
- ^ "Chronology July 16, 1989 – October 15, 1989". Middle East Journal. 44 (1). Middle East Institute: 105. 1990. JSTOR 4328058.
- ^ Miguel, C. Ruiz (2005). "El largo camino jurídico y político hacia el Plan Baker II. ¿Estación de término?". Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional. 5: 461.
- ^ "Western Sahara Referendum". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Morocco offers autonomy in Western Sahara". Rabat, Morocco: The Washington Post. 7 February 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ Milestones in Western Sahara Conflict (PDF) (Report). UNmissions.org. p. 6. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ Copy of the letter with commentary (PDF) (Report). Moroccan Authority. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ Letter to Morocco (PDF) (Report). Moroccan Authority. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ Senate Letter to Morocco (PDF) (Report). Moroccan Authority. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
