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Ontario Highway 420

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Highway 420 marker
Highway 420
Niagara Veterans Memorial Highway
A map of the southern portion of the Canadian province of Ontario and environs, with the 400-series highway network superimposed. An inset of the Niagara Peninsula shows the location of Highway 420.
Highway 420 within Southern Ontario
Route information
Maintained by Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
Length3.3 km[1] (2.1 mi)
HistoryNovember 1, 1941 (as Queen Elizabeth Way)
1972 (as Highway 420)
Highway 420
West end Regional Road 98 (Montrose Road)
Major intersections Queen Elizabeth Way
East end Regional Road 102 (Stanley Avenue)
Niagara Regional Road 420
West end Regional Road 102 (Stanley Avenue)
East end NY 384 / NY 104 at the Rainbow Bridge to United States
Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceOntario
Major citiesNiagara Falls
Highway system
← Highway 418→ Highway 427

King's Highway 420, commonly referred to as Highway 420, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that connects the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) with downtown Niagara Falls. It continues east as a limited-access expressway named Niagara Regional Road 420 to connect with the Rainbow Bridge international crossing between Canada and the United States over the Niagara River; this was part of Highway 420 until 1998. West of the QEW, the freeway ends at an at-grade intersection with Montrose Road (Niagara Regional Road 98). The highway has a speed limit of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), making it the only 400-series highway to have a speed limit less than 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) for its entirety.

Originally constructed as a divided four-lane road with two roundabouts, the route of Highway 420 formed part of the QEW between 1941 and 1972 initially as the southeastern terminus, but became a spur route after the QEW was extended to Fort Erie. It was assigned a unique route number during the reconstruction of the four-lane divided highway into a freeway and the construction of the large interchange at the freeway's western terminus. In 1998, the section of Highway 420 east of Stanley Avenue was transferred to the responsibility of the Regional Municipality of Niagara and redesignated as Regional Road 420.

Route description

An "ER" lightpost along Highway 420, recounting the route's historical connection to the Queen Elizabeth Way

At 3.3 km (2.1 mi), Highway 420 is the shortest 400-series highway, travelling through Niagara Falls from Montrose Road to Stanley Avenue,[1] on the outskirts of the city's tourist district.[2] East of Stanley Avenue (Regional Road 102) the highway becomes Niagara Regional Road 420 and is known as Falls Avenue and Newman Hill on approach to the Rainbow Bridge. This portion was designated a part of Highway 420 until 2000, when it was transferred to the City of Niagara Falls and the Regional Municipality of Niagara, although the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) still assists with the maintenance of it under a Connecting Link agreement.[3] East of Drummond Road,[4] Highway 420 features stylized light fixtures with the letters "ER", which stand for Elizabeth Regina and are a tribute to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[5]

Highway 420 begins in the west at a signalized intersection with Montrose Road (Regional Road 98),[6] beyond which it continues as Watson Street through the residential neighbourhood of Greens Corners to Beaverdams Road (Regional Road 53).[2] East of Montrose Road, the highway is a four lane roadway divided by a raised paved median, and passes north of a forest as it approaches a four-level interchange with the QEW. This junction is a hybrid of a partial cloverleaf interchange and a Semi-directional T interchange. The five parclo ramps provide almost all directional movements, though the QEW off-ramps meet Highway 420 at at-grade intersections. These at-grade connections can be bypassed as the interchange has an additional pair of flyover ramps that arc from south to east and the opposite movement from west to north, directing Fort Erie-bound QEW traffic onto Highway 420 eastbound and westbound Highway 420 traffic onto the Toronto-bound QEW, respectively, and another set of ramps that arc from north to east and west to south (that flyover ramp being the fourth and tallest level of the interchange), linking Toronto-bound QEW traffic to Highway 420 eastbound and Highway 420 westbound to the Fort Erie-bound QEW, respectively.[6]

