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Public image of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

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Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was the President of Argentina between 2007 and 2015 and the current Vice President of Argentina since 2019

Personal image

Argentine President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner dressed in black

After her victory in the 2011 presidential elections, she claimed that the elections were a triumph of love, implying that her voters loved her.[1][2] Her speeches include a large number of self-references.[3]

Fernández de Kirchner is famously passionate about clothes.[4][5] She wears a mixture of textures, colors, and prints, and always wears makeup and high heels.[4] She dressed in black for three years following the death of her husband, Néstor Kirchner. The acceptance of this widow image was higher among Argentine women.[6] According to Kirchner's detractors her condition of widowhood was accompanied by a campaign of idealization of her late husband, who was allegedly treated as a religious figure.[7] She ceased wearing black clothes on November 20, 2013, after three years and a month.[8]

Use of social media

Fernández de Kirchner is one of the few Argentines with a Twitter account with over a million followers, along with Gustavo Cerati, Manu Ginóbili, Sergio Agüero, Luisana Lopilato, Zaira Nara, Jorge Rial, and Paula Chaves.[9] Her messages are written in an informal tone, and may criticise or mock fellow politicians or her opponents, or may be about her private life.[9] Her messages are usually written in second person singular, which in Spanish is mainly used when talking to a close friend. The account is however rarely used to chat with anyone and it follows only 50 others, mainly members of her cabinet, world leaders, and government institutions.[10]

Political image

Cristina Kirchner is a highly divisive political figure in Argentina.[11] The Kirchnerite administration used its aligned media and the communication outlets of the state for advocacy of the figures of both Fernández de Kirchner and her husband Néstor Kirchner.[12] This advocacy, which describes the Kirchners as leaders of a revolution, is usually called the "Relato K" (Spanish: K narrative).[12][13] Political life is described as a conflict between good and evil, in a manner similar to religious faith.[14] From this perspective, the "good" side consists of the government and the Argentine people as a whole,[15] while the "evil" side consists of the non-aligned media[clarification needed] (mainly the Clarín newspaper), the rural industries, the financial services, the vulture funds,[16] and the imperialism and local Argentines aligned with it.[15] Again according to her detractors all the problems in the Kirchner administration are blamed on those sectors; Kirchnerism never engages in self-criticism.[16][better source needed] Specific people or organizations may be placed on either the "good" or "evil" side according to the political needs of the time, and the pro-Kirchner network may shift the support or criticism accordingly.[15] Her speeches also resort to appeal to emotion.[11]

She also uses comparisons with historical events to support her policies. It has been stated by the historian Luis Alberto Romero that those comparisons are usually inaccurate and misleading, but most professional historians prefer to ignore them, and focus on her actual policies instead.[17]

The media that promotes the "Relato K" is divided into three main groups. First is state-owned media, which is used solely by the governing party. Second is new, private media with very low audiences, which stays in business only due to the financial support of the government.[18] Third is other private media that predated the Kirchnerite administrations and that eventually got aligned with it, also receiving financial support for doing so.[18] Soccer broadcasting was nationalized in the program Fútbol para todos, and then filled with pro-government advertisements.[19] There are also a number of people hired to support the Kirchners at internet forums and other virtual communities.[20]

In 2008, Kirchner was ranked by Forbes magazine as thirteenth on its list of the 100 most powerful women in the world, being the second female head of government in the list below Angela Merkel.[21] In 2009 she rose to eleventh,[22] but in 2010 fell to sixty-eighth.[23] As of 2014, she is listed as the nineteenth most influential woman in the world.[24] In 2010, she was ranked by Time as fourth on its list of Top 10 Female Leaders of the World.[25]

