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John B. Anderson

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For the American general, see John B. Anderson (United States Army officer).

John B. Anderson
Chair of the House Republican Conference
In office
January 3, 1969 – June 8, 1979
LeaderGerald Ford
John Jacob Rhodes
Preceded byMelvin Laird
Succeeded bySamuel L. Devine
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Illinois's 16th district
In office
January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1981
Preceded byLeo E. Allen
Succeeded byLynn Morley Martin
Personal details
Born
John Bayard Anderson

(1922-02-15)February 15, 1922
Rockford, Illinois, U.S.
DiedDecember 3, 2017(2017-12-03) (aged 95)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
Political partyRepublican (before 1980)
Independent (1980–2017)
Spouse
Keke Machakos
​
(m. 1953)​
Children5
EducationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (BA, JD)
Harvard University (LLM)
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Army
Years of service1943–1945
Rank Staff Sergeant
Battles/warsWorld War II

John Bayard Anderson (February 15, 1922 – December 3, 2017) was a United States politician from Illinois. As a member of the Republican Party, he served in the United States House of Representatives, representing Illinois's 16th congressional district from 1961 to 1981. In 1980, he ran an independent campaign for president, receiving 6.6% of the popular vote.

Born in Rockford, Illinois, Anderson practiced law after serving in the Army during World War II. After a stint in the United States Foreign Service, he won election as the State's Attorney for Winnebago County, Illinois. He won election to the House of Representatives in 1960 in a strongly Republican district. Initially one of the most conservative members of the House, Anderson's views moderated during the 1960s, particularly regarding social issues. He became Chairman of the House Republican Conference in 1969 and remained in that position until 1979. He strongly criticized the Vietnam War as well as President Richard Nixon's actions during the Watergate scandal.

Anderson entered the 1980 Republican presidential primaries, introducing his signature campaign proposal of raising the gas tax while cutting social security taxes. He established himself as a contender for the nomination in the early primaries, but eventually dropped out of the Republican race, choosing to pursue an independent campaign for president. In the election, he finished third behind Republican nominee Ronald Reagan and Democratic President Jimmy Carter. He won support among Rockefeller Republicans, independents, liberal intellectuals, and college students.

After the election, he resumed his legal career and helped found FairVote, an organization that advocates electoral reforms such as instant-runoff voting. He also won a lawsuit against the state of Ohio, Anderson v. Celebrezze, in which the Supreme Court struck down early filing deadlines for independent candidates. Anderson served as a visiting professor at numerous universities and was on the boards of several organizations. He endorsed Ralph Nader in 2000 and helped found the Justice Party in 2012.

Early life

Anderson was born in Rockford, Illinois, where he grew up, the son of Mabel Edna (née Ring) and E. Albin Anderson. His father was a Swedish immigrant, as were his maternal grandparents.[1][2][3][4] In his youth, he worked in his family's grocery store.[5] He graduated as the valedictorian of his class at Rockford Central High School.[6] He graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1939, and started law school, but his education was interrupted by World War II.[1] He enlisted in the Army in 1943, and served as a staff sergeant in the U.S. Field Artillery in France and Germany until the end of the war, receiving four service stars.[5] After the war, Anderson returned to complete his education, earning a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the University of Illinois College of Law in 1946.[7]

Early career

Anderson was admitted to the Illinois bar the same year, and practiced law in Rockford.[6] Soon after, he moved east to attend Harvard Law School, obtaining a Master of Laws (LL.M.) in 1949.[6] While at Harvard, he served on the faculty of Northeastern University School of Law in Boston.[8] In another brief return to Rockford, Anderson practiced at the law firm Large, Reno & Zahm (now Reno & Zahm LLP).[8] Thereafter, Anderson joined the Foreign Service.[1] From 1952 to 1955, he served in Berlin as the Economic Reporting Officer in the Eastern Affairs Division, as an adviser on the staff of the United States High Commissioner for Germany.[8] At the end of his tour, he left the foreign service and once again returned to the practice of law in Rockford.[9]

Political career

Anderson in 1965

Soon after his return, Anderson was approached about running for public office. In 1956, Anderson was elected State's Attorney in Winnebago County, Illinois, first winning a four-person race in the April primary by 1,330 votes and then the general election in November by 11,456 votes. After serving for one term, he was ready to leave that office when the local congressman, 28-year incumbent Leo E. Allen, announced his retirement. Anderson joined the Republican primary for Allen's 16th District seat—the real contest in this then-solidly Republican district—with four other contenders. He won first the primary (by 5,900 votes) in April and then the general election (by 45,000 votes) in November.[10] He served in the United States House of Representatives for ten terms, from 1961 to 1981.