A view of Regional Road 420 proceeding east past Stanley Avenue at the terminus of Highway 420

East of the QEW, Highway 420 encounters an interchange with Dorchester Road as both cross the Queenston-Chippawa Power Canal.[7] This interchange was originally a traffic circle that was removed in the early 1970s.[8] The numerous lanes from the QEW interchange to the west begin to converge between residential subdivisions east of Dorchester Road, gradually narrowing to four through lanes at the Drummond Road interchange.[7] After passing beneath Portage Road, the route widens on approach to an at-grade intersection with Stanley Avenue. This intersection is the eastern end of both the freeway segment of the route and the signed King's Highway 420; east of Stanley Avenue the route is signed as Niagara Regional Road 420 and known as Falls Avenue.[9][10]

Now separated by a landscaped median, the route progresses eastward, intersecting MacDonald Avenue and providing access to several residential and retail properties that adjoin the road. The route travels within a concrete trench and abruptly curves to the southeast as it passes beneath Victoria Avenue, with which there is a simple interchange.[7] East of this point, the road was named Newman Hill until March 2012. Palmer Avenue and Ontario Avenue pass over the route as it descends a hill towards the Niagara Gorge. At the bottom, the route curves to the southwest, where it provides access to the Rainbow Bridge border crossing into the United States as well as the tourist district of the city.[9]

Owing to its association with the number 420 in cannabis culture, Highway 420 is also the location for the annual Cannabis Conference and Protest, usually taking place sometime around April 20. The event includes a march beginning near Niagara Falls and travelling to Highway 420.[11][12]

History

Rainbow Bridge Approach

See also: Rainbow Bridge (Niagara Falls)
Construction of the Roberts Street link between the QEW and the Rainbow Bridge, February 13, 1941
Similar angle in the spring of 1942

The history of Highway 420 predates its designation by nearly 75 years, tied in with the crossing of the Niagara Gorge between the twin cities of Niagara Falls. The first level crossing between the two cities was the Honeymoon Bridge, constructed in 1898. The 14 m (46 ft) wide structure spanned 255 m (837 ft) between the Canadian and American sides, 58 m (190 ft) above the Niagara River. Its narrow design proved to be a fatal flaw, and on January 27, 1938, under the weight of a massive ice jam in the river, the structure collapsed.[13] A day later, the owners of the previous bridge—the International Railway Company (IRC)—as well as the Minister of Highways Thomas Baker McQuesten announced intentions to construct a new span; a long political battle ensued for several years over the merits of private or public ownership of border crossings. In the end, the Niagara Falls Bridge Commission (NFBC) paid the IRC $615,000 to purchase the right-of-way of the old bridge as well as the rights to construct the new one.[14] The future Rainbow Bridge was dedicated by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth on June 7, 1939, just hours after the couple dedicated the QEW.[15]

On May 16, 1940, Samuel Johnson, the vice-chair of the NFBC, and McQuesten, who along with his parliamentary role was chair of the commission, ceremonially turned the first sod for the new bridge using a two-handled shovel.[14] Construction had begun two weeks earlier on May 4.[15] The new bridge was assembled over the following 18 months; the design was prepared by New York engineering firm Waddell & Hardesty and supervised by the Edward Lupfer Corporation, the latter the designers of the Peace Bridge.[16] The new structure was located 167 m (548 ft) downstream from the Honeymoon Bridge, as the gorge is slightly wider at that point, resulting in a 288 m (945 ft) span.[17]

Meanwhile, McQuesten was overseeing construction of the QEW between Toronto and Fort Erie. The new dual highway, inspired by German Autobahns, was the first of its kind in Canada.[a] The outbreak of World War II in September 1939 temporarily halted McQuesten's ambitions, as funding was quickly shifted to the war effort. As a result, construction on the new superhighway was put on hold south of Niagara Falls. McQuesten officially opened the QEW on August 23, 1940; the pavement ended south of Lundy's Lane.[18] Despite the war, work began on a link between the highway and the Rainbow Bridge through the centre of Niagara Falls. This link would not be completed in time for the opening of the new bridge.[19]