She was first elected as President of Argentina following her win in the 2007 elections, in which she scored 45.3% of the vote (8,651,066), nearly twice as much as her main opponent, Elisa Carrió, of the centrist ARI party, who garnered 23.0%. Throughout her first term, her approval ratings have varied significantly; when she took office, her popularity reportedly stood at 57.8%. By 2009, however, her approval had plummeted to a mere 23%,[26] following the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector. Despite declining approval ratings in the middle of her first term, Fernández de Kirchner went on to secure an outright victory in the 2011 Argentine general election, securing 54.1% of the vote, and a record 11.9 million votes, soundly defeating the Socialist Hermes Binner, who obtained 16.8% of the vote.[27]

By 2012, her approval ratings once again suffered a dip, this time to around 40%, while anti-government protests attracted 250,000–500,000 demonstrators in Buenos Aires in November that year.[28] In the 2013 mid-term elections, the president's Justicialist Party suffered setbacks, dropping from 54% to 33% of the vote.[29] However, partly due to the staggered electoral system in Argentina, the government retained its majority in both houses of congress. As she was barred from running for a third term in 2015 due to term limits, her handpicked successor, Daniel Scioli, contested the 2015 Argentine general election on the Justicialist ticket.[30] However, after 12 years of Kirchnerite rule, Scioli was narrowly defeated by the center-right Cambiemos candidate, Mauricio Macri.[31] By the end of her eight-year reign, she enjoyed approval ratings above 50%.[32] According to some polls, however, her disapproval was only marginally lower than that, reinforcing Kirchner's image as a divisive leader.[33] As of July 2016, no longer being president, she became the politician with the highest disapproval ratings, alongside other members of her former cabinet. This was caused by the advances in the investigations of a big number of cases of political corruption that took place during her presidency, and her lack of activity.[34]

Comedian Martín Bossi parodies the then Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, next to TV host Marcelo Tinelli.

Martín Bossi parodied Cristina Kirchner in 2009 at Gran Cuñado (Spanish: Big Brother-in-law), which featured parodies of Argentine politicians. The show itself was a parody of the Big Brother reality show [35] Bossi's masks were prepared by Andrés Parrilla and the scripts written by Nik and Pablo Semmartín. Bossi commented that he watched videos of Fernández de Kirchner to prepare and that the main trait of the parody character, was that the character's face and words would suggest completely different things.[36]

Cabinet Chief Anibal Fernandez criticized this parody, arguing that, "In some ways I think there were excesses, it should be regulated because it is the President, and other things, were very successful: we must be fair to those things".[37] Shortly after, he recanted on the use of the word "regulate", but insisted that the presidential parody should be removed from the program.[38]

The program of investigative journalism Periodismo para todos opens with a stand-up comedy routine in which Jorge Lanata comments on the political events of the week. Actress Fátima Florez parodies Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in these portions of the program. She began preparing her character in 2007, focusing on the president's speaking style and hand movements. Florez uses a mask that takes three hours to apply. The parody, and Florez, became famous in Argentina.[39] She later performed in theaters using the same character, focusing more on general humor than political satire.[40] The character later appeared on the sketches like The House of Grieta, Verano del '18 and Argentina: Tierra de Rencor y Veganza, but this time the character was later portrayed by Laura Bruni.

