MKS1
Meckel syndrome, type 1 also known as MKS1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MKS1 gene.[5]
Function
The MKS1 protein along with meckelin are part of the flagellar apparatus basal body proteome and are required for cilium formation.[6]
Clinical significance
Mutations in the MKS1 are associated with Meckel syndrome[5][7] or Bardet–Biedl syndrome.[8]
Model organisms
| Characteristic | Phenotype |
|---|---|
| Homozygote viability | Abnormal |
| Recessive lethal study | Abnormal |
| Fertility | Normal |
| Body weight | Normal |
| Anxiety | Normal |
| Neurological assessment | Normal |
| Grip strength | Normal |
| Hot plate | Normal |
| Dysmorphology | Normal |
| Indirect calorimetry | Normal |
| Glucose tolerance test | Normal |
| Auditory brainstem response | Normal |
| DEXA | Normal |
| Radiography | Normal |
| Body temperature | Normal |
| Eye morphology | Normal |
| Clinical chemistry | Normal |
| Plasma immunoglobulins | Normal |
| Haematology | Normal |
| Micronucleus test | Normal |
| Heart weight | Normal |
| Skin Histopathology | Normal |
| Brain histopathology | Normal |
| Salmonella infection | Normal[9] |
| Citrobacter infection | Normal[10] |
| All tests and analysis from[11][12] |
Model organisms have been used in the study of MKS1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Mks1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi[13][14] was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.[15][16][17]
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.[11][18] Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed.[11] The homozygous mutant embryos identified during gestation had polydactyly, oedema and eye or craniofacial defects. None survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice and no further abnormalities were observed.[11]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000011143 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000034121 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b Kyttälä M, Tallila J, Salonen R, Kopra O, Kohlschmidt N, Paavola-Sakki P, Peltonen L, Kestilä M (February 2006). "MKS1, encoding a component of the flagellar apparatus basal body proteome, is mutated in Meckel syndrome". Nat. Genet. 38 (2): 155–7. doi:10.1038/ng1714. PMID 16415886.
- ^ Dawe HR, Smith UM, Cullinane AR, Gerrelli D, Cox P, Badano JL, Blair-Reid S, Sriram N, Katsanis N, Attie-Bitach T, Afford SC, Copp AJ, Kelly DA, Gull K, Johnson CA (January 2007). "The Meckel-Gruber Syndrome proteins MKS1 and meckelin interact and are required for primary cilium formation". Hum. Mol. Genet. 16 (2): 173–86. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl459. PMID 17185389.
- ^ Consugar MB, Kubly VJ, Lager DJ, Hommerding CJ, Wong WC, Bakker E, Gattone VH, Torres VE, Breuning MH, Harris PC (June 2007). "Molecular diagnostics of Meckel-Gruber syndrome highlights phenotypic differences between MKS1 and MKS3". Hum. Genet. 121 (5): 591–9. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0341-3. PMID 17377820.
- ^ Leitch CC, Zaghloul NA, Davis EE, Stoetzel C, Diaz-Font A, Rix S, Alfadhel M, Al-Fadhel M, Lewis RA, Eyaid W, Banin E, Dollfus H, Beales PL, Badano JL, Katsanis N (April 2008). "Hypomorphic mutations in syndromic encephalocele genes are associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome". Nat. Genet. 40 (4): 443–8. doi:10.1038/ng.97. PMID 18327255.
- ^ "Salmonella infection data for Mks1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ^ "Citrobacter infection data for Mks1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ^ a b c d Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
- ^ Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ^ "International Knockout Mouse Consortium".
- ^ "Mouse Genome Informatics".
- ^ Skarnes, W. C.; Rosen, B.; West, A. P.; Koutsourakis, M.; Bushell, W.; Iyer, V.; Mujica, A. O.; Thomas, M.; Harrow, J.; Cox, T.; Jackson, D.; Severin, J.; Biggs, P.; Fu, J.; Nefedov, M.; De Jong, P. J.; Stewart, A. F.; Bradley, A. (2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–342. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
- ^ Dolgin E (2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
- ^ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (2007). "A Mouse for All Reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
- ^ van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome Biol. 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353.
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Further reading
- Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, et al. (2005). "A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome". Cell. 122 (6): 957–68. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0. PMID 16169070.
- Bialas NJ, Inglis PN, Li C, et al. (2009). "Functional interactions between the ciliopathy-associated Meckel syndrome 1 (MKS1) protein and two novel MKS1-related (MKSR) proteins". J. Cell Sci. 122 (Pt 5): 611–24. doi:10.1242/jcs.028621. PMC 2720918. PMID 19208769.
- Tammachote R, Hommerding CJ, Sinders RM, et al. (2009). "Ciliary and centrosomal defects associated with mutation and depletion of the Meckel syndrome genes MKS1 and MKS3". Hum. Mol. Genet. 18 (17): 3311–23. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp272. PMC 2733821. PMID 19515853.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
- Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
- Khaddour R, Smith U, Baala L, et al. (2007). "Spectrum of MKS1 and MKS3 mutations in Meckel syndrome: a genotype-phenotype correlation. Mutation in brief #960. Online". Hum. Mutat. 28 (5): 523–4. doi:10.1002/humu.9489. PMID 17397051.
- Paavola P, Salonen R, Weissenbach J, Peltonen L (1995). "The locus for Meckel syndrome with multiple congenital anomalies maps to chromosome 17q21-q24". Nat. Genet. 11 (2): 213–5. doi:10.1038/ng1095-213. PMID 7550354.
- Auber B, Burfeind P, Herold S, et al. (2007). "A disease causing deletion of 29 base pairs in intron 15 in the MKS1 gene is highly associated with the campomelic variant of the Meckel-Gruber syndrome". Clin. Genet. 72 (5): 454–9. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00880.x. PMID 17935508.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Frank V, Ortiz Brüchle N, Mager S, et al. (2007). "Aberrant splicing is a common mutational mechanism in MKS1, a key player in Meckel-Gruber syndrome". Hum. Mutat. 28 (6): 638–9. doi:10.1002/humu.9496. PMID 17437276.