Initially, Anderson was among the most conservative members of the Republican caucus. Three times (in 1961, 1963, and 1965) in his early terms as a Congressman, Anderson introduced a constitutional amendment to attempt to "recognize the law and authority of Jesus Christ" over the United States.[11] The bills died quietly, but later came back to haunt Anderson in his presidential candidacy.[12]

As he continued to serve, the atmosphere of the 1960s weighed on Anderson and he began to re-think some of his beliefs.[8] By the late 1960s, Anderson's positions on social issues shifted to the left, though his fiscal philosophy remained largely conservative.[1] At the same time, he was held in high esteem by his colleagues in the House.[8] In 1964, he won appointment to a seat on the powerful Rules Committee.[6] In 1969, he became Chairman of the House Republican Conference, the number three position in the House Republican hierarchy in what was (at that time) the minority party.[13]

Anderson increasingly found himself at odds with conservatives in his home district and other members of the House.[8] He was not always a faithful supporter of the Republican agenda, despite his high rank in the Republican caucus.[8] He was very critical of the Vietnam War, and was a very controversial critic of Richard Nixon during Watergate.[8] In 1974, despite his criticism of Nixon, he was nearly swept out by the strong anti-Republican tide in that year's election. He was re-elected with 55 percent of the vote, what would be the lowest percentage of his career.[6] His spot as the chairman of the House Republican Committee was challenged three times after his election[6] and, when Gerald Ford was defeated in the 1976 Presidential campaign, Anderson lost a key ally in Washington.[14]

In 1970 and 1972, Anderson had a Democratic challenger in Rockford Professor John E. Devine. In both years, Anderson defeated Devine by a wide margin.[15] In late 1977, a fundamentalist television minister from Rockford, Don Lyon, announced that he would challenge Anderson in the Republican primary.[16] It was a contentious campaign, where Lyon, with his experience before the camera, proved to be a formidable candidate.[17] Lyon raised a great deal of money, won backing from many conservatives in the community and party, and put quite a scare into the Anderson team.[17] Though Anderson was a leader in the House and the campaign commanded national attention, Anderson won the primary by 16% of the vote.[1] Anderson was aided in this campaign by strong newspaper endorsements and crossover support from independents and Democrats.[18]

Independent Presidential Candidate John Anderson speaks to students at the University of Michigan, September 3, 1980

1980 presidential campaign

In 1978, Anderson formed a presidential campaign exploratory committee,[19] finding little public or media interest. In late April 1979, Anderson made the decision to enter the Republican primary, joining a field that included Ronald Reagan, Bob Dole, John Connally, Howard Baker, George H. W. Bush, and the perennial candidate Harold Stassen.[20] Within the last weeks of 1979, Anderson introduced his signature campaign proposal, advocating that a 50-cent a gallon gas tax be enacted with a corresponding 50% reduction in social security taxes.[21]

Anderson built state campaigns in four targeted states—New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Illinois, and Wisconsin.[8] He won some political support among Republicans, picking up endorsements along the way that helped legitimize him in the race.[22] He began to build support among media elites, who appreciated his articulateness, straightforward manner, moderate positions, and his refusal to walk down the conservative path that all of the other Republicans were traveling.[23]

