Gārgī Vāchaknavī
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Gargi Vachaknavi (born about c. 7th century BCE) was an ancient Indian philosopher. In Vedic literature, she is honored as a great natural philosopher,[1][2] renowned expounder of the Vedas,[3] and known as Brahmavadini, a person with knowledge of Brahma Vidya.[4] In the Sixth and the eighth Brahmana of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, her name is prominent as she participates in the brahmayajna, a philosophic debate organized by King Janaka of Videha and challenges the sage Yajnavalkya with perplexing questions on the issue of atman (soul).[1][5] She is also said to have written many hymns in the Rigveda.[6] She remained a celibate all her life and was held in veneration by the conventional Hindus.[7][8]
Gargi, the daughter of sage Vachaknu in the lineage of sage Garga (c. 800-500 BCE) was named after her father as Gargi Vachaknavi. From a young age she evinced keen interest in Vedic scriptures and became very proficient in fields of philosophy. She became highly knowledgeable in the Vedas and Upanishads in the Vedic times and held intellectual debates with other philosophers.
Early life
Gargi was the daughter of sage Vachaknu in the lineage of sage Garga (c. 800-500 BCE) and hence named after her father as Gargi Vachaknavi.[2][9] Right from a young age, Vachaknavi was very intellectual. She acquired knowledge of the Vedas and scriptures and became renowned for her proficiency in these fields of philosophy; she even surpassed men in her knowledge.[9]
Later life
Gargi, along with Vadava Pratitheyi and Sulabha Maitreyi are among the prominent females who figure in the Upanishads.[10] She was as knowledgeable in Vedas and Upanishads as men of the Vedic times and could very well contest the male-philosophers in debates.[11]Her name appears in the Grihya Sutras of Asvalayana.[12] She was a leading scholar who also made rich contributions to propagate education.[9]
Debate with Yajnavalkya
According to Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, King Janaka of Videha Kingdom held a Rajasuya Yagna and invited all the learned sages, kings and princess of India to participate. The yagna lasted for many days. Large quantities of sandalwood, ghee (clarified butter) and barley (cereal grain) were offered to the Yagna fire creating an atmosphere of spiritual sanctity and aroma. Janaka himself being a scholar was impressed with the large gathering of learned sages. He thought of selecting a scholar from the assembled group of elite scholars, the most accomplished of them all who had maximum knowledge about Brahman. For this purpose, he evolved a plan and offered a prize of 1,000 cows with each cow dangled with 10 grams of gold on its horns. The galaxy of scholars, apart from others, included the renowned sage Yajnavalkya and Gargi Vachaknavi.[9] Yajnavalkya, who was aware that he was the most spiritually knowledgeable among the assembled gathering, as he had mastered the art of Kundalini Yoga, ordered his disciple Samsrava to drive away the cow herd to his house. This infuriated the scholars as they felt that he was taking way the prize without contesting in a debate. Some of the local pundits (scholars) did not volunteer for debate with him as they were not sure of their knowledge. However, there were eight renowned sages who challenged him for a debate, which included Gargi, the only woman in the assembled gathering of the learned.
Sages like Asvala, the priest in Janaka's court, Artabhaga, Bhujyu, Ushasta, and Uddalaka debated with him and asked questions philosophical subjects to which Yajnavalkya provided convincing replies and they lost the debate. It was then the turn of Gargi to take up the challenge.[1] Gargi, as one of the disputants in the debate, questioned Yajnavalkya on his claim of superiority among the scholars. She held repeated arguments with him.[13][1] Gargi and Yajnavalkya's exchange centered on the ultimate "warp" of reality ("warp" means "the basic foundation or material of a structure or entity).[14] Her initial dialogue with Yajnavalkya tended to be too metaphysical, such as unending status of the soul, away from practical situations. She then changed her approach and asked him pointed questions related to the environment existing in the world, the question of the very origin of all existence. Her question was specific when she asked him "since this whole world is woven back and forth on water, on what then is it woven back and forth", a question that related to the commonly known cosmological metaphor that expressed the unity of the world, its essential interconnectedness. In the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (3.6), the sequence of her posing a bevy of questions to Yajnavalkya and his replies is narrated as:[15]
On air, Gargi.
On What, then, is air woven back and forth? On the intermediate regions, Gargi.
On what, then, are the worlds of the intermediate regions woven back and forth.