On November 1, 1941, the Rainbow Bridge was officially opened during a simple ceremony. The oldest living couple known to have wed in Niagara Falls, a pair from Pennsylvania, were the first to cross, followed by a newlywed couple from Georgia. This symbolically tied the history of the two bridges together, and was followed by McQuesten and Johnson walking towards the centre of the structure from the Canadian and American sides, respectively, and shaking hands at the centre. Several pyrotechnic explosions at both ends capped the ceremony, and the bridge was opened to traffic.[14]

Regional Route 420's terminus at Falls Avenue in Niagara Falls near the Rainbow Bridge and Clifton Hill

Work continued on the four lane bridge approach throughout 1941, and by mid-1942 it was possible to drive directly from the bridge onto the QEW. The new link featured a traffic circle at Dorchester Road as well as at the QEW.[16] Four gravel lanes opened between Niagara Falls and Fort Erie during the summer of 1941, becoming the main route of the QEW.[20] As a result, what would become Highway 420 was referred to by several names, including the Queen Elizabeth Way Extension (and known by locals for decades as the "Queen E Extension")[21] and the Rainbow Bridge Approach.[16]

Upgrade to freeway

During the mid-1960s, the Department of Highways examined the possibility of extending the freeway portion of the route east towards the Rainbow Bridge. They began to purchase properties lining Roberts Street in 1966.[22] In 1971, construction began on a four-level interchange between the QEW and the Rainbow Bridge Approach. This removed the two traffic circles along the approach.[8] The interchange between the QEW and Lundy's Lane (Highway 20) was also removed; instead, the Rainbow Bridge Approach ends with an at-grade intersection with Montrose Road which in turn connects to Lundy's Lane.[23] By April 1972, the Rainbow Bridge Approach was designated as Highway 420.[24][25]

In 1998, the Niagara Falls Transportation Study was released, recommending that Roberts Street be rebuilt as a gateway to the city as opposed to a freeway. Highway 420 east of Stanley Avenue was transferred to Niagara Region.[22] In the early 2000s, Highway 420 from the QEW interchange to Drummond Road was reconstructed with high-mast lighting poles and an Ontario tall-wall concrete median Jersey barrier, similar to the upgrades that other high-traffic provincial freeways received around that time. The rest of the route from Drummond Road eastwards (including Regional Road 420) was instead upgraded to 15-metre (49 ft) and 12-metre (39 ft) decorative "ER" lightposts, to commemorate the route's historical status as the original routing of the QEW and its historical tie to the Queen Mother.[26] The "ER" style lighting poles are themselves a historical decorative lighting pole model, discontinued decades earlier, that was revived originally for the early 2000s Highway 420 reconstruction and would also be later used for QEW's bridges in Mississauga, Oakville, and St. Catherines. The Drummond Road and Portage Road overpasses that originally built in 1941 and rehabilitated in the early 1970s were demolished in 2004; their new replacement bridges plus Highway 420's concrete median barrier feature decorative stone facades, which in combination with the "ER" light poles restores the heritage look that was lost in the 1970s reconstruction.

On September 23, 2010, Highway 420 was designated as the Niagara Veterans Memorial Highway.[27] On January 31, 2012, Niagara Regional Council approved the renaming of Roberts Street and Newman Hill as an extension of Falls Avenue, beginning March 1. Prior to this, Falls Avenue curved into Newman Hill at the Rainbow Bridge.[10]

Exit list

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 420, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.[1] The entire route is located in the Regional Municipality of Niagara.[9] All exits are unnumbered.

