Khanate

A khaganate or khanate was a political entity ruled by a khan, khagan, khatun, or khanum. This political entity is typical for people from the Eurasian Steppe and it can be equivalent to tribal chiefdom, principality, kingdom or empire.

Mongol khanates

After Genghis Khan established appanages for his family in the Mongol Empire during his rule (1206–1227),^[1] his sons, daughters,^[2] and grandsons inherited separate sections of the empire. The Mongol Empire and Mongolian khanates that emerged from those appanages^[3] are listed below. Furthermore, the proto-Mongols also established some khanates (or khaganates) such as the Rouran Khaganate.

Khamag Mongol Khanate
Keraite Khanate
Mergid Khanate
Naiman Khanate
Tatar Khanate
Qara Khitai
Mongol Empire
Northern Yuan dynasty, based in Mongolia
Moghulistan
Kara Del Khanate

The Oirats established the following khanates in the 17th century:

Khoshut Khanate
Kalmyk Khanate, established c.1630 by the Torghut branch of the Mongolian Oirats, settled along the lower Volga River (in modern Russia and Kazakhstan), 1630-1771
Dzungar Khanate, formed in 1634, covering Xinjiang region of China, Kyrgyzstan, eastern Kazakhstan and western Mongolia; 2 December 1717–1720, also styled Protector of Tibet; 1755 tributary to the Manchu Qing dynasty, 1756 annexed and dissolved in 1758

Turkic khanates

Göktürk Khaganate
- Western Turkic Khaganate
- Eastern Turkic Khaganate
Second Turkic Khaganate
Uyghur Khaganate
Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
Karakhanids
Khazar Khaganate
Turgesh Khaganate
Kipchak Khanate
Cumania
Pechenegs
Old Great Bulgaria
- Volga Bulgaria, predecessor to the modern Chuvash Republic and the Chuvash people.
- First Bulgarian Empire, which started as a Turko-Slavic state, also known as Danube Bulgaria (in contrast to Volga Bulgaria, as both were established by members of the same Bulgar clan), but later became fully Slavicized and a Tsardom.

Central Asian Turkic khanates

Kazakh khanate
Senior Juz
Middle Juz
Junior Juz
Khanate of Kazan – The Mongol term khan became active when the Genghizide dynasty was settled in Kazan Duchy in the 1430s; imperial Russia added to its titles the former Kazan khanate with the royal style tsar.
Sibirean Khanate – source of the name Siberia, as the first significant conquest during Russia's great eastern expansion across the Urals
Astrakhan Khanate
Crimean Khanate
Qasim Khanate (hence modern Kasimov) – named after its founder, a vassal of Moscovia/Russia
Bukey Horde, Bokei or Buqei; also known as the Inner or Interior Horde – This state founded in 1801 by Sultan Bukey under Russian suzerainty, and restyled as the khanate of the Inner Horde in 1812. 5,000–7,500 families of Kazakhs from the Younger Kazakh Zhuz tribe settled between the Volga and Yaik (Ural) rivers. In 1845 the post of khan was abolished, and Russia took over the region.
Nogai Khanate
The khanate of Tuva near Outer Mongolia.
Besh Tau El
Khanate of Kashgaria – Kashgaria was founded in 1514 as part of Djagataide Khanate; in the 17th century it was divided into several minor khanates without importance, with real power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic Islamic religious leaders. It became the Yarkent Khanate which was annexed by the Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr in 1680.
Kumul Khanate – a vassal state to Qing dynasty and Republic of China, abolished in 1930
Kimek Khanate
Khanate of Bukhara
Khanate of Kokand
Xueyantuo
Karluk Khanate
White Horde
Oghuz Yabgu State
West Turkic Khaganate

18th- to early-19th-century Khanates of the Caucasus in the Qajar Empire

Manchus

Great Jin Khanate

Other khanates

References

^ Peter Jackson 2000, p. 12
^ Jack Weatherford, The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire, Crown Publishing Group, 2011
^ Thomas T. Allsen, "Sharing Out the Empire: Apportioned Lands under the Mongols", in Nomads in the Sedentary World, ed. Anatoly M. Khuzanov and André Wink (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2001): 172–190

[1] Peter Jackson 2000, p. 12

[2] Jack Weatherford, The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire, Crown Publishing Group, 2011

[3] Thomas T. Allsen, "Sharing Out the Empire: Apportioned Lands under the Mongols", in Nomads in the Sedentary World, ed. Anatoly M. Khuzanov and André Wink (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2001): 172–190

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