Slogan and positions

He often referred to his candidacy as "a campaign of ideas." He supported tax credits for businesses' research-and-development budgets, which he believed would increase American productivity; he also supported increasing funding for research at universities. He supported conservation and environmental protection. He opposed Ronald Reagan's proposal to cut taxes broadly, which he feared would increase the national debt and the inflation rate (which was very high at the time of the campaign). He also supported a tax on gasoline to reduce dependence on foreign oil.[24] He supported the Equal Rights Amendment and abortion rights generally; he also touted his perfect record of having supported all civil rights legislation since 1960. He opposed the requirement for registration for the military draft, which Jimmy Carter had reinstated. This made him appealing to many liberal college students who were dissatisfied with Carter.[25] However, he also voiced support for a strong, flexible military and support for NATO against USSR, as well as several other positions associated with Republicans, including deregulation of some industries such as natural gas and oil prices, and a balanced budget to be achieved mainly by reductions in government spending.[26]

Rise

March 13, 1980 in Chicago Howard K. Smith (center) moderates a League of Women Voters-sponsored presidential forum featuring Anderson (far right) and fellow Republican candidates Phil Crane (far left), George H. W. Bush (second from left), and Ronald Reagan (second from right).
March 13, 1980, in Chicago Howard K. Smith (center) moderates a League of Women Voters-sponsored presidential forum featuring Anderson (far right) and fellow Republican candidates Phil Crane (far left), George H. W. Bush (second from left), and Ronald Reagan (second from right)

On January 5, 1980, in the Republican candidates' debate in Des Moines, Iowa,[27] unlike the other candidates, Anderson said lowering taxes, increasing defense spending, and balancing the budget were an impossible combination.[22] In a stirring summation,[28] Anderson invoked his father's immigration to the United States and said that we would have to make sacrifices today for a better tomorrow.[22] For the next week, Anderson's name and face were all over the national news programs, in newspapers, and in national news magazines.[28]

Anderson spent less than $2000 in Iowa, but he finished with 4.3% of the vote.[8] The television networks were covering the event, portraying Anderson to a national audience as a man of character and principle.[29] When the voters in New Hampshire went to the polls, Anderson again exceeded the expectations, finishing fourth with just under 10% of the vote.[29]

Anderson was declared the winner in both Massachusetts and Vermont by the Associated Press,[30][31] but the following morning ended up losing both primaries by a slim margin.[22] In Massachusetts, he lost to George Bush by 0.3% and in Vermont he lost to Reagan by 690 votes.[22]

Anderson arrived in Illinois following the New England primaries and had a lead in the state polls,[6] but his Illinois campaign struggled despite endorsements from the state's two largest newspapers.[8] Reagan defeated him, 48% to 37%. Anderson carried Chicago and Rockford, the state's two largest cities at the time, but he lost in the more conservative southern section of the state.[8]

The next week, there was a primary in Connecticut, which (while Anderson was on the ballot) his team had chosen not to campaign actively in.[6] He finished third in Connecticut with 22% of the vote, and it seemed to most like any other loss, whether Anderson said he was competing or not.[22] Next was Wisconsin, and this was thought to be Anderson's best chance for victory, but he again finished third, winning 27% of the vote.[32]

Run as an independent

Anderson campaign button

The Republican platform failed to endorse the Equal Rights Amendment or support extension of time for its ratification.[33] Anderson was a strong supporter of both.[34] Pollsters were finding that Anderson was much more popular across the country with all voters than he was in the Republican primary states.[35] Without any campaigning, he was running at 22% nationally in a three-way race.[35] Anderson's personal aide and confidant, Tom Wartowski, encouraged him to remain in the Republican Party.[36]

Anderson faced a huge number of obstacles as a non-major party candidate: having to qualify for 51 ballots (which the major parties appeared on automatically), having to raise money to run a campaign (the major parties received close to $30 million in government money for their campaigns), having to win national coverage, having to build a campaign overnight, and having to find a suitable running mate among them.[35] He built a new campaign team, qualified for every ballot, raised a great deal of money, and rose in the polls to as high as 26% in one Gallup poll.[37]

However, in the summer of 1980, he had an overseas campaign tour to show his foreign policy credentials and it took a drubbing on national television. The major parties, particularly the Republicans, basked in the spotlight of their national conventions where Anderson was left out of the coverage.[35] Anderson made an appearance with Ted Kennedy and it, too, was a huge error.[22] By the third week of August he was in the 13–15% range in the polls.[38]