The Venezuelan animated series Isla Presidencial included a parody of Cristina Kirchner as well as other Latin American heads of state.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mendelevich, p. 33
  2. ^ "Cristina Kirchner, con el 50 por ciento de los votos, quedó a las puertas de la reelección" [Cristina Kirchner, with 50% of the vote, is in the doorstep of re-election] (in Spanish). La Nación. August 15, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  3. ^ Mendelevich, pp. 375–376
  4. ^ a b "El estilo Cristina presidenta: vestido más sobrio y maquillaje más discreto". Clarin.com. 11 December 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  5. ^ "Argentina's new Evita Peron tangoes her way to power". The Times. UK. 21 October 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  6. ^ Mendelevich, pp. 220–221
  7. ^ Mendelevich, pp. 132–134
  8. ^ "Definitivo: el paso a paso de cómo Cristina abandonó el luto" [Definitive: the step by step of how Cristina left her mourning] (in Spanish). Todo Noticias. November 26, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  9. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 357
  10. ^ Mendelevich, p. 358
  11. ^ a b Stephanie Nolen (February 9, 2015). "Argentine President set to leave office and a divided nation". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  12. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 311
  13. ^ Romero, p. 115
  14. ^ Lucio Lapeña (August 17, 2012). "Kirchnerismo, un progresismo conservador" [Kirchnerism, a conservative progresism]. Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  15. ^ a b c Alejandro Katz (July 18, 2012). "El progresismo reaccionario" [The conservative progresism]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  16. ^ a b Mendelevich, pp. 210–211
  17. ^ Luis Alberto Romero (September 1, 2015). "Una curiosa interpretación del pasado" [A strange view of the past] (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  18. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 296
  19. ^ Mary Anastasia O'Grady (October 13, 2013). "Kirchner Moves Against Argentina's Free Press". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
  20. ^ Mendelevich, pp. 52–54
  21. ^ "Cristina figura entre las más poderosas". Lanacion.com.ar. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  22. ^ "Cristina, entre las 100 mujeres más poderosas". Lanacion.com.ar. 18 August 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  23. ^ "La Presidenta quedó en el puesto 68 del listado de mujeres más poderosas del mundo". Lanacion.com.ar. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  24. ^ Howard, Caroline (2015). "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women". Forbes.
  25. ^ "Top 10 Female Leaders". Time. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  26. ^ http://elpais.com/diario/2008/04/09/internacional/1207692007_850215.html
  27. ^ http://www.electionresources.org/ar/president.php?election=2011
  28. ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/09/argentiana-protests-rally-fernandez-kirchner
  29. ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-24690531
  30. ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/25/argentina-presidential-elections-2015-voters-polls
  31. ^ https://next.ft.com/content/80f67520-9170-11e5-bd82-c1fb87bef7af
  32. ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-34623236
  33. ^ http://www.perfil.com/politica/Una-encuesta-revela-quienes-son-los-politicos-con-mejor-imagen--20160119-0042.html
  34. ^ Matías Moreno (July 7, 2016). "Elecciones 2017: la imagen de Cristina, Macri y Carrió, bajo la lupa de los encuestadores" [Elections 2017: the image of Cristina, Macri and Carrió, under the lens of surveys] (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  35. ^ "Martín Bossi, el hombre que hará de la Presidenta en "Gran Cuñado", es el nuevo enemigo de los Kirchner" [Martín Bossi, the man who will play the president at "Gran Cuñado"] (in Spanish). Perfil. March 22, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  36. ^ Fernanda Longo (May 22, 2009). "Martín Bossi y Freddy Villarreal, el doble comando del humor político" [Martín Bossi and Freddy Villareal, the double command of political humor] (in Spanish). Clarín. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  37. ^ ""Gran Cuñado" sigue desvelando a los políticos" [Gran Cuñado stills concerns the politicians] (in Spanish). La Nación. May 13, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  38. ^ "Aníbal Fernández sugirió sacar a la Presidenta del programa de Tinelli" [Aníbal Fernández suggested to remove the president from Tinelli's program] (in Spanish). La Nación. May 15, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  39. ^ Agustina Andraia (June 2012). "Fátima Florez" (in Spanish). Para Tí. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
  40. ^ Daniela Pérez González (August 7, 2012). "Fátima Florez: "Si a Cristina no le gustase la imitación, me lo habrían hecho saber"" [Fátima Florez: "If Cristina did not like my imitation, they would have already told me"] (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
  41. ^ "Maduro y su pajarito llegan a "La Isla Presidencial"" [Maduro and his little bird appear in "Isla Presidencial"] (in Spanish). Clarín. August 20, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2014.

Bibliography

  • Mendelevich, Pablo (2013). El Relato Kirchnerista en 200 expresiones [The Kirchnerite speech in 200 words] (in Spanish). Argentina: Ediciones B. ISBN 978-987-627-412-8.
  • Romero, Luis Alberto (2013). La larga crisis argentina [The long Argentine crisis]. Argentina: Siglo Veintiuno Editores. ISBN 978-987-629-304-4.
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