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Sweating sickness

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For the benign condition characterized by abnormally increased perspiration, see Hyperhidrosis. For the tick-borne disease of cattle in Africa, see Sweating sickness (cattle).

Sweating sickness
Other namesEnglish sweating sickness, English sweat, (Latin) sudor anglicus
SpecialtyInfectious diseases Edit this on Wikidata

Sweating sickness, also known as the sweats, English sweating sickness or English sweat or (Latin) sudor anglicus, was a mysterious and contagious disease that struck England and later continental Europe in a series of epidemics beginning in 1485. The last outbreak occurred in 1551, after which the disease apparently vanished. The onset of symptoms was sudden, with death often occurring within hours. Its cause remains unknown, although it has been suggested that an unknown species of hantavirus was responsible.

Signs and symptoms

John Caius was a practising physician in Shrewsbury in 1551, when an outbreak occurred, and he described the symptoms and signs of the disease in A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse (1552), which is the main historical source of knowledge of the disease. It began very suddenly with a sense of apprehension, followed by cold shivers (sometimes very violent), giddiness, headache, and severe pains in the neck, shoulders, and limbs, with great exhaustion. The cold stage might last from half an hour to three hours, after which the hot and sweating stage began. The characteristic sweat broke out suddenly without any obvious cause. A sense of heat, headache, delirium, rapid pulse, and intense thirst accompanied the sweat. Palpitation and pain in the heart were frequent symptoms, as well. No skin eruptions were noted by observers, including Caius. In the final stages, there was either general exhaustion and collapse, or an irresistible urge to sleep, which Caius thought was fatal if the patient were permitted to give way to it. One attack did not produce immunity, and some people suffered several bouts before dying.[1] The disease tended to occur in summer and early autumn.

Cause

The cause is the most mysterious aspect of the disease. Commentators then and now put much blame on the sewage, generally poor sanitation, and contaminated water supplies of the time, which might have harboured the source of infection. The first confirmed outbreak was in August 1485 at the end of the Wars of the Roses, which has led to speculation that it may have been brought over from France by the French mercenaries whom Henry Tudor used to gain the English throne.[2] However, an earlier outbreak may have affected the city of York in June 1485, before Tudor's army landed, although the record of that disease's symptoms is not adequate to be certain.[3] Regardless, the Croyland Chronicle mentions that Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby used the sweating sickness as an excuse not to join with Richard III's army prior to Tudor's victory over Richard at the Battle of Bosworth.[1]

Relapsing fever has been proposed as a possible cause. This disease is spread by ticks and lice, and it occurs most often during the summer months, as did the original sweating sickness. However, relapsing fever is marked by a prominent black scab at the site of the tick bite and a subsequent skin rash.

Several researchers have noted that symptoms overlap with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and have proposed an unknown hantavirus as the cause.[1][4][5] A critique of this hypothesis argued that sweating sickness was thought to be transmitted from human to human, whereas hantaviruses are rarely spread that way.[6] However, infection via human contact has been suggested in hantavirus outbreaks in Argentina.[7]

In 2004, microbiologist Edward McSweegan suggested that the disease may have been an outbreak of anthrax poisoning. He hypothesized that the victims could have been infected with anthrax spores present in raw wool or infected animal carcasses, and he suggested exhuming the victims for testing.[8]

Epidemiology

Arthur, Prince of Wales, who may have died of the sweating sickness in 1502
Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, who in 1551 died of the sweating sickness hours before his brother Charles
Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, died of the sweating sickness

Fifteenth century

Sweating sickness first came to the attention of physicians at the beginning of the reign of Henry VII, in 1485. There is no definitive statement that the sickness was present in troops landing at Milford Haven. Henry arrived in London on 28 August soon after the Battle of Bosworth, and the disease broke out on 19 September 1485;[9] it had killed several thousand people by its conclusion in late October that year.[10] Among those killed were two lord mayors, six aldermen, and three sheriffs.[11]

This alarming malady soon became known as the sweating sickness. It was regarded as being quite distinct from the Black Death, the pestilential fever, or other epidemics previously known because of the sweating which gave it its name and its extremely rapid and fatal course. It reached Ireland in 1492, when the Annals of Ulster record the death of James Fleming, 7th Baron Slane from the pláigh allais, newly come to Ireland.[12] The Annals of Connacht also record this obituary,[13] and the Annals of the Four Masters record "an unusual plague in Meath" of 24 hours' duration;[14] people recovered if they survived it beyond that 24-hour period. It did not attack infants or little children. However, Freeman denies that this "plague" was the sweating sickness, despite the similarity of the names. He thought it to be "Relapsing or Famine Fever"—possibly typhus.