A critical issue for Anderson was appearing in the fall presidential debates after the League of Women Voters invited him to appear due to popular interest in his candidacy, although he was only polling 12% at that time.[39] In late August, he named Patrick Lucey, the former two-term Democratic Governor of Wisconsin and Ambassador to Mexico as his running mate.[35] Late in August, Anderson released a 317-page comprehensive platform, under the banner of the National Unity Party,[40] that was very well received. In early September, a court challenge to Federal Election Campaign Act was successful and Anderson qualified for post-election public funding.[41] Also, Anderson submitted his petitions for his fifty-first ballot.[41] Then, the League ruled that the polls showed that he had met the qualification threshold and said he would appear in the debates.[42]

Fall

Carter said that he would not appear on stage with Anderson, and sat out the debate, which hurt the President in the eyes of voters.[41] Reagan and Anderson had a debate in Baltimore on September 21, 1980.[35][43] Anderson did well, and polls showed he won a modest debate victory over Reagan, but Reagan, who had been portrayed by Carter throughout the campaign as something of a warmonger, proved to be a reasonable candidate and carried himself well in the debate.[41] The debate was Anderson's big opportunity as he needed a break-out performance, but what he got was a modest victory.[35] In the following weeks, Anderson slowly faded out of the picture with his support dropping from 16% to 10–12% in the first half of October.[1]

By the end of the month, Reagan debated Carter alone, but CNN attempted to let Anderson participate in the 2nd debate by tape delay. Daniel Schorr asked Anderson the questions from the Carter-Reagan debate,[44] and then CNN interspersed Anderson's live answers with tape delayed responses from Carter and Reagan.[45][46][47] Anderson's support continued to fade.[1] Although Reagan would win a sizable victory, the polls showed the two major party candidates closer (Gallup's final poll was 47–44–8[48]) going into the election and it was clear that many would-be Anderson supporters were now supporting their second choice.[22] In the end, Anderson finished with just under 7% of the vote.[49]

Most of Anderson's original support came from Rockefeller Republicans, who were more liberal than Reagan.[41] Many prominent intellectuals, including All in the Family creator Norman Lear, and the editors of the liberal magazine The New Republic, also endorsed the Anderson campaign.[41] Cartoonist Garry Trudeau's Doonesbury ran several strips sympathetic to the Anderson campaign.[50] Former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. have also been reported as having supported Anderson.[51] Although the Carter campaign feared Anderson could be a spoiler, Anderson's campaign turned out to be "simply another option for frustrated voters who had already decided not to back Carter for another term. Polls found Anderson voters nearly as likely to list Reagan as their second choice as Carter."[52]

Anderson did not carry a single precinct in the country.[53] Anderson's finish was still the best showing for a third party candidate since George Wallace's 14 percent in 1968 and stands as the seventh best for any such candidate since the Civil War (trailing James B. Weaver's 8.5 percent in 1892, Theodore Roosevelt's 27 percent in 1912, Robert La Follette's 17 percent in 1924, Wallace, and Ross Perot's 19 percent and 8 percent in 1992 and 1996, respectively).[54][6]

He pursued Ohio's refusal to provide ballot access to the U.S. Supreme Court and won 5–4 in Anderson v. Celebrezze.[6] His inability to make headway against the de facto two-party system as an independent in that election would later lead him to become an advocate for instant-runoff voting, helping to found FairVote in 1992.[41]

Later career

Anderson speaking in 1999

By the end of the campaign, Anderson's support came mostly from college students.[6] He capitalized on that by becoming a visiting professor at a series of universities: Stanford University, University of Southern California, Duke University, University of Illinois College of Law, Brandeis University, Bryn Mawr College, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Nova Southeastern University and delivered the lecture at the 1988 Waldo Family Lecture Series on International Relations at Old Dominion University.[55][6]

He was chair of FairVote from 1996 to 2008, after helping to found the organization in 1992, and continued to serve on its board until 2014. He also served as president of the World Federalist Association and on the advisory board of Public Campaign and the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and was of counsel to the Washington, D.C.-based law firm of Greenberg & Lieberman, LLC.[56] He was the first executive director of the Council for the National Interest, founded in 1989 by former Congressmen Paul Findley (R-IL) and Pete McCloskey (R-CA) to promote American interests in the Middle East.[57][58]