Locationkm[1]miDestinationsNotes
Niagara Falls0.00.0 Regional Road 98 (Montrose Road)At-grade; western terminus of Highway 420; continues as Watson Street
0.40.25 Queen Elizabeth Way – TorontoWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
1.10.68Dorchester Road
2.21.4Drummond Road
3.32.1 Regional Road 102 (Stanley Avenue)At-grade; eastern terminus of Highway 420; continues as Falls Avenue / Regional Road 420, maintained as a Connecting Link[3]
4.83.0Rainbow Bridge to United StatesFormer eastern terminus[1]
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
  •       Closed/former
Highway 420 crosses through Niagara Falls, becoming Regional Road 420 at Stanley Avenue before descending Clifton Hill to cross the Rainbow Bridge. In this aerial photo, the highway is visible beginning at the top left and across the majority of the image before abruptly turning towards the bridge crossing the river.

Notes

  1. ^ Cootes Drive in Hamilton is also claimed as the first dual highway in Canada, although the QEW was the first divided highway designed for long-distance travel.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2012). "Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts". Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
  2. ^ a b Rand McNally & Co (1996). Golden Horseshoe (Map). 1:25,000. Allmaps Canada. pp. 348–349. ISBN 978-0-88640-767-4.
  3. ^ a b Contract Management and Operations Branch (2011). Highway Connecting Link List (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.
  4. ^ Google (July 2015). "View from Drummond Road showing standard luminaires to the west and 'ER' luminaires to the east". Google Street View. Retrieved July 13, 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ The History of Toronto's Unfinished Expressway System (Report). Energy Probe. April 5, 2009. p. 4. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  6. ^ a b "QEW / Highway 420 interchange" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  7. ^ a b c "Highway 420 length and route" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  8. ^ a b Stamp, Robert M. (1987). QEW: Canada's First Superhighway. The Boston Mills Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-919783-84-3. OCLC 19222948. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  9. ^ a b c MapArt (2010). Ontario Back Road Atlas (Map). 1:250,000. Peter Heiler. p. 19. §§ S34–35. ISBN 978-1-55198-226-7.
  10. ^ a b Forsyth, Paul (February 2, 2012). "Roberts Street to Become Falls Avenue". Niagara This Week. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  11. ^ "Home". Highway 420 Anti-Prohibition Rally. n.d. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  12. ^ Law, John (April 20, 2014). "420 Rally Urges Need For Legal Weed". Niagara Falls Review. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  13. ^ Stamp, Robert M. (1992). Bridging the Border: Structures of Canadian–American Relations. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-55002-074-8. OCLC 26930343. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  14. ^ a b c Stamp (1992), pp. 124–125.
  15. ^ a b Berketa, Rick (February 20, 2012). "Bridges Over Niagara River". Niagara Falls Thunder Alley. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  16. ^ a b c Stamp (1992), pp. 126–127.
  17. ^ Stamp (1992), p. 128.
  18. ^ "Queen Elizabeth Roadway to Open". Evening Courier. Prescott, Arizona. August 23, 1940. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
  19. ^ Stamp (1992), p. 129.
  20. ^ Stamp (1987), p. 49.
  21. ^ A.A.D.T. Traffic Volumes 1955–1969 And Traffic Collision Data 1967–1969. Ontario Department of Highways. 1970. p. 4.
  22. ^ a b Conradi, Peter (August 17, 2008). "Roberts Street Gateway to be Renamed Falls Avenue". Bullet News Niagara. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  23. ^ Cartography Section (1977). Ontario Road Map (Map). 1:800,000. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. South-Central Ontario inset.
  24. ^ "Queen Elizabeth Way – Hamilton to Fort Erie". Highway Construction Program 1972–73 (Report). Ministry of Transportation and Communications. April 1972. p. xv.
  25. ^ Walter, Karena (February 21, 2014). "Search Engine: Highway Mysteries Solved". Niagara Falls Review. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  26. ^ Stamp (1987), pp. 31–34.
  27. ^ Ricciuto, Tony (September 23, 2010). "Niagara Veterans Memorial Highway now official". Niagara Falls Review.
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