Sixteenth century

Title of a publication in Marburg, 1529, about the English Sweating sickness

Nothing was recorded of the ailment from 1492 to 1502. It may have been the condition which afflicted Arthur, Prince of Wales (the elder brother of Henry VIII of England) and his wife Catherine of Aragon in March 1502; their illness was described as "a malign vapour which proceeded from the air".[15][16] Other suggestions include tuberculosis ("consumption"),[17] the Black Death,[18] and influenza.[19]

Researchers opened Arthur's tomb in 2002 but could not determine the exact cause of death. One possible cause was a genetic ailment which also affected Arthur's nephew Edward VI.[20] Catherine recovered, but Arthur died on 2 April 1502 in his home at Ludlow Castle, six months short of his sixteenth birthday.[21]

A second, less widespread outbreak occurred in 1507, followed by a third and much more severe epidemic later that year, which also spread to Calais.[9] It was frequently fatal; half the population perished in some areas. It reached epidemic proportions in 1528 during its fourth outbreak. It broke out in London at the end of May and speedily spread over the whole of England, save the far north. It did not spread to Scotland, though it did reach Ireland where Lord Chancellor Hugh Inge was the most prominent victim.[22] The mortality rate was very high in London; Henry VIII broke up the court and left London, frequently changing his residence. In 1529 Thomas Cromwell lost his wife and two daughters to the disease.

The disease suddenly appeared in Hamburg, spreading so rapidly that more than a thousand people died in a few weeks. It swept through eastern Europe as an epidemic causing high mortality rates. It arrived in Switzerland in December, then was carried northwards to Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and eastwards to Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. Cases of the disease were not known to occur in Italy or France, except in the Pale of Calais which was controlled by England at the time. It also emerged in Flanders and the Netherlands,[9] possibly transmitted directly from England by travelers; it appeared simultaneously in the cities of Antwerp and Amsterdam on the morning of 27 September. In each place, it prevailed for a short time, generally not more than two weeks. By the end of the year, it had entirely disappeared except in eastern Switzerland, where it lingered into the next year. After this, the disease did not recur on mainland Europe.

Final outbreak

The last major outbreak of the disease occurred in England in 1551.[23] John Caius wrote A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse as an eyewitness account. Henry Machin also recorded it in his diary:

the vii day of July begane a nuw swet in London…the x day of July [1551] the Kynges grace removyd from Westmynster unto Hamtun courte, for ther [died] serten besyd the court, and caused the Kynges grase to be gone so sune, for ther ded in London mony marchants and grett ryche men and women, and yonge men and old, of the new swett…the xvi day of July ded of the swet the ii yonge dukes of Suffoke of the swet, both in one bed in Chambrydge-shyre…and ther ded from the vii day of July unto the xix ded of the swett in London of all dyssesus… [872] and no more in alle

— The Diary of Henry Machyn 1550–1563[24]

Reference is made in the Annals of Halifax Parish in 1551 to an outbreak there, resulting in 44 deaths.[25] A disease outbreak of something called 'sweating sickness' occurred in Tiverton, Devon in 1644, recorded in Martin Dunsford's History, which led to the deaths of 443 people, 105 of them buried in the month of October.[26] However, there were no medical particulars recorded, and the 1644 date falls well after the generally accepted disappearance of the 'sweating sickness' in 1551.[27]

Picardy sweat

A similar illness occurred in France between 1718 and 1918 known as the Picardy sweat.[28] Llywelyn Roberts noted "a great similarity between the two diseases."[9] It was accompanied by a rash, which was not described as a feature of the English disease. However, Henry Tidy argued that John Caius' report applies to fulminant cases fatal within a few hours, in which type no eruption may develop. A 1906 outbreak of Picardy sweat struck 6,000 people; bacteriologist André Chantemesse led a commission which studied it, and they attributed infection to the fleas of field mice. Henry Tidy found "no substantial reason to doubt the identity of sudor anglicus and Picardy sweat."[1][29]