In the 2000 U.S. presidential election, he was briefly considered as possible candidate for the Reform Party nomination, but instead endorsed Ralph Nader.[59] In January 2008, Anderson indicated strong support for the candidacy of a fellow Illinoisan, Democratic contender Barack Obama.[60]

In 2012, he played a role in the creation of the Justice Party, a progressive, social-democratic party organized to support the candidacy of former Salt Lake City mayor Rocky Anderson (no relation) for the 2012 U.S. presidential election.[61][62]

On August 6, 2014, he endorsed the campaign for the United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA), one of only six persons who served in the United States Congress ever to do so.[63]

He was a member of the Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute's International Council.

Anderson died of natural causes on December 3, 2017, in Washington, D.C., at the age of 95.[6] He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery on June 22, 2018.[64]

See also

Bibliography

  • Amy, Douglas J. (2002). Real Choices/New Voices (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231125496. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bisnow, Mark (1983). Diary of a Dark Horse: The 1980 Anderson Presidential Campaign. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0809311143. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Mason, Jim (2011). No Holding Back: The 1980 John B. Anderson Presidential Campaign. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761852261. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Weaver Jr, Warren (August 26, 1980). "Anderson Chooses Lucey for his Ticket; Praises Ex-Wisconsin Governor as Qualified for the White House Seeking Broader Support Anderson Picks Lucey, Ex-Governor of Wisconsin, as Running Mate Matter of Prominence Sees Effect on Congressmen Gives Carter 'No Chance'". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
  2. ^ Axelrod, David (March 6, 1980). "Wife a prime mover in the primary campaign". Chicago Tribune.
  3. ^ Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Anderson, J". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  4. ^ Mason, Jim (2011). No Holding Back: The 1980 John B. Anderson Presidential Campaign. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. p. 8. ISBN 9780761852261.
  5. ^ a b "The Living Room Candidate". www.livingroomcandidate.org.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Clymer, Adam (December 4, 2017). "John Anderson, Who Ran Against Reagan and Carter in 1980, Is Dead at 95". The New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  7. ^ "ANDERSON, John Bayard". Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Illinois Republican John B. Anderson, third-party candidate for President in 1980, Dies at 95". Chicago Tribune. December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  9. ^ Mason (2011), 9–10.
  10. ^ Mason 2011, pp. 10–14. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMason2011 (help)
  11. ^ "Debate Transcript". Commission on Presidential Debates. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  12. ^ Mason 2011, pp. 14–15, 234–35. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMason2011 (help)
  13. ^ Mason 2011, pp. 16–21. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMason2011 (help)
  14. ^ Mason 2011, pp. 24–27. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMason2011 (help)
  15. ^ Kestenbaum, Lawrence. "The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Devine". politicalgraveyard.com.
  16. ^ Mason 2011, pp. 30–35. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMason2011 (help)
  17. ^ a b Ira Teinowitz, "Anderson–Lyon Race is Top Attraction", Rockford Morning Star, February 26, 1978.
  18. ^ Mason 2011, pp. 28–36. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMason2011 (help)
  19. ^ campaign Jon Moore, ed., The Campaign for President: 1980 in Retrospect (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1981)5
  20. ^ "From back in the pack John Anderson begins to move (July 29, 1979)". Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  21. ^ CBS Evening News, December 10, 1979; NBC Nightly News, December 13, 1979.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h "John B. Anderson, fiery third-party candidate in 1980 presidential race, dies at 95". The Washington Post. December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  23. ^ Mason (2011), 53–119.
  24. ^ "John Anderson for President 1980 Campaign Brochure". www.4president.org.
  25. ^ A Campaign of Ideas: The 1980 Anderson/Lucey Platform (Contributions in American Studies) by Clifford W Brown Jr. (Author), Robert J. Walker (Author) ISBN 978-0313245350
  26. ^ Shapiro, Walter (February 1980). "John Anderson: The Nice Guy Syndrome". The Atlantic.