On the worlds of the Gandharvas, Gargi
She continued with an array of questions such as what was the universe of the suns, what were the moon, the stars, the gods, Indra, and Prajapati. Gargi then pressed on with two more questions. Gargi urged Yajnavalkya to enlighten her on the weave of reality and asked:[14]
That, O Yajnavalkya, which is above the sky, that which is beneath the earth, that which is between these two, sky and earth, that which people call the past and the present and the future - across what is woven, warp and woof?"
Yagnavalakaya answered "Space"
Gargi was not satisfied and then posed the next question:[14]
Across what then pray, is space woven, warp and woof?
Yajnavalkya answered: Verily, O Gargi, if one performs sacrifices and worship and undergoes austerity in this world for many thousands of years, but without knowing that Imperishable, limited indeed is that [work] of his. Across this Imperishable is the unseen, O Gargi, is space woven, warp and woof.
Then she asked a final question, on what was Brahman (world of the imperishable)? Yagnavalakya put an end to the debate by telling Gargi not to proceed further as other wise she would lose her mental balance. This riposte put an end to their further dialogue at the conference of the learned.[1][15] However, at the end of the debate she conceded to the superior knowledge of Yajnavalkya by saying: "venerable Brahmins, you may consider it a great thing if you get off bowing before him. No one, I believe, will defeat him in any argument concerning Brahman." [13]
Her philosophical views also find mention in the Chandogya Upanishad.[1] Gargi, as Brahmavadini, composed several hymns in Rigveda (in X 39. V.28) that questioned the origin of all existence.[6][16][17] The Yoga Yajnavalkya, a classical text on Yoga is a dialogue between Gargi and sage Yajnavalkya.[18] Gargi was honoured as one of the Navaratnas (nine gems) in the court of King Janaka of Mithila.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Ahuja 2011, p. 34.
- ^ a b "Gargi". University of Alabama Astronomy.
- ^ Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 348–9. ISBN 0-8426-0822-2.
- ^ Banerji 1989, p. 614.
- ^ Swami Sivananda. "The Virgin Philosopher". sivanandaonline.org.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Mody 1999, p. 125.
- ^ Kapur-Fic 1998, p. 323.
- ^ Kumar 2004, p. 158.
- ^ a b c d Great Women of India. Know India. Prabhat Prakashan. 2005. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-87100-34-8.
- ^ Mookerji 1998, p. 171.
- ^ O'Malley 1970, p. 331.
- ^ Gadkari 1996, p. 86.
- ^ a b Mookerji 1998, p. 129.
- ^ a b c Carmody & Brink 2013, p. 95.
- ^ a b Glucklich 2008, pp. 64–65.
- ^ "Gargi". Indian Scriptures.com.
- ^ History of People and Their Environs: Essays in Honour of Prof. B.S. Chandrababu. Bharathi Puthakalayam. 2011. p. 198. ISBN 978-93-80325-91-0.
- ^ Yogayajnavalkya Samhita – The Yoga Treatise of Yajnavalkya, by T. K. V. Desikachar and T. Krishnamacharya, Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram (2004), ISBN 81-87847-08-5.
Bibliography
- Ahuja, M.L. (2011). Women in Indian Mythology. Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-81-291-2171-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Banerji, Sures Chandra (1 January 1989). A Companion to Sanskrit Literature: Spanning a Period of Over Three Thousand Years, Containing Brief Accounts of Authors, Works, Characters, Technical Terms, Geographical Names, Myths, Legends, and Several Appendices. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Carmody, Denise; Brink, T. (1 January 2013). Cengage Advantage Books: Ways to the Center: An Introduction to World Religions. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-41529-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Gadkari, Jayant (1 January 1996). Society and Religion: From Rugveda to Puranas. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-743-2.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Glucklich, Ariel (11 April 2008). The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Great Women of India. Know India. PrabhatPrakashan. 2005. ISBN 978-81-87100-34-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kapur-Fic, Alexandra R. (1 January 1998). Thailand: Buddhism, Society, and Women. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-360-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kumar, Raj (1 January 2004). Essays on Social Reform Movements. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-792-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Mody, Rekha (1999). A Quest for Roots: Stree Shakti. Stree Shakti.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1 January 1998). Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0423-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - O'Malley, Charles Donald (1970). The History of Medical Education: An International Symposium Held February 5-9, 1968. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01578-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)