The Tudors episode "Message to the Emperor" (2007), depicts the 1528 outbreak. William Compton is killed by the disease, and both Anne Boleyn and Cardinal Wolsey are stricken. Wolsey actually did survive several attacks of sweating sickness. Henry VIII's illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset dies of the sweat as a young child several episodes prior. A physician treats a mortally afflicted Compton by puncturing his back and bleeding him, on the rumor that it has worked for some by releasing "the toxin". The real Henry FitzRoy died about one month after his 17th birthday, probably of tuberculosis,[citation needed] and the real William Compton died of sweating sickness at age 46.[citation needed]

In Hilary Mantel's historical novel Wolf Hall (2009), a small outbreak in 1527 kills Liz, the wife of Thomas Cromwell, Cardinal Wolsey's advisor. In 1529, the disease also claims the lives of Cromwell's daughters Grace and Anne. In the eponymous 2015 television adaptation of Mantel's novel, all three die on the same day, in episode 1.[30]

The American science fiction television series Warehouse 13 features sweating sickness midway through season 4. It is revealed to be an artifact in the form of a Chinese orchid that would release the deadly disease if removed from its container. The events of the story arc suggest that the disease originally vanished from Europe when the orchid was reconstituted into its original form and stored in a previous warehouse.

The British fantasy-adventure drama television series Merlin features sweating sickness, although the illness historically did not appear until many centuries after any of the supposed dates for the historical Arthur, and none of the legends surrounding him discuss plague outbreaks.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Were the English Sweating Sickness and the Picardy Sweat Caused by Hantaviruses?". Viruses. 6 (1): 151–171. 2014. doi:10.3390/v6010151. PMC 3917436. PMID 24402305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ Theilmann, John M. (2008). Byrnes, Joseph P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of pestilence, pandemics, and plagues. Greenwood Press. p. 686, "Sweating Sickness". ISBN 978-0313341014.
  3. ^ Petre, James (1985). Richard III crown and people. Sutton Publishing Ltd. p. 383. ISBN 978-0904893113. A 'plage of pestilence' was known in York as early as June 1485, but no symptoms were described, and we cannot tell what gave [Sir Thomas] Stanley the idea to cite the sweating sickness.
  4. ^ Thwaites, G; Taviner, M; Gant, V (1997). "The English sweating sickness, 1485 to 1551". The New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (8): 580–2. doi:10.1056/NEJM199702203360812. PMID 9023099.
  5. ^ Taviner, M; Thwaites, G; Gant, V (1998). "The English sweating sickness, 1485-1551: A viral pulmonary disease?". Medical History. 42 (1): 96–98. doi:10.1017/S0025727300063365. PMC 1043971. PMID 9536626.
  6. ^ Bridson, Eric (2001). "The English 'sweate' (Sudor Anglicus) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". British Journal of Biomedical Science. 58 (1): 1–6. PMID 11284216.
  7. ^ Padula, P; Edelstein, A; Miguel, SD; López, NM; Rossi, CM; Rabinovich, RD (15 February 1998). "Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak in Argentina: molecular evidence for person-to-person transmission of Andes virus". Virology. 241 (2). London: Elsevier: 323–330. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8976. PMID 9499807.
  8. ^ McSweegan, Edward (17 January 2004). "Riddle solved?". New Scientist.
  9. ^ a b c d Roberts, L (1945). "Sweating Sickness and Picardy Sweat". British Medical Journal. 2 (4414): 196. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4414.196. PMC 2059547.
  10. ^ Entick, John (1766). A new and accurate history and survey of London, Westminster, Southwark, and places adjacent. London. pp. 434, vol. 1.
  11. ^ Harrison, Walter (1775). A new and universal history, description and survey of the cities of London and Westminster, the borough of Southwark. London. p. 127.
  12. ^ Annals of Ulster vol.iii, ed. B. MacCarthy, Dublin, 1895, pp 358f.