  27. ^ "Republican Debate, Iowa 1980". YouTube. January 5, 1980. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  28. ^ a b Mason 2011, pp. 120–127. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMason2011 (help)
  29. ^ a b Mason 2011, pp. 133–156. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMason2011 (help)
  30. ^ CBS Evening News, western edition, March 4, 1980; MacPherson, "Wow! Said John Anderson," March 6, 1980.
  31. ^ Bisnow 1983, p. 146.
  32. ^ Mason 2011, p. 238. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMason2011 (help)
  33. ^ Republican Party Platform of 1980, July 15, 1980. The American Presidency Project
  34. ^ John Anderson for President 1980 Campaign Brochure, www.4president.org
  35. ^ a b c d e f g "John Anderson, former congressman and 1980 presidential candidate, dies at 95". CBS News. December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  36. ^ Mason (2011), 264.
  37. ^ Mason (2011), 264–308.
  38. ^ "With Kennedy Aid, Carter Cuts Reagan Lead in Poll". The New York Times. August 19, 1980.
  39. ^ "Open Up the Debates: Green Party's Jill Stein Accuses Democrats & GOP of Rigging Debate Rules". Democracy Now!. August 18, 2016.
  40. ^ Mason (2011), 352.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g "John Anderson, Independent Who Ran for President, Dies at 95". Bloomberg. December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  42. ^ Mason (2011), 332-369.
  43. ^ "1980 Presidential Candidate Debate: Governor Ronald Reagan and Congressman John Anderson – 9/21/80". YouTube. September 21, 1980. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  44. ^ "Carter/Reagan/Anderson Debate". YouTube. October 28, 1980. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  45. ^ "Anderson to debate, too, via cable-TV network". Christian Science Monitor. October 27, 1980. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  46. ^ Schroeder, Alan (June 28, 2016). Presidential Debates: Risky Business on the Campaign Trail - Alan Schroeder - Google Books. ISBN 9780231541503. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  47. ^ "A CARTER 'FLIP-FLOP' IS SEEN BY ANDERSON; Responding to 2 Debaters' Views, He Says on Cable TV That Tax Cuts Are 'Irresponsible' Carter's Earlier Position Repeating Charges of Past Service in World War II - The New York Times". Nytimes.com. October 29, 1980. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  48. ^ "Election Polls – Accuracy Record in Presidential Elections". Gallup. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015.
  49. ^ Mason (2011), 366–408.
  50. ^ "Doonesbury's Timeline: 1980s". Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  51. ^ Feinman, Ronald L. (March 5, 2017). "The Last Serious, Qualified Third-Party Candidate for President Was … ?". History News Network. George Washington University. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  52. ^ Kornacki, Steve (April 4, 2011). "The myths that just won't die". Salon.
  53. ^ Mason (2011), 409, 529.
  54. ^ Tarr, Dave and Benenson, Bob; Elections A to Z, p. 632 ISBN 1506331505
  55. ^ "Waldo Family Lecture Series Digital Collection". Old Dominion University. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  56. ^ "Washington DC Lawyer – Washington Attorney – Patent Lawyer". Aplegal.com. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  57. ^ Wa Aza, Ayoon (November 14, 2010). "How Pro-Israeli Lobbies Destroy U.S. Interests". HighBeam.com (Dar Al Hayat, International ed.). Archived from the original on May 18, 2013.
  58. ^ Hanely, Delinda C. (January 1, 2010). "CNI Cruises into a New Decade". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013 – via HighBeam Research.
  59. ^ "Presidency 2000: Ralph Nader of Connecticut, Green Party Presidential Nominee". Politics1. Archived from the original on March 17, 2009.
  60. ^ "Campaign digest". The Seattle Times. January 7, 2008. p. A5.
  61. ^ Robert, Gehrke (November 29, 2011). "Rocky Anderson returns – this time shooting for nation's top office". Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City: Kearns-Tribune LLC. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  62. ^ Romboy, Dennis (November 30, 2011). "Rocky Anderson forms Justice Party, plans to run for president". Deseret News. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  63. ^ "Overview » Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly". UNPA. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  64. ^ Robbins, Jeff (June 26, 2018). "Congressman and candidate John B. Anderson an honorable man who spoke his mind". Boston Herald. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
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U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Illinois's 16th congressional district
1961–1981 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Chair of the House Republican Conference
1969–1979 		Succeeded by
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