  13. ^ Annals of Connacht ed. A. M. Freeman, Dublin, 1944, pp 594f.
  14. ^ Annals of the Four Masters vol.iii, ed. J. O'Donovan, Dublin, 1856, pp 1194f.
  15. ^ Weir, Alison (2007). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Grove Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8021-3683-1.
  16. ^ Hibbert, Christopher (2010). The Virgin Queen: A Personal History of Elizabeth I. New York: Viking Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-84885-555-7.
  17. ^ Whitelock, Anna (2010). Mary Tudor: England's First Queen. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4088-0078-2.
  18. ^ Tatton-Brown, T.W.T.; Mortimer, Richard (2003). Westminster Abbey: The Lady Chapel of Henry VII. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 286. ISBN 1-84383-037-X.
  19. ^ Barber, Chris; Pykitt, David (1997). Journey to Avalon: The Final Discovery of King Arthur. York Beach, ME: Weiser Books. p. 269. ISBN 1-57863-024-X.
  20. ^ Derbyshire, David (20 May 2002). "Discovery of grave may solve mystery death of Henry VIII's brother at 15". The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  21. ^ Ives, Eric (2007). Henry VIII. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-921759-5.
  22. ^ Ball, F. Elrington (September 2005) [First published 1926]. The Judges in Ireland, 1221–1921. The Lawbook Exchange. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-1-58477-428-0. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  23. ^ Hunter, Paul R. (1991). "The English Sweating Sickness, with Particular Reference to the 1551 Outbreak in Chester". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 13 (2): 303–306. doi:10.1093/clinids/13.2.303. JSTOR 4455857. PMID 2041963.
  24. ^ Henry Machin (1848), The Diary of Henry Machyn 1550–1563, pp. 7–8
  25. ^ Taylor, D (28 March 1972). "Annals of the Parish of Halifax". Halifax Antiquarian Society: 109. 1551 44 persons died of the 'sweating Sickness' in the Halifax Parish.
  26. ^ Dunsford, Martin (1836). "Historical memoirs of the town and parish of Tiverton": 36. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ^ Creighton, Charles (1891). A history of epidemics in Britain. Cambridge Univ. p. 554. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  28. ^ Foster, Michael G. (1919). "Sweating Sickness in Modern Times". Contributions to Medical & Biological Research. Vol. 1. New York: Paul B. Hoeber. pp. 52–3 – via Internet Archive.
  29. ^ Tidy, H. (945). "Sweating Sickness and Picardy Sweat". Br Med J. 2 (4410): 63–64. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4410.63-a. PMC 2059374.
  30. ^ "Tudor Tales". The New Yorker. 19 October 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

Sources

Further reading

  • Bridson, E (2001). "The English 'sweate' (Sudor Anglicus) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". British Journal of Biomedical Science. 58 (1): 1–6. PMID 11284216.
  • Carlson, J. R.; Hammond, P. W. (1999). "The English Sweating Sickness (1485-c.1551): A New Perspective on Disease Etiology". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 54: 23–54. doi:10.1093/jhmas/54.1.23.
  • Dyer, A (1997). "The English sweating sickness of 1551: An epidemic anatomized". Medical History. 41 (3): 362–384. doi:10.1017/s0025727300062724. PMC 1044802. PMID 9327632.
  • Flood, John L. "Englischer Schweiß und deutscher Fleiß. Ein Beitrag zur Buchhandelsgeschichte des 16. Jahrhunderts," in The German book in Wolfenbüttel and abroad. Studies presented to Ulrich Kopp in his retirement, ed. William A. Kelly & Jürgen Beyer [Studies in reading and book culture 1] (Tartu: University of Tartu Press, 2014), pp. 119–178. (in German)
  • Thwaites, Guy; Taviner, Mark; Gant, Vanya (1997). "The English Sweating Sickness, 1485 to 1551". New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (8): 580–2. doi:10.1056/NEJM199702203360812. PMID 9023099.
  • Wylie, J. A.; Collier, L. H. (1981). "The English Sweating sickness (sudor Anglicus): A reappraisal". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 36 (4): 425–45. doi:10.1093/jhmas/xxxvi.4.425. PMID 7037928.
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